Motor stimulant effects of ethanol injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata: Importance of catalase-mediated metabolism and the role of acetaldehyde

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 997-1008

  Arizzi LaFrance, Maria N ^a   Correa, Mercè ^a,b   Aragon, Carlos M G ^b   Salamone, John D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITAT JAUME I   (Spain)

Author keywords

Activation; Alcohol; Basal ganglia; Locomotion

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; ALCOHOL; CATALASE; DRUG METABOLITE; ENZYME INHIBITOR; SODIUM AZIDE;

ALCOHOL METABOLISM; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BRAIN STEM; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; LOCOMOTION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA;

ACETALDEHYDE; ALCOHOL-INDUCED DISORDERS, NERVOUS SYSTEM; ANIMALS; CATALASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG INTERACTIONS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; ETHANOL; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOVEMENT; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SODIUM AZIDE; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

EID: 33646121285     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300849     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Abraini JH, Kriem B, Rostain JC (1999). Administration of the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-PDC in the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra, but not in the striatum, attenuates the psychostimulant effect of high helium pressure on locomotor activity in the rat. Neurosci Res 35: 273-279.
2. Aebi H (1974). Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HV (ed). Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Verlag Chemie: Basel. pp 673-684.
3. Amir S (1978). Brain aldehyde dehydrogenase: adaptive increase following prolonged ethanol administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 17: 463-467.
4. Amir S, Brown Z, Amit Z (1980). The role of acetaldehyde in the psychopharmacological effects of ethanol. In: Rigter HC, John C (eds). Alcohol Tolerance and Dependence. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press: New York. pp 317-337.
5. Amit Z, Brown ZW, Rockman GE (1977). Possible involvement of acetaldehyde, norepinephrine, and their tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in the regulation of ethanol self-administration. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2: 495-500.
6. Amit Z, Smith BR (1985). A multi-dimensional examination of the positive reinforcing properties of acetaldehyde. Alcohol 2: 367-370.
7. Aragon CMG, Amit Z (1985). A two dimensional model of alcohol consumption: possible interaction of brain catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol 2: 357-360.
8. Aragon CMG, Amit Z (1993). Differences in ethanol-induced behaviours in normal and acatalasemic mice: systematic examination using a biobehavioural approach. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44: 547-554.
9. Aragon CMG, Pesold CN, Amit Z (1992a). Ethanol-induced motor activity in normal and acatalasemic mice. Alcohol 9: 207-211.
10. 2 system. Biochem Pharmacol 44: 93-98.
11. Aragon CMG, Spivak K, Amit Z (1989). Effects of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on ethanol-induced open field activity: evidence for brain catalase mediation of ethanol's effects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13: 104-108.
12. Aragon CMG, Stotland LM, Amit Z (1991). Studies on ethanol-brain catalase interaction: evidence for central ethanol oxidation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15: 165-169.
13. Arizzi MN, Correa M, Betz A, Wisniecki A, Salamone JD (2003). Behavioral effects of intraventricular injections of low doses of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate in rats: studies with low and high rate operant schedules. Behav Brain Res 147: 203-210.
14. Bevan MD, Smith AD, Bolam JP (1996). The substanita nigra as a site of synaptic integration of functionally diverse information arising from the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus in the rat. Neurosci Lett 75: 5-12.
15. Bradford MM (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
16. Brannan TS, Maker HS, Raes IP (1981). Regional distribution of catalase in the adult rat brain. J Neurochem 36: 307-309.
17. Brown ZW, Amit Z, Rockman GE (1979). Intraventricular self-administration of acetaldehyde, but not ethanol, in naive laboratory rats. Psychopharmacology 64: 271-276.
18. Brown ZW, Amit Z, Smith B (1980). Intraventricular self-administration of acetaldehyde and voluntary consumption of ethanol in rats. Behav Neural Biol 28: 150-155.
19. Brown ZW, Amit Z, Smith B, Rockman GE (1978). Differential effects on conditioned taste aversion learning with peripherally and centrally administered acetaldehyde. Neuropharmacology 17: 931-935.
20. Carlson BB, Behrstock S, Tobin AJ, Salamone JD. (2003a). Brain implantations of engineered GABA-releasing cells suppress tremor in an animal model of Parkinsonism. Neuroscience 119: 927-932.
21. Carlson BB, Wisniecki A, Salamone JD (2003b). Local injections of the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist mianserin into substantia nigra pars reticulata block tremulous jaw movements in rats: studies with a putative model of Parkinsonian tremor. Psychopharmacology 165: 229-237.
22. Cohen G, Sinet PM, Heikkila R (1980). Ethanol oxidation by rat brain in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4: 366-370.
23. Colombo G, Agabio R, Lobina C, Reali R, Vacca G, Gessa GL (1998). Stimulation of locomotor activity by voluntarily consumed ethanol in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Eur J Pharmacol 357: 109-113.
24. Correa M, Arizzi MN, Betz A, Mingote S, Salamone JD (2003a). Locomotor stimulant effects of intraventricular injections of ethanol in rats: acute and repeated administration. Psychopharmacology 170: 368-375.
25. Correa M, Arizzi MN, Betz A, Mingote S, Salamone JD (2003b). Open field locomotor effects in rats after intraventricular injections of ethanol and the ethanol metabolites acetaldehyde and acetate. Brain Res Bull 62: 197-202.
26. Correa M, Arizzi MN, Salamone JD (2005). Behavioral stimulant effects of intracranial injections of ethanol and acetaldehyde in rats. In: The role of acetaldehyde in the central effects of ethanol (Quertemont E, Grant KA, Correa M, Arizzi MN, Salamone JD, Tambour S, Aragon CMG, McBride WJ, Rodd ZA, Goldstein A, Zaffaroni A, Li TK, Pisano M, Diana M.). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 221-224.
27. Correa M, Mingote S, Betz A, Wisniecki A, Salamone JD (2003c). Substantia nigra pars reticulata GABA is involved in the regulation of operant lever pressing: pharmacological and microdialysis studies. Neuroscience 119: 759-766.
28. Correa M, Miquel M, Aragon CMG (2000). Lead acetate potentiates brain catalase activity and enhances ethanol-induced locomotion in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66: 137-142.
29. Correa M, Miquel M, Sanchis-Segura C, Aragon CMG (1999a). Acute lead acetate administration potentiates ethanol-induced locomotor activity in mice: the role of brain catalase activity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23: 799-805.
30. Correa M, Miquel M, Sanchis-Segura C, Aragon CMG (1999b). Effects of chronic lead administration on ethanol-induced locomotor and brain catalase activity. Alcohol 19: 43-49.
31. Correa M, Roig-Navarro AF, Aragon CMG (2004a). Motor behavior and brain enzymatic changes after acute lead intoxication on different strains of mice. Life Sci 74: 2009-2021.
32. Correa M, Sanchis-Segura C, Aragon CMG (2001). Brain catalase activity is highly correlated with ethanol-induced locomotor activity in mice. Physiol Behav 73: 641-647.
33. Correa M, Sanchis-Segura C, Pastor R, Aragon CMG (2004b). Ethanol intake and motor sensitization: the role of brain catalase activity in mice with different genotypes. Physiol Behav 82: 231-240.
34. Crabbe JC, Johnson NA, Gray DK, Kosobud A, Young ER (1982). Biphasic effects of ethanol on open field activity: sensitivity and tolerance to C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. J Comp Physiol Psychol 96: 440-451.
35. Crankshaw DL, Briggs JE, Olszewski PK, Shi Q, Grace MK, Billington CJ et al (2003). Effects of intracerebroventricular ethanol on ingestive behavior and induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in selected brain regions. Physiol Behav 79: 113-120.
36. Criswell HE, McCown TJ, Ming Z, Mueller RA, Breese GR (1999). Interactive role for neurosteroids in ethanol enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid-gated currents from dissociated substantia nigra reticulata neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291: 1054-1059.
37. Criswell HE, Simson PE, Duncan GE, McCown TJ, Herbert JS, Morrow AL et al (1993). Molecular basis for regionally specific action of ethanol on gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors: generalization to other ligand-gated ion channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267: 522-537.
38. Crocker AD (1997). The regulation of motor control: an evaluation of the role of dopamine receptors in the substantia nigra. Rev Neurosci 8: 55-76.
39. Dar MS (2001). Modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination by mouse striatal A(1) adenosinergic receptor. Brain Res Bull 55: 513-520.
40. Dar MS (2002). Mouse cerebellar adenosine-glutamate interactions and modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 1395-1403.
41. Demarest K, Hitzemann B, Mahjubi E, McCaughran J, Hitzemann R (1998). Further evidence that the central nucleus of the amygdala is associated with the ethanol-induced locomotor response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 1531-1537.
42. Diana M, Pistis M, Muntoni A, Gessa G (1993). Heterogeneous responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid administration. Eur J Pharmacol 230: 363-365.
43. Dudek BC, Phillips TJ (1990). Distinctions among sedative, disinhibitory and ataxic properties of ethanol in inbred and selectively bred mice. Pychopharmacology 101: 93-99.
44. Ericson M, Molander A, Lof E, Engel JA, Soderpalm B (2003). Ethanol elevates accumbal dopamine levels via indirect activation of ventral tegmental nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 467: 85-93.
45. Eriksson CJP, Sippel HW (1977). The distribution and metabolism of acetaldehyde in rats during ethanol oxidation - I. The distribution of acetaldehyde in liver, brain, blood, and breath. Biochem Pharmacol 26: 241-247.
46. Eysseric H, Gonthier B, Soubeyran A, Bessard G, Saxod R, Barret L (1997). Characterization of the production of acetaldehyde by astrocytes in culture after ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 1018-1022.
47. Fallon JH, Laughlin SE (1995). Substantia nigra. In: Paxinos G (ed). The Rat Nervous System. Academic Press: San Diego. pp 215-237.
48. Finn M, Mayorga AJ, Salamone JD (1997). Involvement of pallidal and nigral GABA mechanisms in the generation of tremulous jaw movements in rats. Neuroscience 80: 535-544.
49. Foddai M, Dosia G, Spiga S, Diana M. (2004). Acetaldehyde increases dopaminergic neuronal activity in the VTA. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 530-536.
50. Frye GD, Breese GR (1981). An evaluation of the locomotor stimulating action of ethanol in rats and mice. Psychopharmacology 75: 372-379.
51. Gill K, Menez JF, Lucas D, Deitrich RA (1992). Enzymatic production of acetaldehyde from ethanol in rat brain tissue. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16: 910-915.
52. Gingras MA, Cools AR (1996). Analysis of the biphasic locomotor response to ethanol in high and low responders to novelty: a study in Nijmegen Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology 125: 258-264.
53. Givens B, Breese GR (1990). Site-specific enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition of neural activity by ethanol in the rat medial septum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 254: 528-538.
54. Gonzalez LP, Czachura JF (1989). Reduced behavioral responses to intranigral muscimol following chronic ethanol. Physiol Behav 46: 473-477.
55. Grant KA, Lovinger DM (1995). Cellular and behavioral neurobiology of alcohol: receptor-mediated neuronal processes. Clin Neurosci 3: 155-164.
56. A receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol. Psychopharmacology 139: 2-19.
57. Hamby-Mason R, Chen JJ, Schenker S, Perez A, Henderson GI (1997). Catalase mediates acetaldehyde formation from ethanol in fetal and neonatal rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 1063-1072.
58. Hashimoto T, Ueha T, Kuriyama T, Katsura M, Kuriyama K (1989). Acetaldehyde-induced alterations in metabolism of monoamines in mouse brain. Alcohol Alcoholism 24: 91-99.
59. Hillbom ME, Sarviharju MS, Lindros KO (1983). Potentiation of ethanol toxicity by cyanamide in relation to acetaldehyde accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70: 133-139.
60. Holtzman SG, Schneider FH (1974). Comparison of acetaldehyde and ethanol: depression of motor activity in mice. Life Sci 14: 1243-1250.
61. Hunt WA (1996). Role of acetaldehyde in the actions of ethanol on the brain: a review. Alcohol 13: 147-151.
62. Imperato A, Di Chiara G (1986). Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239: 219-228.
63. Jamal M, Ameno K, Kumihashi M, Ameno S, Kubota T, Wang W et al (2003). Microdialysis for the determination of acetaldehyde and ethanol concentrations in the striatum of freely moving rats. J Chromatogr B 798: 155-158.
64. Keppel G (1991). Design and Analysis: A Researcher's Handbook. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
65. Kuriyama K, Ohkuma S, Tomono S, Hirouchi M. (1987). Effects of alcohol and acetaldehyde on metabolism and function of neurotransmitter systems in cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Alcohol Alcoholism Suppl 1: 685-689.
66. Little HJ (2000). Alcohol as a stimulant drug. Addiction 95: 1751-1753.
67. Majchrowicz E, Bercaw BL, Cole WM, Gregory DH (1967). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde. Q J Stud Alcohol 28: 213-224.
68. Marrosu F, Carcangiu G, Passino N, Aramo S, Mereu G (1989). Antagonism of ethanol effects by Ro 15-4513: an electrophysiological analysis. Synapse 3: 117-128.
69. Mascia MP, Maiya R, Borghese CM, Lobo IA, Hara K, Yamakura T et al (2001). Does acetaldehyde mediate ethanol action in the central nervous system? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25: 1570-1575.
70. Masur J, Oliveira de Souza ML, Zwicker AP (1986). The excitatory effects of ethanol: absence in rats, no tolerance and increased sensitivity in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24: 1125-1128.
71. Mayorga AJ, Trevitt JT, Conlan A, Gianutsos G, Salamone JD (1999). Striatal and nigral mechanisms involved in the antiparkinsonian effects of SKF 82958 (APB): studies of tremulous jaw movements in rats. Psychopharmacology 143: 72-81.
72. McKenna O, Arnold G, Holtzman E (1976). Microperoxisome distribution in the central nervous system of the rat. Brain Res 117: 181-194.
73. Mereu G, Gessa GL (1985). Low doses of ethanol inhibit the firing of neurons in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata: a GABAergic effect? Brain Res 360: 325-330.
74. Moreno S, Mugnaini E, Ceru MP (1995). Immunocytochemical localization of catalase in the central nervous system of the rat. J Histochem Cytochem 43: 1253-1267.
75. Myers RD, Veale WL (1969). Alterations in volitional alcohol intake produced in rats by chronic intraventricular infusions of acetaldehyde, paraldehyde or methanol. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 180: 100-113.
76. Myers WD, Ng KT, Singer G (1984). Effects of naloxone and buprenorphine on intravenous acetaldehyde self-injection in rats. Physiol Behav 33: 449-455.
77. Nurmi M, Kiianmaa K, Sinclair JD. (1999). Brain ethanol levels after voluntary ethanol drinking in AA and Wistar rats. Alcohol 19: 113-118.
78. Paivarinta P, Korpi ER. (1993). Voluntary ethanol drinking increases locomotor activity in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44: 127-132.
79. 2 rate of production. Psychopharmacology 165: 51-59.
80. Pellegrino LJ, Cushman AJ (1967). A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Rat Brain. Appleton Century Crofts: New York.
81. Phillips TJ, Shen EH (1996). Neurochemical bases of locomotion and ethanol stimulant effects. Int Rev Neurobiol 39: 243-282.
82. Phillips TJ, Shen EH, McKinnon CS, Burkhart-Kasch S, Lessov CN, Palmer AA (2002). Forward, relaxed, and reverse selection for reduced and enhanced sensitivity to ethanol's locomotor stimulant effects in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 593-602.
83. Pohorecky LA (1977). Biphasic action of ethanol. Biobehav Rev 1: 231-240.
84. Quertemont E, Grant KA (2002). Role of acetaldehyde in the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 812-817.
85. Quertemont E, Grant KA, Correa M, Arizzi MN, Salamone JD, Tambour S et al (2005a). The role of acetaldehyde in the central effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 221-234.
86. Quertemont E, Green HL, Grant KA (2003). Brain ethanol concentrations and ethanol discrimination in rats: effects of dose and time. Psychopharmacology 168: 262-270.
87. Quertemont E, Tambour S (2004). Is ethanol a pro-drug? Role of acetaldehyde in the central effects of ethanol. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25: 130-134.
88. Quertemont E, Tambour S, Tirelli E. (2005b). The role of acetaldehyde in the neurobehavioral effects of ethanol: a comprehensive review of animal studies. Prog Neurobiol 75: 247-274.
89. Read GW, Cutting W, Furst A (1960). Comparison of excited phases after sedatives and tranquilizers. Psychopharmacologia 1: 346-350.
90. Reddy BV, Boyadjieva N, Sarkar DK (1995). Effect of ethanol, propanol, butanol, and catalase enzyme blockers on beta-endorphin secretion from primary cultures of hypothalamic neurons: evidence for a mediatory role of acetaldehyde in ethanol stimulation of beta-endorphin release. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19: 339-344.
91. Rodd ZA, Bell RL, McKinzie DL, Webster AA, Murphy JM, Lumeng L et al (2004). Low-dose stimulatory effects of ethanol during adolescence in rat lines selectively bred for high alcohol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 535-543.
92. Rodd ZA, Bell RL, Zhang Y, Murphy JM, Goldstein A, Zaffaroni A et al (2005). Regional heterogeneity for the intracranial self-administration of ethanol and acetaldehyde within the ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring (P) rats: involvement of dopamine and serotonin. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 330-338.
93. Rodd-Henricks ZA, McKinzie DL, Melendez RI, Berry N, Murphy JM, McBride WJ (2003). The effects of serotonin-3 receptor antagonists on the intracranial self-administration of ethanol into the posterior VTA of Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology 165: 252-259.
94. Rodd-Henricks ZA, Melendez RI, Zaffaroni A, Goldstein A, McBride WJ, Li T-K (2002). The reinforcing effects of acetaldehyde in the posterior ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72: 55-64.
95. Sanchis-Segura C, Correa M, Aragon CMG (2000). Lesion on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by estradiol valerate results in a blockade of ethanol-induced locomotion. Behav Brain Res 114: 57-63.
96. Sanchis-Segura C, Correa M, Miquel M, Aragon CMG (2005). Catalase inhibition in the arcuate nucleus blocks ethanol effects on locomotion in rats. Neurosci Lett 376: 66-70.
97. Sanchis-Segura C, Miquel M, Correa M, Aragon CMG (1999a). The catalase inhibitor sodium azide reduces ethanol-induced locomotor activity. Alcohol 19: 37-42.
98. Sanchis-Segura C, Miquel M, Correa M, Aragon CMG (1999b). Cyanamide reduces brain catalase and etanol-induced locomotor activity: is there a functional link? Psychopharmacology 144: 83-89.
99. Sanchis-Segura C, Miquel M, Correa M, Aragon CMG (1999c). Daily injections of cyanamide enhance both ethanol-induced locomotion and brain catalase activity. Behav Pharmacol 10: 459-465.
100. Sanchis-Segura C, Pastor R, Aragon CMG (2004). Opposite effects of acute versus chronic naltrexone administration on ethanol-induced locomotion. Behav Brain Res 153: 61-67.
101. Scheel-Kruger J, Arnt J, Magelund G (1977). Behavioural stimulation induced by muscimol and other GABA antagonists injected into the substantia nigra. Neurosci Lett 4: 351-356.
102. Scheel-Kruger J, Magelund G, Olianas MC (1981). Role of GABA in the striatal output system: globus pallidus, nucleus entopeduncularis, substantia nigra, and nucleus subthalamicus. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 30: 165-186.
103. Sippel HW (1974). The acetaldehyde content in rat brain during ethanol metabolism. J Neurochem 23: 451-452.
104. Smith BR, Amit Z, Splawinsky J (1984). Conditioned place preference induced by intraventricular infusions of acetaldehyde. Alcohol 1: 193-195.
105. Smith BR, Aragon CM, Amit Z (1997). Catalase and the production of brain acetaldehyde: a possible mediator for the psychopharmacological effects of ethanol. Addict Biol 2: 277-289.
106. Spivak K, Aragon CMG, Amit Z (1987). Alterations in brain aldehyde dehydrogenase activity modify the locomotor effects produced by ethanol in rats. Alcohol Drug Res 7: 481-491.
107. Tampier L, Quintanilla ME (2002). Effect of acetaldehyde on acute tolerance and ethanol consumption in drinker and nondrinker rats. J Stud Alcohol 63: 257-262.
108. Trevitt JT, Carlson BB, Correa M, Keene A, Morales M, Salamone JD (2002). Interactions between dopamine D1 receptors and g-aminobutyric acid mechanisms in substantia nigra pars reticulata of the rat: neurochemical and behavioral studies. Psychopharmacology 159: 229-237.
109. Trevitt JT, Carlson BB, Nowend K, Salamone JD (2001). Substantia nigra pars reticulata is a highly potent site of action for the behavioral effects of SCH 23390. Psychopharmacology 156: 32-41.
110. Truitt EB, Walsh EB (1971). The role of acetaldehyde in the actions of ethanol. In: Kissin B, Begeliter H (eds). The Biology of Alcoholism. Plenum Press: New York. Vol 1, pp 161-195.
111. Waller MB, Murphy JM, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li TK (1986). Effect of low dose ethanol on spontaneous motor activity in alcohol-preferring and non-preferring lines of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24: 617-623.
112. Ward RJ, Colantuoni C, Dahcuour A, Quertemont E, de White P (1997). Acetaldehyde-induced changes in the monoamine and amino acid extracellular microdialysate content of the nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 36: 225-232.
113. Wichmann T, Bergmann H, Starr PA, Subramanian T, Watts RL, Delong MR (1999). Comparison of MPTP-induced changes in spontaneous neuronal discharge in the internal pallidal segment and in the substantia nigra pars reticulata in primates. Exp Brain Res 125: 397-409.
114. Young AB, Penney JB (1993). Biochemical and functional organization of the basal ganglia. In: Jankonvic J, Tolosa E (eds). Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. pp 1-12.
115. Zimatkin SM, Deitrich RA (1997). Ethanol metabolism in the brain. Addict Biol 2: 387-399.
116. Zimatkin SM, Lindros KO (1996). Distribution of catalase in rat brain: aminergic neurons as possible targets for ethanol effects. Alcohol Alcoholism 31: 167-174.
117. Zimatkin SM, Liopo AV, Deitrich RA (1998). Distribution and kinetics of ethanol metabolism in rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 1623-1627.