Involvement of adenosine in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and its therapeutic implications

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 617-629

  Lara, Diogo R ^a   Dall'Igna, Oscar P ^b   Ghisolfi, Eduardo S ^a,b   Brunstein, Miriam G ^b  

^a PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Caffeine; Dopamine; Glutamate; Neurodevelopment; Neuroprotection; Purinergic system; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; ALLOPURINOL; BACLOFEN; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CAFFEINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; HALOPERIDOL; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; THEOPHYLLINE; VALPROIC ACID;

ADD ON THERAPY; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MODEL; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; GRAY MATTER; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; MODEL; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PERINATAL PERIOD; PRENATAL PERIOD; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; WHITE MATTER;

ADENOSINE; ANIMALS; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROBIOLOGY; PURINES; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 33646110987     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Abi-Dargham A., Rodenhiser J., Printz D., Zea-Ponce Y., Gil R., Kegeles L.S., et al. Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 14 (2000) 8104-8109
2. Adams B., and Moghaddam B. Corticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission is temporally dissociated from the cognitive and locomotor effects of phencyclidine. J Neurosci 14 (1998) 5545-5554
3. Adler L.E., Olincy A., Waldo M., Harris J.G., Griffith J., Stevens K., et al. Schizophrenia, sensory gating, and nicotinic receptors. Schizophr Bull 2 (1998) 189-202
4. Aiuti A., Ficara F., Cattaneo F., Bordignon C., and Roncarolo M.G. Gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 6 (2003) 461-466
5. Akhondzadeh S., Shasavand E., Jamilian H., Shabestari O., and Kamalipour A. Dipyridamole in the treatment of schizophrenia: adenosine-dopamine receptor interactions. J Clin Pharm Ther 2 (2000) 131-137
6. Akhondzadeh S., Safarcherati A., and Amini H. Beneficial antipsychotic effects of allopurinol as add-on therapy for schizophrenia: a double blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2 (2005) 253-259
7. Anand A., Charney D.S., Oren D.A., Berman R.M., Hu X.S., Cappiello A., et al. Attenuation of the neuropsychiatric effects of ketamine with lamotrigine: support for hyperglutamatergic effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 3 (2000) 270-276
8. Bauer A., Holschbach M.H., Meyer P.T., Boy C., Herzog H., Olsson R.A., et al. In vivo imaging of adenosine A1 receptors in the human brain with [18F]CPFPX and positron emission tomography. NeuroImage 4 (2003) 1760-1769
9. Browne R.G., and Welch W.M. Stereoselective antagonism of phencyclidine's discriminative properties by adenosine receptor agonists. Science 4565 (1982) 1157-1159
10. Brunstein M.G., Belmonte-de-Abreu P., Souza D.O., and Lara D.R. Therapeutic benefit of adjunctive dipyridamole in schizophrenia is probably due to adenosine-glutamate interactions. J Clin Pharm Ther 2 (2001) 155-156
11. Brunstein M.G., Ghisolfi E.S., Ramos F.L., and Lara D.R. Clinical trial for allopurinol adjuvant therapy for poorly responsive schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (2004) S142
12. Bullmore E.T., Frangou S., and Murray R.M. The dysplastic net hypothesis: an integration of developmental and dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2-3 (1997) 143-156
13. Casado V., Mallol J., Lluis C., Franco R., and Canela E.I. Adenosine receptors in myelin fractions and subfractions: the effect of the agonist (R)-phenylisopropyladenosine on myelin membrane microviscosity. J Neurochem 5 (1991) 1623-1629
14. Chen Y., Graham D.I., and Stone T.W. Release of endogenous adenosine and its metabolites by the activation of NMDA receptors in the rat hippocampus in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 3 (1992) 632-638
15. Chen J.F., Beilstein M., Xu Y.H., Turner T.J., Moratalla R., Standaert D.G., et al. Selective attenuation of psychostimulant-induced behavioral responses in mice lacking A(2A) adenosine receptors. Neuroscience 1 (2000) 195-204
16. Craig C.G., and White T.D. N-methyl-d-aspartate- and non-N-methyl-d-aspartate-evoked adenosine release from rat cortical slices: distinct purinergic sources and mechanisms of release. J Neurochem 3 (1993) 1073-1080
17. Cunha R.A. Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: different roles, different sources and different receptors. Neurochem Int 2 (2001) 107-125
18. Dall'Igna O.P., Da Silva A.L., Dietrich M.O., Hoffmann A., de Oliveira R.V., Souza D.O., et al. Chronic treatment with caffeine blunts the hyperlocomotor but not cognitive effects of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 3 (2003) 258-263
19. Davis K.L., Stewart D.G., Friedman J.I., Buchsbaum M., Harvey P.D., Hof P.R., et al. White matter changes in schizophrenia: evidence for myelin-related dysfunction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 5 (2003) 443-456
20. Deckert J., Brenner M., Durany N., Zochling R., Paulus W., Ransmayr G., et al. Up-regulation of striatal adenosine A(2A) receptors in schizophrenia. NeuroReport 3 (2003) 313-316
21. Deckert J., Nothen M.M., Rietschel M., Wildenauer D., Bondy B., Ertl M.A., et al. Human adenosine A2a receptor (A2aAR) gene: systematic mutation screening in patients with schizophrenia. J Neural Transm 103 (1996) 1447-1455
22. De Freitas B., and Schwartz G. Effects of caffeine in chronic psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry 10 (1979) 1337-1338
23. de Mendonca A., Sebastiao A.M., and Ribeiro J.A. Inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated currents in isolated rat hippocampal neurones by adenosine A1 receptor activation. NeuroReport 6 (1995) 1097-1100
24. de Mendonca A., Sebastiao A.M., and Ribeiro J.A. Adenosine: does it have a neuroprotective role after all?. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2-3 (2000) 258-274
25. de Oliveira R.V., Dall'Igna O.P., Tort A.B., Schuh J.F., Neto P.F., Santos Gomes M.W., et al. Effect of subchronic caffeine treatment on MK-801-induced changes in locomotion, cognition and ataxia in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2 (2005) 79-84
26. Doriat J.F., Humbert A.C., and Daval J.L. Brain maturation of high-affinity adenosine A2 receptors and their coupling to G-proteins. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1-2 (1996) 1-9
27. Dumas T.C., and Foster T.C. Late developmental changes in the ability of adenosine A1 receptors to regulate synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1 (1998) 137-139
28. Dunwiddie T.V., and Masino S.A. The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci (2001) 31-55
29. Farde L., Wiesel F.A., Stone-Elander S., Halldin C., Nordstrom A.L., Hall H., et al. D2 dopamine receptors in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. A positron emission tomography study with [11C]raclopride. Arch Gen Psychiatry 3 (1990) 213-219
30. Ferre S. Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the ventral striatum. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2 (1997) 107-120
31. Ferre S., von Euler G., Johansson B., Fredholm B.B., and Fuxe K. Stimulation of high-affinity adenosine A2 receptors decreases the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors in rat striatal membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 16 (1991) 7238-7241
32. Foreman N., Barraclough S., Moore C., Mehta A., and Madon M. High doses of caffeine impair performance of a numerical version of the Stroop task in men. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2 (1989) 399-403
33. Fredholm B.B., Battig K., Holmen J., Nehlig A., and Zvartau E.E. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev 1 (1999) 83-133
34. Fredholm B.B., Chen J.F., Cunha R.A., Svenningsson P., and Vaugeois J.M. Adenosine and brain function. Int Rev Neurobiol 63 (2005) 191-270
35. Ghisolfi E.S., Prokopiuk A.S., Becker J., Ehlers J.A., Belmonte-de-Abreu P., Souza D.O., et al. The adenosine antagonist theophylline impairs p50 auditory sensory gating in normal subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 4 (2002) 629-637
36. Gimenez-Llort L., Martinez E., and Ferre S. Dopamine-independent and adenosine-dependent mechanisms involved in the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate on motor activity in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2 (1995) 171-177
37. Gimenez-Llort L., Fernandez-Teruel A., Escorihuela R.M., Fredholm B.B., Tobena A., Pekny M., et al. Mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor are anxious and aggressive, but are normal learners with reduced muscle strength and survival rate. Eur J Neurosci 3 (2002) 547-550
38. Gogtay N., Sporn A., Clasen L.S., Nugent III T.F., Greenstein D., Nicolson R., et al. Comparison of progressive cortical gray matter loss in childhood-onset schizophrenia with that in childhood-onset atypical psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1 (2004) 17-22
39. Golembiowska K., and Zylewska A. Agonists of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors attenuate methamphetamine-induced overflow of dopamine in rat striatum. Brain Res 2 (1998) 202-209
40. Guillet R. Neonatal caffeine exposure alters adenosine receptor control of locomotor activity in the developing rat. Dev Pharmacol Ther 2 (1990) 94-100
41. Harrison R. Structure and function of xanthine oxidoreductase: where are we now?. Free Radic Biol Med 6 (2002) 774-797
42. Hauber W., and Andersen R. The non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 counteracts locomotor stimulation and anticataleptic activity induced by the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 5 (1993) 486-490
43. Heresco-Levy U., Javitt D.C., Ermilov M., Mordel C., Silipo G., and Lichtenstein M. Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1 (1999) 29-36
44. Herve D., Le Moine C., Corvol J.C., Belluscio L., Ledent C., Fienberg A.A., et al. Galpha(olf) levels are regulated by receptor usage and control dopamine and adenosine action in the striatum. J Neurosci 12 (2001) 4390-4399
45. Hesslinger B., Normann C., Langosch J.M., Klose P., Berger M., and Walden J. Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on haloperidol plasma levels and on psychopathologic outcome in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (1999) 310-315
46. Hillion J., Canals M., Torvinen M., Casado V., Scott R., Terasmaa A., et al. Coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. J Biol Chem 20 (2002) 18091-18097
47. Hong C.J., Liu H.C., Liu T.Y., Liao D.L., and Tsai S.J. Association studies of the adenosine A2a receptor (1976T > C) genetic polymorphism in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. J. Neural Transm 112 (2005) 1503-1510
48. Hughes J.R., McHugh P., and Holtzman S. Caffeine and schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 11 (1998) 1415-1417
49. Johansson B., Georgiev V., Lindstrom K., and Fredholm B.B. A1 and A2A adenosine receptors and A1 mRNA in mouse brain: effect of long-term caffeine treatment. Brain Res 1-2 (1997) 153-164
50. Johansson B., Halldner L., Dunwiddie T.V., Masino S.A., Poelchen W., Gimenez-Llort L., et al. Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 16 (2001) 9407-9412
51. Kafka S.H., and Corbett R. Selective adenosine A2A receptor/dopamine D2 receptor interactions in animal models of schizophrenia. Eur J Pharmacol 2-3 (1996) 147-154
52. Karcz-Kubicha M., Quarta D., Hope B.T., Antoniou K., Muller C.E., Morales M., et al. Enabling role of adenosine A1 receptors in adenosine A2A receptor-mediated striatal expression of c-fos. Eur J Neurosci 2 (2003) 296-302
53. Keshavan M.S., Reynolds III C.F., Miewald M.J., Montrose D.M., Sweeney J.A., Vasko Jr. R.C., et al. Delta sleep deficits in schizophrenia: evidence from automated analyses of sleep data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 5 (1998) 443-448
54. Kim M., Yu Z.X., Fredholm B.B., and Rivkees S.A. Susceptibility of the developing brain to acute hypoglycemia involving A1 adenosine receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289 (2005) E562-E569
55. o. Neurosci Lett 179 (1994) 132-136
56. Koch M., and Hauber W. Regulation of sensorimotor gating by interactions of dopamine and adenosine in the rat. Behav Pharmacol 1 (1998) 23-29
57. Krystal J.H., Anand A., and Moghaddam B. Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 7 (2002) 663-664
58. Kull B., Svenningsson P., and Fredholm B.B. Adenosine A(2A) receptors are colocalized with and activate g(olf) in rat striatum. Mol Pharmacol 4 (2000) 771-777
59. Kurumaji A., and Toru M. An increase in [3H] CGS21680 binding in the striatum of postmortem brains of chronic schizophrenics. Brain Res 2 (1998) 320-323
60. Kuzmin A., Johansson B., Zvartau E.E., and Fredholm B.B. Caffeine, acting on adenosine A(1) receptors, prevents the extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2 (1999) 535-542
61. Landolt H.P., Dijk D.J., Gaus S.E., and Borbely A.A. Caffeine reduces low-frequency delta activity in the human sleep EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 3 (1995) 229-238
62. Lang U.E., Lang F., Richter K., Vallon V., Lipp H.P., Schnermann J., et al. Emotional instability but intact spatial cognition in adenosine receptor 1 knock out mice. Behav Brain Res 1-2 (2003) 179-188
63. Lara D.R. Inhibitory deficit in schizophrenia is not necessarily a GABAergic deficit. Cell Mol Neurobiol 3 (2002) 239-247
64. Lara D.R., and Souza D.O. Schizophrenia: a purinergic hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2 (2000) 157-166
65. Lara D.R., Belmonte-de-Abreu P., and Souza D.O. Allopurinol for refractory aggression and self-inflicted behaviour. J Psychopharmacol 1 (2000) 81-83
66. Lara D.R., Brunstein M.G., Ghisolfi E.S., Lobato M.I., Belmonte-de-Abreu P., and Souza D.O. Allopurinol augmentation for poorly responsive schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4 (2001) 235-237
67. Lara D.R., Cruz M.R., Xavier F., Souza D.O., and Moriguchi E.H. Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1 (2003) 53-55
68. Laruelle M. The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2-3 (2000) 371-384
69. Laruelle M., and Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol 4 (1999) 358-371
70. Ledent C., Vaugeois J.M., Schiffmann S.N., Pedrazzini T., El Yacoubi M., Vanderhaeghen J.J., et al. Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature 6643 (1997) 674-678
71. Lewis D.A., and Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Neurosci (2002) 409-432
72. Lieberman J.A., Sheitman B.B., and Kinon B.J. Neurochemical sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: deficits and dysfunction in neuronal regulation and plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 4 (1997) 205-229
73. Lieberman J., Chakos M., Wu H., Alvir J., Hoffman E., Robinson D., et al. Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 6 (2001) 487-499
74. Lillrank S.M., Lipska B.K., Weinberger D.R., Fredholm B.B., Fuxe K., and Ferre S. Adenosine and dopamine receptor antagonist binding in the rat ventral and dorsal striatum: lack of changes after a neonatal bilateral lesion of the ventral hippocampus. Neurochem Int 34 (1999) 235-244
75. Lindstrom L.H., Gefvert O., Hagberg G., Lundberg T., Bergstrom M., Hartvig P., et al. Increased dopamine synthesis rate in medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia indicated by l-(beta-11C) DOPA and PET. Biol Psychiatry 5 (1999) 681-688
76. Lipska B.K. Using animal models to test a neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 29 (2004) 282-286
77. Lucas P.B., Pickar D., Kelsoe J., Rapaport M., Pato C., and Hommer D. Effects of the acute administration of caffeine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1 (1990) 35-40
78. Mackay D.C., and Rollins J.W. Caffeine and caffeinism. J R Nav Med Serv 2 (1989) 65-67
79. Mansheim P. A case of acute psychosis in temporal association with theophylline toxicity. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1 (1989) 65-66
80. Manzoni O.J., Manabe T., and Nicoll R.A. Release of adenosine by activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus. Science 5181 (1994) 2098-2101
81. Manzoni O., Pujalte D., Williams J., and Bockaert J. Decreased presynaptic sensitivity to adenosine after cocaine withdrawal. J Neurosci 19 (1998) 7996-8002
82. Marangos P.J., Patel J., and Stivers J. Ontogeny of adenosine binding sites in rat forebrain and cerebellum. J Neurochem 1 (1982) 267-270
83. Mateos F.A., Puig J.G., Jimenez M.L., and Fox I.H. Hereditary xanthinuria. Evidence for enhanced hypoxanthine salvage. J Clin Invest 3 (1987) 847-852
84. McManamy M.C., and Schube P.G. Caffeine intoxication. Report of case, symptoms of which amounted to psychosis (1936) 616
85. Melani A., Corsi C., Gimenez-Llort L., Martinez E., Ogren S.O., Pedata F., et al. Effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate on motor activity and in vivo adenosine striatal outflow in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1 (1999) 15-19
86. Meyer U., Feldon J., Schedlowski M., and Yee B.K. Towards an immuno-precipitated neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005) 913-947
87. Mikkelsen E.J. Caffeine and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 9 (1978) 732-736
88. Mitchell J.B., Lupica C.R., and Dunwiddie T.V. Activity-dependent release of endogenous adenosine modulates synaptic responses in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 8 (1993) 3439-3447
89. Moghaddam B., and Adams B.W. Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 5381 (1998) 1349-1352
90. Moghaddam B., Adams B., Verma A., and Daly D. Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: a novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 8 (1997) 2921-2927
91. Nehlig A., Daval J.L., and Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2 (1992) 139-170
92. Nickell P.V., and Uhde T.W. Dose-response effects of intravenous caffeine in normal volunteers. Anxiety 1 (1994) 161-168
93. Nyhan W.L. The recognition of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as an inborn error of purine metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2 (1997) 171-178
94. Okamura N., Hashimoto K., Shimizu E., Kumakiri C., Komatsu N., and Iyo M. Adenosine A(1) receptor agonists block the neuropathological changes in rat retrosplenial cortex after administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Neuropsychopharmacology 3 (2004) 544-550
95. Olney J.W., and Farber N.B. Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 12 (1995) 998-1007
96. Othman T., Yan H., and Rivkees S.A. Oligodendrocytes express functional A1 adenosine receptors that stimulate cellular migration. Glia 2 (2003) 166-172
97. Ottoni G.L., Lucchese I.C., Martins F., Grillo R.W., Bogo M.R., and Lara D.R. Association between 2592C > TINS polymorphism of adenosine A2A receptor gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 31 (2005) 274
98. Ozawa K., Hashimoto K., Kishimoto F., Shimizu E., Ishikura H., and Iyo M. Immune activation during pregnancy in mice leads to dopaminergic hyperfunction and cognitive impairment in the offspring: a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 59 (2006) 546-554
99. Parsons B., Togasaki D.M., Kassir S., and Przedborski S. Neuroleptics up-regulate adenosine A2a receptors in rat striatum: implications for the mechanism and the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Neurochem 5 (1995) 2057-2064
100. Pinna A., Wardas J., Cristalli G., and Morelli M. Adenosine A2A receptor agonists increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in mesolimbic areas. Brain Res 1 (1997) 41-49
101. Popoli P., Pezzola A., and de Carolis A.S. Modulation of striatal adenosine A1 and A2 receptors induces rotational behaviour in response to dopaminergic stimulation in intact rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1-2 (1994) 21-25
102. Popoli P., Reggio R., and Pezzola A. Adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonists significantly prevent the electroencephalographic effects induced by MK-801 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2-3 (1997) 143-146
103. Powell K.R., Iuvone P.M., and Holtzman S.G. The role of dopamine in the locomotor stimulant effects and tolerance to these effects of caffeine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1-2 (2001) 59-70
104. Quarta D., Ferre S., Solinas M., You Z.B., Hockemeyer J., Popoli P., et al. Opposite modulatory roles for adenosine A1 and A2A receptors on glutamate and dopamine release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Effects of chronic caffeine exposure. J Neurochem 5 (2004) 1151-1158
105. Ralevic V., and Burnstock G. Receptors for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 3 (1998) 413-492
106. Retey J.V., Adam M., Honegger E., Khatami R., Luhmann U.F., Jung H.H., et al. A functional genetic variation of adenosine deaminase affects the duration and intensity of deep sleep in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (2005) 15676-15681
107. Rimondini R., Ferre S., Ogren S.O., and Fuxe K. Adenosine A2A agonists: a potential new type of atypical antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 2 (1997) 82-91
108. Rimondini R., Ferre S., Gimenez-Llort L., Ogren S.O., and Fuxe K. Differential effects of selective adenosine A1 and A2A receptor agonists on dopamine receptor agonist-induced behavioural responses in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2-3 (1998) 153-158
109. Rivkees S.A., Price S.L., and Zhou F.C. Immunohistochemical detection of A1 adenosine receptors in rat brain with emphasis on localization in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Brain Res 2 (1995) 193-203
110. Rogers M.H., Lwin R., Fairbanks L., Gerritsen B., and Gaspar H.B. Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency. J Pediatr 1 (2001) 44-50
111. Schwab S.G., Hallmayer J., Lerer B., Albus M., Borrmann M., Honig S., et al. Support for a chromosome 18p locus conferring susceptibility to functional psychoses in families with schizophrenia, by association and linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet 4 (1998) 1139-1152
112. Seeman P., and Tallerico T. Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors. Mol Psychiatry 2 (1998) 123-134
113. Shenton M.E., Dickey C.C., Frumin M., and McCarley R.W. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1-2 (2001) 1-52
114. Shimazoe T., Yoshimatsu A., Kawashimo A., and Watanabe S. Roles of adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors in the expression and development of methamphetamine-induced sensitization. Eur J Pharmacol 3 (2000) 249-254
115. Shoaib M., Swanner L.S., Yasar S., and Goldberg S.R. Chronic caffeine exposure potentiates nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 4 (1999) 327-333
116. Sills T.L., Azampanah A., and Fletcher P.J. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine blocks the disruptive effect of phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 3 (1999) 325-329
117. Solinas M., Ferre S., You Z.B., Karcz-Kubicha M., Popoli P., and Goldberg S.R. Caffeine induces dopamine and glutamate release in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 15 (2002) 6321-6324
118. Stoner G.R., Skirboll L.R., Werkman S., and Hommer D.W. Preferential effects of caffeine on limbic and cortical dopamine systems. Biol Psychiatry 8 (1988) 761-768
119. Svenningsson P., and Fredholm B.B. Exciting news about A2A receptors. Neurology 11 Suppl 6 (2003) S10-S11
120. Thevananther S., Rivera A., and Rivkees S.A. A1 adenosine receptor activation inhibits neurite process formation by Rho kinase-mediated pathways. NeuroReport 14 (2001) 3057-3063
121. Toda S., Alguacil L.F., and Kalivas P.W. Repeated cocaine administration changes the function and subcellular distribution of adenosine A1 receptor in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 6 (2003) 1478-1484
122. Tsai G., Lane H.Y., Yang P., Chong M.Y., and Lange N. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 5 (2004) 452-456
123. Tsutsui S., Schnermann J., Noorbakhsh F., Henry S., Yong V.W., Winston B.W., et al. A1 adenosine receptor upregulation and activation attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 6 (2004) 1521-1529
124. Turner C.P., Pulciani D., and Rivkees S.A. Reduction in intracellular calcium levels induces injury in developing neurons. Exp Neurol 1 (2002) 21-32
125. Turner C.P., Yan H., Schwartz M., Othman T., and Rivkees S.A. A1 adenosine receptor activation induces ventriculomegaly and white matter loss. NeuroReport 9 (2002) 1199-1204
126. Turner C.P., Seli M., Ment L., Stewart W., Yan H., Johansson B., et al. A1 adenosine receptors mediate hypoxia-induced ventriculomegaly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 20 (2003) 11718-11722
127. Ushijima I., Katsuragi T., and Furukawa T. Involvement of adenosine receptor activities in aggressive responses produced by clonidine in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 4 (1984) 335-339
128. Von Lubitz D.K., Paul I.A., Carter M., and Jacobson K.A. Effects of N6-cyclopentyl adenosine and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine on N-methyl-d-aspartate induced seizures in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 3 (1993) 265-270
129. Wang J.H., Short J., Ledent C., Lawrence A.J., and Buuse M. Reduced startle habituation and prepulse inhibition in mice lacking the adenosine A2A receptor. Behav Brain Res 2 (2003) 201-207
130. Weisbrod M., Gaser C., Mohr A., and Sauer H. Progression of disease-specific gray matter deficits in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (2004) S24
131. Winterer G., and Hermann W.M. Valproate and the symptomatic treatment of schizophrenia spectrum patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 5 (2000) 182-188
132. Zimmermann H. Biochemistry, localization and functional roles of ecto-nucleotidases in the nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 6 (1996) 589-618