Explaining clustering in social networks: Towards an evolutionary theory of cascading benefits

Managerial and Decision Economics

Volumn 27, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 173-187

  Levine, Sheen S ^a   Kurzban, Robert ^b  

^a SINGAPORE MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33646099605     PISSN: 01436570     EISSN: 10991468     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mde.1291     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Ahuja G. 2000. Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: a longitudinal study. Administrative Science Quarterly 45: 425-455.
2. Axelrod R. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books: New York.
3. Baker WE, Faulkner RR, Fisher GA. 1998. Hazards of the market: the continuity and dissolution of inter-organizational market relations. American Sociological Review 63: 147-177.
4. Barney JB. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17: 99-120.
5. Baum JAC, Shipilov AV, Rowley TJ. 2003. Where do small worlds come from? Industrial and Corporate Change 12: 697-725.
6. Biggart NW, Guillén MF. 1999. Developing difference: social organization and the rise of the auto industries of South Korea, Taiwan, Spain and Argentina. American Sociological Review 64: 722-747.
7. Blau PM. 1964. Exchange and Power in Social Life. Wiley: New York.
8. Boissevain J. 1974. Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulations, and Coalitions. Blackwell: London.
9. Borgatti SP, Foster PC. 2003. The network paradigm in organizational research: a review and typology. Journal of Management 29: 991-1013.
10. Boyd R, Richerson PJ. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago University Press: Chicago.
11. Boyd R, Richerson PJ. 2005. Solving the puzzle of human cooperation. In Evolution and Culture, Levinson S (ed.). MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass. 105-132.
12. Burnham T, Phelan J. 2000. Mean Genes. Perseus: Cambridge.
13. Burt RS. 1982. Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure, Perception, and Action. Academic Press: New York.
14. Burt RS. 1992. Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
15. Burt RS. 2002. The social capital of structural holes. In New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field, Guillén MF, Collins R, England P, Meyer M (eds). Russell Sage Foundation: New York; 148-192.
16. Burt RS. 2004. Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology 110: 349-399.
17. Burt RS. 2005. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
18. Buss DM. 1994. The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. Basic Books: New York.
19. Cameron LA. 1999. Raising the stakes in the ultimatum game: experimental evidence from Indonesia. Economic Inquiry 37: 47-59.
20. Casciaro T, Carley KM, Krackhardt D. 1999. Positive affectivity and accuracy in social network perception. Motivation and Emotion 23: 285-306.
21. Castilla EJ, Hwang H, Granovetter M. 2000. Social networks in Silicon Valley. In The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lee CM, Miller WF, Rowen H, Hancock M (eds). Stanford University Press: Stanford.
22. Clark MS, Mills J. 1979. Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 12-24.
23. Coleman JS. 1961. The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education. Free Press: New York.
24. Conyon MJ, Muldoon MR. (in press). The small world of corporate boards. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting.
25. Cosmides L, Tooby J. 1992. Cognitive adaptations for social change. In The Adapted Mind, Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J (eds). Oxford University Press: New York; 163-171.
26. Dalton M. 1959. Men Who Manage. Wiley: New York.
27. Daly M, Salmon C, Wilson M. 1997. Kinship: the conceptual hole in psychological studies of social cognition and close relationships. In Evolutionary Social Psychology, Simpson J, Kenrick D (eds). Erlbaum: Mahwah; 265-296.
28. Davis GF, Greve HR. 1997. Corporate elite networks and governance changes in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology 103: 1-37.
29. Davis JA. 1979. The Davis/Holland/Leinhardt studies: an overview. In Perspectives on Social Network Research, Holland PW, Leinhardt S (eds). Academic Press: New York; 51-62.
30. Davis JA, Holland P, Leinhardt S. 1971. Comments on Professor Mazur's hypothesis about interpersonal sentiments. American Sociological Review 36: 309-311.
31. Davis JA, Leinhardt S. 1972. The structure of positive interpersonal relations in small groups. In Sociological Theories in Progress (vol. 2), Berger J (ed.). Houghton-Mifflin: Boston.
32. Dawes RM, Thaler RH. 1988. Cooperation. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2: 187-197.
33. DiMaggio P, Louch H. 1998. Socially embedded consumer transactions: for what kinds of purchases do people most often use networks? American Sociological Review 63: 619-637.
34. Dugatkin LA. 1997. Cooperation among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. Oxford University Press: New York.
35. Dunbar RIM. 1996. Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
36. Ekeh PP. 1974. Social Exchange Theory: The Two Traditions. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
37. Emerson RM. 1981. Social exchange theory. In Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, Robenberg M, Turner RH (eds). Basic Books: New York; 30-65.
38. Fehr E, Fischbacher U, Gächter S. 2002. Strong reciprocity, human cooperation and the enforcement of social norms. Human Nature 13: 1-25.
39. Feld SL. 1981. The focused organization of social ties. American Journal of Sociology 86: 1015-1035.
40. Feld SL, Elmore RG. 1982a. Patterns of sociometric choices: transitivity reconsidered. Social Psychology Quarterly 45: 77-85.
41. Feld SL, Elmore RG. 1982b. Processes underlying patterns of sociometric choice: response to Hallinan. Social Psychology Quarterly 45: 90-92.
42. Fiske AP. 1992. The four elementary forms of sociability: framework for a unified theory of social relation. Psychological Review 99: 689-723.
43. Gintis H. 2000. Strong reciprocity and human sociality. Journal of Theoretical Biology 206: 169-179.
44. Goffman E. 1963. Stigma. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs.
45. Granovetter M. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360-1380.
46. Granovetter M. 1982. The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited. In Social Structure and Network Analysis, Marsden PV, Lin N (eds). Sage: Beverly Hills; 105-130.
47. Granovetter M. 1992. Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, Nohria N, Eccles RG (eds). Harvard Business School Press: Boston; 25-56.
48. Granovetter M. 2002. A theoretical agenda for economic sociology. In New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field, Guillén MF, Collins R, England P, Meyer M (eds). Russell Sage Foundation: New York; 35-60.
49. Guillén MF. 2000. Business groups in emerging economies: a resource-based view. Academy of Management Journal 43: 362-381.
50. Guimerà R, Danon L, Díaz-Guilera A, Giralt F, Arenas A. 2003. Self-similar community structure in a network of human interactions. Physical Review E 68: 1-4.
51. Gulati R. 1995. Social structure and alliance formation patterns: a longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly 40: 619-652.
52. Gulati R. 1998. Alliances and networks. Strategic Management Journal 19: 293-317.
53. Gulati R, Gargiulo M. 1999. Where do interorganizational networks come from? American Journal of Sociology 104: 1439-1493.
54. Guler I, Guillén MF, Macpherson JM. 2002. Global competition, institutions, and the diffusion of organizational practices: the international spread of ISO 9000 quality certificates. Administrative Science Quarterly 47: 207-233.
55. Hallinan MT. 1974. A structural model of sentiment relations. American Journal of Sociology 80: 364-378.
56. Hallinan MT. 1979. Structural effects on children's friendships and cliques. Social Psychology Quarterly 42: 43-54.
57. Hallinan MT. 1982. Cognitive balance and differential popularity in social networks. Social Psychology Quarterly 45: 86-90.
58. Hannan MT, Freeman J. 1977. The population ecology of organizations. American Journal of Sociology 82: 929-964.
59. Hansen MT. 1999. The search-transfer problem: the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly 44: 82-111.
60. Heider F. 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Wiley: New York.
61. Henrich JR, Boyd S, Bowles C, Camerer E, Fehr H, Gintis R, McElreath M, Alvard F, Barr A, Ensminger J, Henrich NS, Hill K, Gil-White F, Gurven M, Marlow FW, Patton JQ, Tracer D. 2005. "Economic Man" in cross-cultural perspective: Ethnography and experiments from 15 small-scale societies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28: 795-855.
62. Holland PW, Leinhardt S. 1971. Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comparative Group Studies 2: 107-124.
63. Homans GC. 1950. The Human Group. Harcourt Brace: New York.
64. Homans GC. 1958. Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology 63: 597-606.
65. Ibarra H. 1992. Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 422-447.
66. Ingram P, Roberts PW. 2000. Friendship ties between competitors in the Sydney hotel industry. American Journal of Sociology 106: 387-423.
67. Kadushin C. 1966. The friends and supporters of psychotherapy: on social circles in urban life. American Sociological Review 31: 786-802.
68. Kadushin C. 1968. Power, influence and social circles: a new methodology for studying opinion makers. American Sociological Review 33: 685-699.
69. Kadushin C. 1995. Friendship among the French financial elite. American Sociological Review 60: 202-221.
70. Katz ML, Shapiro C. 1985. Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. American Economic Review 75: 424-440.
71. Kilduff M, Krackhardt D. 1994. Bringing the individual back in: a structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal 37: 87-108.
72. Kogut B, Walker G. 2001. The small world of Germany and the durability of national networks. American Sociological Review 66: 317-335.
73. Krackhardt D, Kilduff M. 1999. Whether close or far: social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76: 770-782.
74. Kramer RM, Brewer MB. 1984. Effects of group identity on resource use in a simulated commons dilemma. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46: 1044-1057.
75. Kurzban RO, Leary MR. 2001. Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: the functions of social exclusion. Psychological Bulletin 127: 187-208.
76. Kurzban RO, Tooby J, Cosmides L. 2001. Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 15387-15392.
77. Lazarsfeld PF, Merton RK. 1954. Friendship as social process: a substantive and methodological analysis. In Freedom and Control in Modern Society, Berger M, Abel T, Page C (eds). van Nostrand Reinhold: New York; 18-66.
78. Levine SS. 2004a. The strength of performative ties: dynamics of knowledge network exchange. Status and Reputation in Networks. Academy of Management: New Orleans.
79. Levine SS. 2004b. The strength of performative ties: knowledge and networks in a professional service firm. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco.
80. Levine SS. 2005. The Strength of Performative Ties. Doctoral dissertation, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
81. Levinthal DA, March JG. 1981. A model of adaptive organizational search. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2: 307-333.
82. Locke RM. 1995. Remaking the Italian Economy. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.
83. Mayhew BH, McPherson JM, Rotolo T, Smith-Lovin L. 1995. Sex and race homogeneity in naturally occurring groups. Social Forces 74: 15-52.
84. McDonald ML, Westphal JD. 2003. Getting by with the advice of their friends: CEOs' advice networks and firms' strategic responses to poor performance. Administrative Science Quarterly 48: 1-31.
85. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. 2001. Birds of feather: homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology 27: 415-444.
86. Milgram S. 1967. The small world problem. Psychology Today 1: 60-67.
87. Miller G. 2000. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. Doubleday: New York.
88. Mintzberg H. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs.
89. Mizruchi MS. 1996. What do interlocks do? An analysis, critique, and assessment of research on interlocking directorates. Annual Review of Sociology 22: 271-298.
90. Mizruchi MS, Stearns LB. 2001. Getting deals done: the use of social networks in bank decision-making. American Sociological Review 66: 647.
91. Moreno JL. 1951. Sociometry, Experimental Method and the Science of Society; an Approach to a New Political Orientation. N.Y. Beacon House: Beacon.
92. Nelson RR, Winter SG. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
93. Obstfeld D. 2005. Social networks, the tertius iungens orientation, and involvement in innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly 50: 100-130.
94. Oh H, Chung MH, Labianca G. 2004. Group social capital and group effectiveness: the role of informal socializing ties. Academy of Management Journal 47: 860-875.
95. Okun AM. 1981. Prices and Quantities: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Brookings Institution: Washington DC.
96. Ostrom E. 1998. A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action. American Political Science Review 92: 1-22.
97. Panchanathan K, Boyd R. 2003. A tale of two defectors: the importance of standing in the evolution of indirect reciprocity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 224: 115-126.
98. Panchanathan K, Boyd R. 2004. Indirect reciprocity can stabilize cooperation without the second-order free rider problem. Nature 432: 499-502.
99. Pigou AC. 1932. The Economics of Welfare (4th edn). Macmillan: London.
100. Podolny JM, Baron JN. 1997. Resources and relationships: social networks and mobility in the workplace. American Sociological Review 62: 673-693.
101. Portes A, Sensenberger J. 1993. Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology 98: 1320-1350.
102. Prietula MJ, Carley KM, Gasser LG. 1998. Simulating Organizations: Computational Models of Institutions and Groups. AAAI Press/MIT Press: Menlo Park, California.
103. Ravasz E, Barabási AL. 2003. Hierarchical organization in complex networks. Physical Review E 67.
104. Reagans RE, McEvily B. 2003. Network structure and knowledge transfer: the effects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly 48: 240-267.
105. Reagans RE, Zuckerman EW, McEvily B. 2004. How to make the team: social networks vs. demography as criteria for designing effective teams. Administrative Science Quarterly 49: 101-134.
106. Richerson PJ, Boyd R. 1998. The evolution of human ultra-sociality. In Indoctrinability, Ideology, and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, Eibisfeldt IE, Salter F (eds). Berghahn: New York; 71-96.
107. Rose-Ackerman S. 1978. Corruption: A Study in Political Economy. Academic Press: New York.
108. Saxenian A. 1996. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
109. Schumpeter J. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development (7th edn). Harvard University Press: Cambridge.
110. Sen AK. 1977. Rational fools: a critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Philosophy and Public Affairs 6: 317-344.
111. Silk JB. 2003. Cooperation without counting: the puzzle of friendship. In Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, Hammerstein P (ed.). MIT Press: Cambridge; 37-54.
112. Simmel G. 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group-Affiliations. Free Press: Glencoe (R. Bendix, Trans.).
113. Simon HA. 1955. A behavioral model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics LXIX: 99-118.
114. Slonim R, Roth AE. 1998. Learning in high stakes ultimatum games: an experiment in the Slovak Republic. Econometrica 66: 569-596.
115. Sorenson O, Audia PG. 2000. The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940-1989. American Journal of Sociology 106: 424-462.
116. Sorenson O, Rivkin JW, Fleming L. 2002. Complexity, Networks and Knowledge Flow. Working Paper, Harvard Business School, 02-09, http://ssrn.com/ abstract = 310001.
117. Stevenson WB, Greenberg D. 2000. Agency and social networks: strategies of action in a social structure of position, opposition, and opportunity. Administrative Science Quarterly 45: 651-679.
118. Symons D. 1992. On the use and misuse of Darwinism in the study of human behavior. In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J (eds). Oxford University Press: Oxford; 137-159.
119. Takahashi N. 2000. The emergence of generalized exchange. American Journal of Sociology 105: 1105-1134.
120. Takahashi N. 2004. Personal correspondence.
121. Talmud I, Mesch GS. 1997. Market embeddedness and corporate instability: the ecology of inter-industrial networks. Social Science Research 26: 419-441.
122. Teece DJ. 1998. Capturing value from knowledge assets: the new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets. California Management Review 40: 55-79.
123. Tooby J, Cosmides L. 1992. Psychological foundations of culture. In The Adapted Mind, Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J (eds). Oxford University Press: New York; 19-136.
124. Tooby J, Cosmides L. 1996. Friendship and the banker's paradox: other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy 88: 119-143.
125. Travers J, Milgram S. 1969. An experimental study of the small world problem. Sociometry 32(4): 425-443.
126. Trivers RL. 1971. The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35-57.
127. Tushman M. 1977. Special boundary roles in the innovation process. Administrative Science Quarterly 22: 587-605.
128. Useem M. 1984. The Inner Circle. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
129. Uzzi B. 1996. The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: the network effect. American Journal of Sociology 61: 674-698.
130. Uzzi B. 1997. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: the paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 35-67.
131. Uzzi B. 1999. Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: how social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. American Sociological Review 64: 481-505.
132. Uzzi B, Lancaster R. 2004. Embeddedness and price formation in the corporate law market. American Sociological Review 69: 319-344.
133. Uzzi B, Spiro J. 2003. Do Small Worlds Make Big Differences? Artist Networks and the Success of Broadway Musicals, 1945-1989. Unpublished manuscript, Evanston, Illinois.
134. Uzzi B, Spiro J. 2005. Collaboration and creativity: the small world problem. American Journal of Sociology 111(2): 59.
135. von Hippel E. 1987. Cooperation between rivals: informal know-how trading. Research Policy 16: 291-302.
136. Walker G, Kogut B, Shan W. 1997. Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science 8: 109-125.
137. Watts DJ. 2004. The 'new' science of networks. Annual Review of Sociology 30: 243-270.
138. Wellman B. 1983. Network analysis: some basic principles. Sociological Theory 1: 155-200.
139. Westphal JD, Zajac EJ. 1997. Defections from the inner circle: social exchange, reciprocity, and the diffusion of board independence in US corporations. Administrative Science Quarterly 42: 161-183.
140. Whitmeyer JM, Yeingst CN. in press. A dynamic model of friendly association networks. Social Science Research.
141. Williamson OE. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies. Free Press: New York.
142. Williamson OE. 1989. The firm as a nexus of treaties: an introduction. In The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties, Aoki M, Gustafsson B, Williamson OE (eds). Sage: London.
143. Wilson JQ. 1993. The Moral Sense. Free Press: New York.
144. Winter SG, Szulanski G. 2001. Replication as strategy. Organization Science 12: 730-743.
145. Yamagishi T, Jin N, Kiyonari T. 1999. Bounded generalized reciprocity: ingroup boasting and ingroup favoritism. Advances in Group Processes 16: 161-197.
146. Zuckerman EW, Jost JT. 2001. What makes you think you're so popular? Self evaluation maintenance and the subjective side of the 'Friendship Paradox'. Social Psychology Quarterly 64: 207-223.