Treating the acute stroke patient as an emergency: Current practices and future opportunities

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 399-407

  Davis, Stephen ^a   Lees, K ^b   Donnan, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Emergency; Ischaemic stroke; Multidisciplinary; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ARUNDIC ACID; BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CITICOLINE; DESMOTEPLASE; DISUFENTON SODIUM; EPTIFIBATIDE; ETHYLENEGLYCOL 1,2 BIS(2 AMINOPHENYL) ETHER N,N,N',N' TETRAACETIC ACID BIS(2 OCTYLOXYETHYL) ESTER; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; GLYCINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HEMOSTATIC AGENT; HEPARIN; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PROUROKINASE; TINZAPARIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TRAXOPRODIL; UROKINASE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN PERFUSION; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMERGENCY MEDICINE; HUMAN; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STROKE; TREATMENT PLANNING;

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; EMERGENCIES; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; STROKE;

EID: 33645051936     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: 17421241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2006.00873.x     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2004. The World Heath Report, Geneva: The World Health Organization, 2004.
2. Zweifler RM. Management of acute stroke. South Med J 2003; 96: 380-5.
3. Holmqvist LW, von Koch L, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Use of healthcare, impact on family caregivers and patient satisfaction of rehabilitation at home after stroke in southwest Stockholm. Scand J Rehabil Med 2000; 32: 173-9.
4. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics -2005 update. Dallas, Texas: American Heart Association, 2005.
5. Payne KA, Huybrechts KF, Caro JJ, Craig Green TJ, Klittich WS. Long term cost-of-illness in stroke. An international review. Pharmacoeconomics 2002; 20: 813-25.
6. Hacke W, Brott T, Caplan L et al. Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology 1999; 53 (Suppl. 4): S3-S14.
7. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: The Cleveland area experience. JAMA 2000; 283: 1151-8.
8. Grotta JC, Burgin WS, El-Mitwalli A et al. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator therapy for ischemic stroke. Houston experience 1996 to 2000. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 2009-13.
9. Furlan AJ, Katzan IL, Caplan LR. Thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2003; 5: 171-80.
10. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke 2003; 34: 2159-64.
11. Dirnagl U, Iadecola C, Moskowitz MA. Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view. Trends Neurosci 1999; 22: 391-7.
12. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1997; 28: 1-5.
13. Mayer SA. Ultra-early hemostatic therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2003; 34: 224-9.
14. The European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee. European stroke initiative recommendations for stroke management - update 2003. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 16: 311-37.
15. EUSI Executive Committee and EUSI Writing Committee. European stroke initiative rPcommendations 2003: Ischaemic stroke: prophylaxis and treatment. Information for Doctors in Hospital and in Practice, Vol. 2005, 2003.
16. Kennedy J, Ma C, Buchan AM. Organization of regional and local stroke resources: Methods to expedite acute management of stroke. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4: 13-8.
17. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. BMJ 1997; 314: 1151 -9.
18. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke 1997; 28: 2139-44.
19. Adams HP, Adams RJ, Brott T et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: A scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke 2003; 34: 1056-83.
20. Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P. Improving the efficiency of delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke: A systematic review. Q J Med 2004; 97: 273-9.
21. Quaglini S, Cavallini A, Gerzeli S, Micieli G, GLADIS Study Group. Economic benefit from clinical practice guideline compliance in stroke patient management. Health Policy 2004; 69: 305-15.
22. Negri M, Martignoni A, Baccheschi J, Santilli G, Marchesi E. [Management of stroke in a ward of internal medicine. Limits and Prospects] Recenti Prog Med 2004; 95: 137-43.
23. Kapral MK, Laupacis A, Phillips SJ et al. Stroke care delivery in institutions participating in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Stroke 2004; 35: 1756-62.
24. Rundek T, Nielsen K, Phillips S et al. Health care resource use after acute stroke in the Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection (GAIN) Americas trial. Stroke 2004; 35: 1368-74.
25. Kwan J, Hand P, Sandercock P. A systematic review of barriers to delivery of thrombolysis for acute stroke. Age Ageing 2004; 33: 116-21.
26. Cadilhac DA, Ibrahim J, Pearce DC et al. Multicenter comparison of processes of care between stroke units and conventional care wards in Australia. Stroke 2004; 35: 1035-1040.
27. Lees K. Stroke is best managed by a neurologist: Battle of the titans. Stroke 2003; 34: 2764-5.
28. Donnan G, Davis SM. Neurologist, internist, or strokologist? Stroke 2003; 34: 2765.
29. Bath P. High blood pressure as risk factor and prognostic predictor in acute ischaemic stroke. when and how to treat it? Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17 (Suppl. 1): 51-7.
30. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. CAST: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20 000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1641-9.
31. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19 435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-81.
32. Wardlaw JM, del Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T, Berge E. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003; 3: CD000213. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.
33. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995; 274: 1017-25.
34. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1581-7.
35. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet 1998; 352: 1245-51.
36. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3-5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 2019-26.
37. Clark WM, Albers GW, Madden KP, Hamilton S for the Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Study Investigators. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g): Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Stroke 2000; 31: 811-6.
38. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Effect of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator on ischemic stroke lesion size measured by computed tomography. Stroke 2000; 31: 2912-9.
39. Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PAG, Warlow CP, Lindley RI. Trials of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: Does the choice of primary outcome measure really matter? Stroke 2000; 31: 1133-5.
40. Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PA, Berge E. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Where do we go from here? A cumulative meta-analysis. Stroke 2003; 34: 1437-42.
41. Graham GD. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of safety data. Stroke 2003; 34: 2847-50.
42. Hill MD, Buchan AM for the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) Investigators: Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ 2005; 172: 1307-12.
43. Gladstone DJ, Black SE. Update on intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute stroke: From clinical trials to clinical practice. CMAJ 2001; 165: 311-7.
44. Chiu D, Krieger D, Villar-Cordova C et al. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: Feasibility, safety, and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice. Stroke 1998; 29: 18-22.
45. Schmulling S, Grond M, Rudolf J, Heiss W-D. One-year follow-up in acute stroke patients treated with rtPA in clinical routine. Stroke 2000; 31: 1552-4.
46. Szoeke CEI, Parsons MW, Butcher KS et al. Acute stroke thrombolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in an Australian tertiary hospital. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 324-8.
47. Bravata DM, Kim N, Concato J, Krumholz HM, Brass LM. Thrombolysis for acute stroke in routine clinical practice. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1994-2001.
48. Grond M, Stenzel C, Schmulling S et al. Early intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke in a community-based approach. Stroke 1998; 29: 1544-9.
49. Goyal DG, Li J, Mann J, Schriger DL. Position statement on the use of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of stroke, 2005. Am Acad Emerg Med 2004.
50. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C et al. A placebo controlled trial of aletplase (rt-PA) in acute ischemic hemispheric stroke where thrombolysis is initiated between 3 and 4 hours after stroke onset. ECASS III. American Stroke Association 28th International Stroke Conference, 13-5 February 2003, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
51. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): A randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 387-97.
52. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 777-85.
53. Brott T, Bogousslavsky J. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 710-22.
54. Martinez H, Zoarski GH, Obuchowski AM, Stallmayer MJ, Papangelou A, Airan-Javia S. Mechanical thrombectomy of the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral arteries for acute stroke by using the retriever device. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 1812-5.
55. Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2170-8.
56. Daffertshofer M, Gass A, Ringleb P et al. Transcranial low-frequency ultrasound-mediated thrombolysis in brain ischemia: Increased risk of hemorrhage with combined ultrasound and tissue plasminogen activator: results of a phase II clinical trial. Stroke 2005; 36: 1441-6.
57. Kane I, Sandercock P, Lindley R. Third International Stroke Trial. San Diego, California, USA: American Stroke Association 29th International Stroke Conference, 2004.
58. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 2003-11.
59. Mitchell PJ, Gerraty RG, Donnan GA. Thrombolysis in the vertebrobasilar circulation: The Australian urokinase stroke trial. A pilot study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1997; 7: 94-9.
60. Lindsberg PJ, Soinne L, Tatlisumak T et al. Long-term outcome after intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion. JAMA 2004; 292: 1862-6.
61. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Butcher KS, Parsons M. Selection of thrombolytic therapy beyond 3 h using magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Opin Neurol 2005; 18: 47-52.
62. Hacke W, Albers G, Al-Rawi Y et al. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS): A phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke 2005; 36: 66-73.
63. Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR). Recommendations for standards regarding preclinical neuroprotective and restorative drug development. Stroke 1999; 30: 2752-8.
64. Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable II (STAIR-II). Recommendations for clinical trial evaluation of acute stroke therapies. Stroke 2001; 32: 1598-606.
65. Wahlgren NG, Ahmed N. Neuroprotection in cerebral ischaemia: Facts and fancies -the need for new approaches. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17 (Suppl. 1): 153-66.
66. de Paulis T. ONO-2506. Ono. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2003; 4: 863-7.
67. Danysz W, Parsons CG. Neuroprotective potential of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Neurotox Res 2002; 4: 119-26.
68. Zweifler RM. Membrane stabilizer: Citicoline. Curr Med Res Opin 2002; 18 (Suppl. 2): S14-s17.
69. Green AR, Ashwood T, Odergren T, Jackson DM. Nitrones as neuroprotective agents in cerebral ischemia, with particular reference to NXY-059. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100: 195-214.
70. Wang CX, Shuaib A. NXY-059: A neuroprotective agent in acute stroke. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 964-9.
71. Maples KR, Green AR, Floyd RA. Nitrone-related therapeutics. Potential of NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 1071-84.
72. Kuroda S, Tsuchidate R, Smith ML, Maples KR, Siesjo BK. Neuroprotective effects of a novel nitrone, NXY-059, after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 778-87.
73. Sydserff SG, Borelli AR, Green AR, Cross AJ. Effect of NXY-059 on infarct volume after transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat; studies on dose, plasma concentration and therapeutic time window. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135: 103-12.
74. Zhao Z, Cheng M, Maples KR, Ma JY, Buchan AM. NXY-059, a novel free radical trapping compound, reduces cortical infarction after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res 2001; 909: 46-50.
75. Marshall JWB, Cummings RM, Bowes LJ, Ridley RM, Green AR. Functional and histological evidence for the protective effect of NXY-059 in a primate model of stroke when given 4 hours after occlusion. Stroke 2003; 34: 2228-33.
76. Lees KR, Sharma AK, Barer D et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the nitrone NXY-059 in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: 675-80.
77. Lees KR, Barer D, Ford GA et al. Tolerability of NXY-059 at higher target concentrations in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 482-7.
78. Jonsson S, Cheng YF, Edenius C, Lees KR, Odergren T, Karlsson MO. Population pharmacokinetic modelling and estimation of dosing strategy for NXY-059, a nitrone being developed for stroke. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44: 863-78.
79. Lees KR, Zivin JA, Ashwood T, Davalos A, Davis SM, Diener HC, Grotta J, Lyden P, Shuaib A, Hardemark HG, Wasiewski WW. Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment (SAINT I) Trail Investigators. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Eng J Med 2006; 354: 588-600.
80. Tateishi N, Mori T, Kagamiishi Y et al. Astrocytic activation and delayed infarct expansion after permanent focal ischemia in rats. Part II: Suppression of astrocytic activation by a novel agent (R)-(-)-2-propyloctanoic acid (ONO-2506) leads to mitigation of delayed infarct expansion and early improvement of neurologic deficits. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22: 723-34.
81. Tateishi N, Shintaku K, Kitajima S et al. Effects of ONO-2506, an astrocyte modulating agent, on neurological symptoms after focal ischemia in cynomolgus monkeys. Society for Neuroscience 32nd Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2-7 November 2002.
82. Teal P, Selchen D, Sherman D et al. RREACT study: Rapid response with an astrocyte modulator for the treatment of acute cortical stroke. American Stroke Association 29th International Stroke Conference, San Diego, California, USA, 5-7 February 2004.
83. Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke (IMAGES) Study Investigators. Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke trial): Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 439-45.
84. Saver JL, Kidwell C, Eckstein M, Starkman S for the FAST MAG Pilot Trial Investigators. Prehospital neuroprotective therapy for acute stroke: results of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) pilot trial. Stroke 2004; 35: E106-e108.
85. Saver JL, Kidwell C, Hamilton S et al. The Field Administration of Stroke Therapy - Magnesium (FAST-MAG) Phase 3 Trial. American Stroke Association 29th International Stroke Conference, San Diego, California, USA, 5-7 February 2004.