Silicone hydrogel contact lenses and the ocular surface

Ocular Surface

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 24-43

  Stapleton, Fiona ^a,b,c   Stretton, Serina ^a,b   Papas, Eric ^a,b,c   Skotnitsky, Cheryl ^a,c   Sweeney, Deborah F ^a,b,c  

^a VISION COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRE   (Australia)

^b BRIEN HOLDEN VISION INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Biomaterials; Contact lens; Corneal homeostasis; Corneal vascularization; Giant papillary conjunctivitis; Limbal hyperemia; Palpebral conjunctiva; Papillary conjunctivitis; Silicone hydrogel; Tear film

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; POLYMACON; SILICONE;

CORNEA; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; INFECTION RISK; INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; SOFT CONTACT LENS; TEAR FILM; UPPER EYELID;

EID: 33344467504     PISSN: 15420124     EISSN: 15420124     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70262-8     Document Type: Article

References (210)

1. Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Vannas A, et al. Effects of long-term extended contact lens wear on the human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985;26:1489-501
2. Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Swarbick HA, et al. The vascular response to long-term extended contact lens wear. Clin Exp Optom 1986;69:112-19
3. Holden BA, Mertz GW. Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal edema for daily and extended wear contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:1161-67
4. Wolosin J, Xiong X, Schutte M, et al. Stem cells and differentiation stages in the limbo-corneal epithelium. Prog Retinal Eye Res 2000;19:223-55
5. Huang A, Tseng S, Kenyon K. Paracellular permeability of corneal and conjunctival epithelia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30:684-9
6. Jenkins C, Tuft S, Liu C, et al. Limbal transplantation in the management of chronic contact lens-asociated epitheliopathy. Eye 1993;7(Pt 5):629-33
7. Lim L, Wei R. Laser in situ keratomileusis treatment for myopia in a patient with partial limbal stem cell deficiency. Eye Contact Lens 2005;31:67-9
8. Tseng S, Prabhasawat P, Barton K, et al. Amniotic membrane transplantation with or without limbal allografts for corneal surface reconstruction in patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:431-41
9. Puangsricharern V, Tseng S. Cytologic evidence of corneal diseases with limbal stem cell deficiency. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1476-85
10. Lavker R, Tseng S, Sun T-T. Corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus: looking at some old problems from a new angle. Exp Eye Res 2004;78:433-46
11. Thoft RA, Friend J. The X, Y, Z hypothesis of corneal epithelial maintenance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983;24:1442-3
12. Auran J, Koester C, Kleiman N, et al. Scanning slit confocal microscopic observation of cell morphology and movement within the normal human anterior cornea. Ophthalmology 1995;102:33-41
13. Ren H, Wilson G. Apoptosis in the corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:1017-25
14. Covey M, Sweeney DF, Terry RL, et al. Hypoxic effects on the anterior eye of high Dk soft contact lens wearers are negligible. Optom Vis Sci 2001;78:95-9
15. Brennan NA, Chantal Coles ML, Comstock TL, et al. A 1-year prospective clinical trial of Balafilcon A (PureVision) siliconehydrogel contact lenses used on a 30-day continuous wear schedule. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1172-7
16. Nilsson SE. Seven-day extended wear and 30-day continuous wear of high oxygen transmissibility soft silicone hydrogel contact lenses: a randomized 1-year study of 504 patients. CLAO J 2001;27:125-36
17. Stern J, Wong R, Naduvilath TJ, et al. Comparison of the performance of 6- or 30-night extended wear schedules with silicone hydrogel lenses over 3 years. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:398-406
18. Cavanagh HD. The effects of low- and hyper-Dk contact lenses on corneal epithelial homoeostasis. Ophthalmol Clin N Am 2003;16:311-25
19. Ladage PM, Ren DH, Petroll WM, et al. Effects of eyelid closure and disposable and silicone hydrogel extended contact lens wear on rabbit corneal epithelial proliferation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1843-9
20. Ladage PM, Jester JV, Petroll WM, et al. Vertical movement of epithelial basal cells toward the corneal surface during use of extended-wear contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1056-63
21. O'Leary DJ, Madgewick R, Wallace J, et al. Size and number of epithelial cells washed from the cornea after contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:692-3
22. Ren DH, Petroll WM, Jester JV, et al. The relationship between contact lens oxygen permeability and binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human corneal epithelial cells after overnight and extended wear. CLAO J 1999;25:80-100
23. Ladage PM, Yamamoto K, Ren DH, et al. Effects of rigid and soft contact lens daily wear on corneal epithelium, tear lactate dehydrogenase, and bacterial binding to exfoliated epithelial cells. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1279-88
24. Ren DH, Yamamoto K, Ladage PM, et al. Adaptive effects of 30-night wear of hyper-O2 transmissible contact lenses on bacterial binding and corneal epithelium: a 1-year clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2002;109:27-40
25. Cavanagh HD, Ladage PM, Li SL, et al. Effects of daily and overnight wear of a novel hyper oxygen-transmissible soft contact lens on bacterial binding and corneal epithelium: a 13-month clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1957-69
26. Yamamoto K, Ladage PM, Ren DH, et al. Effect of eyelid closure and overnight contact lens wear on viability of surface epithelial cells in rabbit cornea. Cornea 2002;21:85-90
27. Yamamoto K, Ladage PM, Ren DH, et al. Effects of low and hyper Dk rigid gas permeable contact lenses on Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis in the rabbit corneal epithelium. CLAO J 2001;27:137-43
28. Li L, Ren DH, Ladage PM, et al. Annexin V binding to rabbit corneal epithelial cells following overnight contact lens wear or eyelid closure. CLAO J 2002;28:48-54
29. Stapleton F, Kasses S, Bolis S, Kaey L. Short term wear of high Dk soft contact lenses does not alter corneal epithelial cell size or viability. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:143-6
30. Stapleton F, Kasses J, Kasses S, et al. Effect of long term wear of highly oxygen permeable contact lenses on corneal epithelial cells [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:Abstract # 1657
31. Ladage PM, Yamamoto K, Ren DH, et al. Proliferation rate of rabbit corneal epithelium during overnight rigid contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:2804-12
32. Holden BA, Sweeney DF. The significance of the microcyst response: a review. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:703-7
33. Terry RL, Schnider CM, Holden BA, et al. CCLRU standard for success of daily and extended wear contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 1993;70:234-43
34. Hickson S, Papas E. Prevalence of idiopathic corneal anomalies in a non contact lens-wearing population. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:293-7
35. Zantos SG. Cystic formations in the corneal epithelium during extended wear of contact lenses. Int Contact Lens Clin 1983;10:128-46
36. Keay L, Jalbert I, Sweeney DF, et al. Microcysts: clinical significance and differential diagnosis. Optometry 2001;72:452-60
37. Keay L, Sweeney DF, Jalbert I, et al. Microcyst response to high Dk/t silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2000;77:582-5
38. Tripathi RC, Bron AJ. Ultrastructural study of non-traumatic recurrent corneal erosion. Br J Ophthalmol 1972;56:73-85
39. Bergmanson JP. Histopathological analysis of the corneal epithelium after contact lens wear. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;58:812-8
40. Madigan MC. Cat and monkey as models for extended hydrogel contact lens wear in humans. PhD thesis, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1989
41. Millodot M. Effect of soft lenses on corneal sensitivity. Acta Ophthalmol 1974;52:603-8
42. Madigan MC, Holden BA, Kwok LS. Extended wear of contact lenses can compomise corneal epithelial adhesion. Curr Eye Res 1987;6:1257-9
43. Mauger TF, Hill RM. Corneal epithelial healing under contact lenses: quantitative analysis in the rabbit. Acta Ophthalmol 1992;70:361-5
44. Imayasu M, Petroll WM, Jester JV, et al. The relation between contact lens transmissibility and binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cornea after overnight wear. Ophthalmology 1994;101:371-88
45. Cavanagh HD, Ladage PM, Yamamoto K, et al. Effects of daily and overnight wear of hyper-oxygen transmissible rigid and silicone hydrogel lenses on bacterial binding to the corneal epithelium: 13 month clinical trials. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29(1 suppl):S14-S16
46. Ladage PM, Jester JV, Petroll WM, et al. Role of oxygen in corneal epithelial homeostasis during extended contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29(1 suppl):S2-S5
47. Latkovic S, Nilsson S. The effect of high and low Dk/L soft contact lenses on the glycocalyx layer of the corneal epithelium and on the membrane associated receptors for lectins. CLAO J 1997;23:185-91
48. Radford C, Stapleton F, Minassian D, et al. Risk factors for contact lens related microbial keratitis: Interim analysis of case control study [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:Abstract# 5026
49. Stapleton F, Edwards K, Keay L, et al. Incidence of contact lens related microbial keratitis [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:Abstract# 5025
50. Schein O, McNally J, Katz J, et al. The incidence of microbial keratitis among wearers of a 30-day silicone hydrogel extended wear contact lens. Ophthalmology 2005;112:2172-9
51. Morgan P, Efron N, Brennan NA, et al. Risk factors for the development of corneal infiltrative events associated with contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:3136-43
52. Morgan PB, Efron N, Hill EA, et al. Incidence of keratitis of varying severity among contact lens wearers. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:430-6
53. Leber T. Die Cirkulations und Ernahrungsverhaltnisse des Auges. Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch der Gesamten Augenheilkunde. Leipzig, Engelmann, 2nd ed, 1903:Ch 1
54. Morrison J, van Buskirk E. Anterior collateral circulation in the primate eye. Am Acad Ophthalmol 1983;90:707-15
55. van Buskirk E. The anatomy of the limbus. Eye 1989;3:101-8
56. Ashton N, Smith R. Anatomical study of Schlemm's canal and aqueous veins by means of Neoprene casts. Part III: arterial relations of Schlemm's canal. Br J Ophthalmol. 1953;37:577-86
57. Papas E. On the relationship between soft contact lens oxygen transmissibility and induced limbal hyperaemia. Exp Eye Res 1998;67:125-31
58. Papas E. The role of hypoxia in the limbal vascular response to soft contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29 (1 suppl):S72-S74
59. Papas EB, Vajdic CM, Austen R, et al. High-oxygen-transmissibility soft contact lenses do not induce limbal hyperaemia. Curr Eye Res 1997;16:942-8
60. du Toit R, Simpson T, Fonn D, et al. Recovery from hyperemia after overnight wear of low and high transmissibility hydrogel lenses. Curr Eye Res 2001;22:68-73
61. Dumbleton KA, Chalmers RL, Richter DB, et al. Vascular response to extended wear of hydrogel lenses with high and low oxygen permeability. Optom Vis Sci 2001;78:147-51
62. Morgan PB, Efron N. Comparative clinical performance of two silicone hydrogel contact lenses for continuous wear. Clin Exp Optom 2002;85:183-92
63. Polverini P. The pathophysiology of angiogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995;6:230-47
64. Philipp W, Speicher L, Humpel C. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in inflamed and vascularized human corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:2514-22
65. Cursiefen C, Rummelt C, Kuchle M. Immunohistochemical localization of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and transforming growth factor betal in human corneas with vascularization. Cornea 2000;19:526-33
66. Becker M, Kruse F, Assam L, et al. In vivo significance of ICAM-1-dependent leukocyte adhesion in early corneal angiogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:612-8
67. Zhu S, Dana M. Expression of cell adhesion molecules on limbal and neovascular endothelium in corneal inflammatory neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:1427-34
68. Yaylali V, Ohta T, Kaufmann S, et al. In vivo confocal imaging of corneal neovascularization. Cornea 1998;17:646-53
69. Daxer A, Ettl A. Corneal vascularisation and its relation to the physics? properties of the tissue: a fractal analysis. Curr Eye Res 1995;14:263-8
70. Kvanta A, Sarman S, Fagerholm P, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in inflammation-associated corneal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2000;70:419-28
71. Ma D, Chen J, Kim W, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 in inflammation-induced corneal neovascularization. OphthalmicRes 2001;33:353-62
72. Kato T, Kure T, Chang J, et al. Diminished corneal angiogenesis in gelatinase A-deficient mice. FEBS Letts 2001;508:187-90
73. Wang H, Keiser JA. Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1998;83:832-40
74. Gan L, Fagerholm P. Leukocytes in the early events of corneal neovascularization. Cornea 2001;20:96-9
75. Sims D. The pericyte - a review. Tissue Cell 1986;18:153-74
76. Allt G, Lawrenson JG. Pericytes: cell biology and pathology. Cells Tissues Organs 2001;169:1-11
77. Cursiefen C, Hofmann-Rummelt C, Küchle M, et al. Pericyte recruitment in human corneal angiogenesis: an ultrastructural study with clinicopathological correlation. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:101-6
78. Keeche P, Ichikawa L, Barlow W. A prospective study of contact lens complications in a managed care setting. Optom Vis Sci 1996;73:653-8
79. Tan D, Pullum K, Buckley R. Medical applications of scleral contact lenses 2: gas permeable scleral contact lenses. Cornea 1995;14:130-7
80. Dana M, Streilein J. Loss and restoration of immune privilege in eyes with corneal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:2485-94
81. Schwallie JD, McKenney CD, Long WD, et al. Corneal staining patterns in normal non-contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:92-8
82. Josephson JE, Caffery BE. Corneal staining afer instillation of topical anesthetic (SSII). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1988;29:1096-9
83. Begley C, Barr J, Edrington T, et al. Characteristics of corneal staining in hydrogel contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 1996;73:193-200
84. Nichols K, Mitchell G, Simon KM, et al. Corneal staining in hydrogel lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:20-30
85. Jalbert I, Sweeney DF, Holden BA. The characteristics of corneal staining in successful daily and extended disposable contact lens wearers. Clin Exp Optom 1999;82:4-10
86. Jalbert I, Sweeney DF, Holden BA. Epithelial split associated with wear of a silicone hydrogel contact lens. CLAO J 2001;27:231-3
87. Guillon J, Guillon M, Malgouyres S. Corneal desiccation staining with hydrogel lenses: tear film and contact lens factors. Ophthal Physiol Opt 1990;10:343-50
88. Orsborn GN, Zantos SG. Corneal desiccation staining with thin high water content contact lenses. CLAO J 1988;14:81-5
89. Andrasko G. Hydrogel dehydration in various environments. Int Contact Lens Clin 1983;10:22-8
90. Efron N, Brennan NA, Bruce AS, et al. Dehydration of hydrogel lenses under normal wearing conditions. CLAO J 1987;13:152-6
91. Jones L, MacDougall N, Sorbara LG. Asymptomatic corneal staining associated with the use of balafilcon silicone-hydrogel contact lenses disinfected with a polyaminopropyl biguanide-preserved care regimen. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:753-61
92. Amos C. A clinical comparison of two soft lens care systems used with silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Optician 2004;227:16-20
93. Epstein A. SPK with daily wear of silicone hydrogel lenses and MPS. Contact Lens Spectrum 2002;17:30
94. Fonn D. Observations of corneal staining with MPS and silicone hydrogel lenses. Contact Lens Spectrum 2002;17:32
95. Sentell K, Beaullieu E. Comparison of preservative uptake and release profiles of PHMB from soft conact lens care products by silicone hydrogel contact lenses [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:Abstract# 1573
96. Jones L. Understanding incompatibilities. Contact Lens Spectrum 2004;18:4-7
97. Bergmanson J. Clinical anatomy of the external eye. J Am Optom Assoc 1990 (6 suppl);61:S7-S15
98. Sankaridurg PR, Sweeney DS, Sharma S, et al. Adverse events with extended wear of disposable hydrogels: results for the first 13 months of lens wear. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1671-80
99. Allansmith MR, Korb DR, Greiner JV, et al. Giant papillary conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers. Am J Ophthalmol 1977;83:697-708
100. Alemany AL, Redal P. Giant papillary conjunctivitis in soft and rigid lens wear. Contactologica 1991;13:14-7
101. Levy B, McNamara N, Corzine J, et al. Prospective trial of daily and extended wear disposable contact lenses. Cornea 1997;16:274-6
102. Skotnitsky CC, Naduvilath TJ, Sweeney DF, et al. Two presentations of contact lens induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC) in hydrogel lens wear: local and general. Optom Vis Sci 2005, In press
103. Korb D, Allansmith M, Greiner J, et al. Prevalence of conjunctival changes in wearers of hard contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:336-41
104. Skotnitsky C, Sweeney DF, Naduvilath T, et al. The incidence of local and general contact lens induced papillary conjunctivitis in silicone hydrogel contact lenses [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46:Abstract # 2064
105. Molinari JF. The clinical management of giant papillary conjunctivitis. Am J Optom 1981;58:886-91
106. Skotnitsky C, Naduvilath T, Sweeney DF, et al. Contact lens papillary conjunctivitis(CLPC): A case control study. [AAO Abstract]. Optom Vis Sci 2000;77:S257
107. Porazinski AD, Donshik PC. Giant papillary conjunctivitis in frequent replacement contact lens wearers: a retrospective study. CLAO J 1999;25:142-7
108. Buckley R. Pathology and treatment of giant papillary conjunctivitis. The British perspective. Clin Ther 1987;9:451-7
109. Donshik PC, Ballow M. Tear immunoglobulins in giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:460-6
110. Barishak Y, Zavaro A, Samra Z, et al. An immunological study of papillary conjunctivitis due to contact lenses. Curr Eye Res 1984;3:1161-8
111. Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease - a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;6:39-43
112. Allansmith MR, Korb DR, Greiner JV. Giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by hard or soft contact lens wear: quantitative histology. Ophthalmology 1978;85:766-78
113. Allansmith M, Baird R. Percentage of degranulated mast cells in vernal conjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with contact lens-wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;91:71-5
114. Hingorani M, Calder V, Buckley R, et al. The role of conjunctival epithelial cells in chronic ocular allergic disease. Exp Eye Res 1998;67:497-500
115. Metz DP, Bacon AS, Holgate S, et al. Phenotypic characterization of T cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in chronic allergic eye disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;98:686-96
116. Metz DP, Hingorani M, Calder VL, et al. T-cell cytokines in chronic allergic eye disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100(Pt 1):817-24
117. Fowler SA, Greiner JV, Allansmith MR. Soft contact lenses from patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;88:1056-61
118. Tripathi PC, Tripathi RC. Analysis of glycoprotein deposits on disposable soft contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:121-5
119. Hart DE, Schkolnick JA, Bernstein S, et al. Contact lens induced giant papillary conjunctivitis: A retrospective study. J Am Optom Assoc 1989;60:195-204
120. Ballow M, Donshik PC, Rapacz P, et al. Immune responses in monkeys to lenses from patients with contact lens induced giant papillary conjunctivitis. CLAO J 1989;15:64-70
121. Stenson S. Focal giant papillary conjunctivitis from retained contact lenses. Ann Ophthalmol 1982;14:881-5
122. Skrypuch OW, Willis NR. Giant papillary conjunctivitis from an exposed prolene suture. Can J Ophthalmol 1986;21:189-92
123. Greiner JV. Papillary conjunctivitis induced by an epithelialized corneal foreign body. Ophthalmologica 1988;196:82-6
124. Meisler DM, Krachmer J, Goeken J. An immunopathologic study of giant papillary conjunctivitis, associated with an ocular prosthesis. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:368-71
125. Dunn Jr JP, Weissman BA, Mondino BJ, et al. Giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with elevated corneal deposits. Cornea 1990;9:357-8
126. Reynolds RM. Giant papillary conjunctivitis: A mechanical aetiology. Aust J Optom 1978;61:320-3
127. Elgebaly SA, Donshik PC, Rahhal F, et al. Neutrophil chemotactic factors in the tears of giant papillary conjunctivitis patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:208-13
128. Cheng KH, Leung SL, Hoekman HW, et al. Incidence of contact- lens associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 1999;354:181-5
129. Dart JK, Stapleton F, Minassian D. Contact lenses and other risk factors in microbial keratitis. Lancet 1991;338:651-3
130. Schein OD, Glynn RJ, Seddon JM, et al. The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extendedwear soft contact lenses. N Engl J Med 1989;321:773-8
131. Sack RA, Tan KO, Tan A. Diurnal tear cycle: evidence for a nocturnal inflammatory constitutive tear fluid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:626-40
132. Sack R, Sathe S, Hackworth L, et al. The effect of eye closure on protein and complement deposition on Group IV hydrogel contact lenses: relationship to tear flow dynamics. Curr Eye Res 1996;15:1092-100
133. Willcox M, Morris C, Sack R. Complement and complement regulatory proteins in human tears. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:1-8
134. Thakur A, Willcox MD. Cytokine and lipid inflammatory mediator profile of human tears during contact lens associated inflammatory diseases. Exp Eye Res 1998;67:9-19
135. Cheng KH, Spanjaard L, Rutten H, et al. Immunoglobulin A antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the tears of contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996;37:2081-8
136. Vinding T, Eriksen JS, Nielsen NV. The concentration of lysozyme and secretory IgA in tears from healthy persons with and without contact lens use. Acta Ophthalmologica. 1987;65:23-6
137. Pearce DJ, Demerci G, Willcox MD. Secretory IgA epitopes in basal tears of extended wear soft contact lens wearers and nonlens wearers. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1999;27:221-3
138. Kijlstra A, Polak BC, Luyendijk L. Transient decrease of secretory IgA in tears during rigid gas permeable contact lens wear. Curr Eye Res 1992;11:123-6
139. Willcox MD, Pearce DJ, Tan ME, et al. Contact lenses and tear film interactions. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506:879-84
140. Baleriola-Lucas C, Fukuda M, Willcox MD, et al. Fibronectin concentration in tears of contact lens wearers. Exp Eye Res 1997;64:37-43
141. Schultz CL, Kunert KS. Interleukin-6 levels in tears of contact lens wearers. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000;20:309-10
142. Thakur A, Willcox MD. Contact lens wear alters the production of certain inflammatory mediators in tears. Exp Eye Res 2000;70:255-9
143. Stapleton F, Willcox MD, Sansey N, et al. Ocular microbiota and polymorphonuclear leucocyte recruitment during overnight contact lens wear. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1997;25:33-5
144. Willcox MD, Sankaridurg PR, Zhu H, et al. Inflammation and infection and the effects of the closed eye, in Sweeney DF (ed). Silicone hydrogels: continuous wear contact lenses. Edinburgh, Butterworth Heinemann, 2nd ed, 2004:90-125
145. Maruyama K, Yokoi N, Takamata A, et al. Effect of environmental conditions on tear dynamics in soft contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:2563-8
146. Creech JL, Do L, Fatt I, Radke CJ. In vivo tear-film thickness determination and implications for tear-film stability. Curr Eye Res 1998;17:1058-66
147. Wong H, Fatt I, Radke C. Deposition and thinning of the human tear film. J Coll Int Sci 1996;184:44-51
148. Nichols JJ, King-Smith PE. The impact of hydrogel lens settling on the thickness of the tears and contact lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:2549-54
149. Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson T, et al. Topographical thickness of the epithelium and total cornea after overnight wear of reverse-geometry rigid contact lenses for myopia reduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:4742-6
150. Nichols J, King-Smith P. Thickness of the pre- and post-contact lens tear film measured in vivo by interferometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:68-77
151. King-Smith PE, Fink BA, Hill RM, et al. The thickness of the tear film. Curr Eye Res 2004;29:357-68
152. Fogt N, King-Smith PE, Tuell G. Interferometric measurement of tear film thickness by use of spectral oscillations. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1998;15:268-75
153. Guillon JP. Tear film structure and contact lenses, in Holly FJ (ed). The preocular tear film in health, disease and contact lens wear. Lubbock, TX, Dry Eye Institute Inc, 1986:914-35
154. Faber E, Golding TR, Lowe R, et al. Effect of hydrogel lens wear on tear film stability. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:380-4
155. Andrasko G, Schloessler J. The effect of humidity on dehydration of soft contact lenses on the eye. Int Contact Lens Clin 1980;7:210-2
156. Morris CA, Holden BA, Papas EB, et al. The ocular surface, the tear film and the wettability of contact lenses. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998:717-22
157. Jones LW. Contact lens deposits: their causes and control. Contact Lens J 1992;20:6-13
158. Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Seger RG. Epithelial erosions caused by thin high water content lenses. Clin Exp Optom 1986;69:103-7
159. Glasson M, Stapleton F, Keay L, et al. Differences in clinical parameters and tear film of tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:5116-24
160. Young G, Efron N. Characteristics of the pre-lens tear film during hydrogel lens wear. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1991;11:53-8
161. Patel S. Hydrogel lens water content and the stability of the pre-lens tear film. Optom Vis Sci 1991;68:783-5
162. Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson TL, et al. Pre-corneal and pre and postlens tear film thickness measured indirectly with optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:2524-8
163. Hamano H, Hori M, Mitsunaga S. Measurement of evaporation rate of water from the pre-corneal film and contact lenses. Contactologica 1981;25:7-14
164. Cedarstaff TH, Tomlinson A. A comparative study of tear evaporation rates and water content of soft contact lenses. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983;60:167-74
165. Thai L, Tomlinson A, Doane MG. Effect of contact lens materials on tear physiology. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:194-204
166. Farris RL. The dry eye: Its mechanisms and therapy, with evidence that contact lens is a cause. CLAO J 1986;12:234-46
167. Tomlinson A, Cedarstaff TH. Tear evaporation from the human eye: the effects of contact lens wear. J Br Contact Lens Assoc 1982;5:141-50
168. Jones LW, May C, et al. In vitro evaluation of the dehydration characteristics of silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens materials. Contact Lens Ant Eye 2002;25:147-56
169. Efron N, Morgan PB. Hydrogel contact lens dehydration and oxygen transmissibility. CLAO J 1999;25:148-51
170. Morgan PB, Efron N. In vivo dehydration of silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29:173-6
171. Golebiowski B, Papas E, Begley C, et al. Symptoms in low and high Dk/t contact lens wear [AAO Abstract]. Optom Vis Sci 2005; Accepted
172. Fonn D, Situ P, Simpson T. Hydrogel lens dehydration and subjective comfort and dryness ratings in symptomatic and asymptomatic contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 1999;76:700-4
173. McConville P, Pope JM, Huff JW. Limitations of in vitro contact lens dehydration/rehydration data in predicting on-eye dehydration. CLAO J 1997;23:117-21
174. Korb DR, Greiner JV, Glonek T. Tear film lipid formation: implications for contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci 1996;73:189-92
175. Glasson MJ, Stapleton F, Willcox MD. Lipid, lipase and lipocalin differences between tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers. Curr Eye Res 2002;25:227-35
176. Guillon JP. Abnormal lipid layers: observation, differential diagnosis, and classification. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:309-13
177. Guillon M, Styles E, Guillon JP, et al. Preocular tear film characteristics of nonwearers and soft contact lens wearers. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:273-9
178. Craig JP, Tomlinson A. Importance of the lipid layer in human tear film stability and evaporation. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:8-13
179. Glasson M, Keay L, Ball M, et al. Effect of contact lenses on the pre corneal tear film, in Zierhut M, Stern M, Sullivan D (eds). immunology of the lacrimal gland, tear film and ocular surface. UK, Taylor & Francis, 2005:239-54
180. Maissa C, Guillon M, Giraud-Claudon K, et al. Tear lipid composition of hydrogel contact lens wearers. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506:935-8
181. Castillo EJ, Koenig JL, Anderson JM. Characterisation of protein adsorption of soft contact lenses. IV. Comparison of in vivo spoilage with the in vitro adsorption of tear proteins. Biomaterials 1986;7:89-96
182. Cheng L, Muller S, Radke CJ. Wettability of silicone-hydrogel contact lenses in the presence of tear-film components. Curr Eye Res 2004;28:93-108
183. Tighe B. Silicone hydrogels: structure, properties and behaviour, in Sweeney DF (ed). Silicone hydrogels: continuous-wear contact lenses. Edinburgh, Butterworth Heinemann, 2nd ed, 2004:1-27
184. Maldonado-Codina C, Morgan P, Schnider C, et al. Short-term physiologic response in neophyte subjects fitted with hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:911-21
185. Jones L, Senchyna M, Glasier M-A, et al. Lysozyme and lipid deposition on silicone hydrogel contact lens materials. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29(1 suppl):S75-S79
186. Tighe BJ, Jones LW, Evans K, et al. Patient dependent and material dependent factors in contact lens deposition processes. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998:745-52
187. Sack RA, Jones B, Antignani A, et al. Specificity and biological activity of the protein deposits on the hydrogel lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28:842-9
188. Maissa C, Franklin V, Guillon M, et al. Influence of contact lens material surface characteristics and replacement frequency on protein and lipid deposition. Optom Vis Sci 1998;75:697-705
189. Gleason W, Tanaka H, Albright RA, Cavanagh HD. A 1-year prospective clinical trial of Menicon Z (tisilfocon A) rigid gaspermeable contact lenses worn on a 30-day continuous wear schedule. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29:2-9
190. Young G, Port M. Rigid gas-permeable extended wear: a comparative clinical study. Am J Optom 1992;69:214-26
191. Little SA, Bruce AS. Postlens tear film morphology, lens movement and symptoms in hydrogel lens wearers. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1994;14:65-9
192. Bruce AS, Brennan NA. Clinical observations of the post-lens tear film during the first hour of hydrogel lens wear. Int Contact Lens Clin 1988;15:304-10
193. Lin M, Graham A, Polse K, et al. Measurement of post-lens tear thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:2833-9
194. Lin MC, Chen YQ, Polse KA. The effects of ocular and lens parameters on the post lens tear thickness. Eye Contact Lens 2003;29(1 suppl): S33-S36
195. Miller KL, Polse KA, Radke CJ. Fenestrations enhance tear mixing under soft contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:60-7
196. Paugh J, Stapleton F, Keay L, et al. Tear exchange under hydrogel lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:2813-20
197. Miller KL, Lin MC, Radke CJ, et al. Tear mixing under soft contact lenses, in Sweeney DF (ed). Silicone hydrogels: continuous wear contact lenses. Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann, 2004:57-
198. McNamara NA, Polse KA, Brandt RJ, et al. Tear mixing a soft contact lens: effect of lens diameter. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:659-65
199. Creech JL, Chauhan A, Radke CJ. Dispersive mixing in the posterior tear film under a soft contact lens. Ind Eng Chem Res 2001;40:3015-26
200. Florkey L, Fink BA, Mitchell GL, Hill RM. Tear exchange and oxygen reservoir effects in silicone hydrogel systems. Eye Contact lens 2003;29(1 suppl):S90-S92
201. Nichols JJ, King-Smith PE. The effect of eye closure on the post-lens tear thickness during silicone hydrogel contact lens wear. Cornea 2003;22:539-44
202. Millar TJ, Papas EB, Ozkan J, et al. Clinical appearance and microscopic analysis of mucin balls associated with contact lens wear. Cornea 2003;22:740-5
203. Craig JP, Sherwin T, Grupcheva C, et al. An evaluation of mucin balls associated with high- Dk silicone hydrogel contact lens wear. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt B):917-23
204. Dumbleton K, Jones L, Chalmers R, et al. Clinical characterization of spherical post-lens debris associated with lotrafilcon high-Dk silicone lenses. CLAO J 2000;26:186-92
205. Pritchard N, Jones L, Dumbleton K, et al. Epithelial inclusions in association with mucin ball development in high-oxygen permeability hydrogel lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2000;77:68-72
206. Jalbert I, Stapleton F, Papas E, et al. In vivo confocal microscopy of the human cornea. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:225-36
207. Ladage PM, Petroll WM, Jester JV, et al. Spherical indentations of human and rabbit corneal epithelium following extended contact lens wear. CLAO J 2002;28:177-80
208. Tan J, Keay, L, Jalbert I, et al. Mucin balls with wear of conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Optom Vis Sci 2003;80:291-7
209. Naduvilath T. Statistical modelling of risk factors associated with soft contact lens related corneal infiltrative events. PhD thesis, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia, 2003
210. Sweeney DF, Stern J, Naduvilath T, et al. Inflammatory adverse event rates over 3 years with silicone hydrogel lenses [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:Abstract # 976