Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human amygdala

Annual Review of Psychology

Volumn 57, Issue , 2006, Pages 27-53

  Phelps, Elizabeth A ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attention; Emotion regulation; Hippocampus; Learning, memory

Indexed keywords

AFFECT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMAN; LEARNING; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

AFFECT; AMYGDALA; ATTENTION; COGNITION; HUMANS; LEARNING; MEMORY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 32544440180     PISSN: 00664308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070234     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio AR. 2005a. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 433:68-72
2. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Buchanan TW. 2005b. Amygdala damage impairs emotional memory for gist but not details of complex stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 8(4):512-18
3. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio AR. 1998. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393:70-74
4. Adolphs R, Tranel D, Hamann S, Young AW, Calder AJ, et al. 1999. Recognition of facial emotion in nine individuals with bilateral amygdala damage. Neuropsychologia 37:1111-17
5. Amaral DG, Behniea H, Kelly JL. 2003. Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 118:1099-120
6. Amaral DG, Price JL, Pitkanen A, Carmichael ST. 1992. Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, ed. JP Aggleton, pp. 1-65. New York: Wiley-Liss
7. Anderson AK. 2005. Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness. J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 134(2):258-81
8. Anderson AK, Christoff K, Panitz D, DeRosa E, Gabrieli JD. 2003. Neural correlates of the automatic processing of threat facial signs. J. Neurosci. 23(13):5627-33
9. Anderson AK, Phelps EA. 2000a. Perceiving emotion: more than meets the eye. Curr. Biol. 10:551-54
10. Anderson AK, Phelps EA. 2000b. Expression without recognition: contributions of the human amygdala to emotional communication. Psychol. Sci. 11:106-11
11. Anderson AK, Phelps EA. 2001. Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature 411:305-9
12. Baxter MG, Murray EA. 2002. The amygdala and reward. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:563-73
13. Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H, Adolphs R, Rodeland C, Damasio AR. 1995. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 269:1115-18
14. Berlyne DE. 1969. Arousal, reward and learning. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 159(3): 1059-70
15. Bower GH. 1981. Mood and memory. Am. Psychol. 36:129-18
16. Breiter HC, Etcoff NL, Whalen PJ, Kennedy WA, Rauch SL, et al. 1996. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 17(5):875-87
17. Buchel C, Morris J, Dolan RJ, Friston KJ. 1998. Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 20:947-57
18. Cabeza R, Kingstone A. 2001. Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
19. Cahill L, Alkire MT. 2003. Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation: interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 79:194-98
20. Cahill L, Babinsky R, Markowitsch HJ, McGaugh JL. 1995. The amygdala and emotional memory. Nature 377:295-96
21. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K. 2003. Enhanced human memory consolidation with postlearning stress: interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn. Mem. 10:270-74
22. Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, Alkire MT, Tang C, et al. 1996. Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term, free recall of emotional information. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8016-21
23. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, McGaugh JL. 1994. Beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 371:102-4
24. Cahill L, Weinberger NM, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. 1999. Is the amygdala a locus of "conditioned fear"? Some questions and caveats. Neuron 23:227-28
25. Calder AJ, Lawrence AD, Young AW. 2001. Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Neuroscience 2:352-63
26. Canli T, Zhao Z, Brewer J, Gabrieli JD, Cahill L. 2000. Event-related activation in the human amygdala associates with later memory for individual emotional experience. J. Neurosci. 20:RC99
27. Carrasco M. 2004. Covert transient attention increases contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution: support for signal enhancement. In Neurobiology of Attention, ed. L Itti, G Rees, J Tsotsos, pp. 442-47. San Diego, CA: Elsevier
28. Carrasco M, Penpeci-Talgar C, Eckstein M. 2000. Spatial covert attention increases contrast sensitivity across the CSF: support for signal enhancement. Vis. Res. 40:1203-15
29. Cherry EC. 1953. Some experiments on the recognition of speech, with one and two ears. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25:975-79
30. Chun MM, Potter MC. 1995. A two-stage model for multiple target detection in rapid serial visual presentation. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 21(1): 109-27
31. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. 2002. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3:201-15
32. Craik FIM, Govoni R, Naveh-Benjamin M, Anderson ND. 1996. The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 125:159-80
33. Cunningham WA, Johnson MK, Raye CL, Chris Gatenby J, Gore JC, Banaji MR. 2004. Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychol. Sci. 15(12):806-13
34. Davis M. 1992. The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory and Mental Dysfunction, ed. JP Aggleton, pp. 255-306. New York: Wiley-Liss
35. Davis M, Whalen PJ. 2001. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol. Psychiatry 6:13-34
36. de Gelder B, Snyder J, Greve D, Gerard G, Hadjikhani N. 2004. Fear fosters flight: a mechanism for fear contagion when perceiving emotion expressed by a whole body. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:16701-6
37. de Gelder B, Vroomen J, Pourtois G, Weiskrantz L. 1999. Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. Neuroreport 10:3759-63
38. Delgado MR, Trujillo JL, Holmes B, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA. 2004. Emotion regulation of conditioned fear: the contributions of reappraisal. Presented at Annu. Meet. Cogn. Neurosci. Soc., 11th, San Francisco
39. Dolcos F, LaBar KS, Cabeza R. 2004. Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron 42:855-63
40. Easterbrook JA. 1959. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychol. Rev. 66(3): 183-201
41. Eichenbaum H. 2002. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
42. Ekman P, Friesen W. 1976. Pictures of Facial Affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consult. Psychol. Press
43. Esteves F, Dimberg U, Ohman A. 1994. Automatically elicited fear: conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial stimuli. Cogn. Emot. 8:393-413
44. Everitt BJ, Cardinal RN, Parkinson JA, Robbins TW. 2003. Appetitive behavior: impact of amygdala-dependent mechanisms of emotional learning. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 985:233-50
45. Fanselow MS, Poulos AM. 2005. The neuroscience of mammalian associative learning. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56:207-34
46. Farah M. 1990. Visual Agnosia: Disorders of Object Recognition and What They Tell Us About Normal Vision. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
47. Farah MJ, Wilson KD, Drain M, Tanaka JN. 1998. What is "special" about face perception? Psychol. Rev. 105(3):482-98
48. Fox E, Russo R, Bowles R, Dutton K. 2001. Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 130(4):681-700
49. Freese JL, Amaral DG. 2005. The organization of projections from the amygdala to visual cortical areas TE and V1 in the Macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 486(4):295-317
50. Funayama ES, Grillon C, Davis M, Phelps EA. 2001. A double dissociation in the affective modulation of startle in humans: effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13:721-29
51. Gandhi SP, Heeger DJ, Boynton GM. 1999. Spatial attention affects brain activity in human primary visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3314-19
52. Garcia R. 2002. Stress, synaptic plasticity, and psychopathology. Rev. Neurosci. 13:195-208
53. Gazzaniga MS, Irvy RB, Mangun GR. 2002. Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Norton. 2nd ed.
54. Gross JJ. 2002. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology 39:281-91
55. Hamann SB, Ely TD, Grafton ST, Kilts CD. 1999. Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 2:289-93
56. Hansen CH, Hansen RD. 1988. Finding the face in the crowd: an anger superiority effect. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 54:917-24
57. Hart AJ, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, Mclnerney SC, Fischer H, Rauch SL. 2000. Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs. ingroup face stimuli. Neuroreport 11(11):2351-55
58. Heberlein AS, Adolphs R. 2004. Impaired spontaneous anthropomorphizing despite intact perception and social knowledge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:7487-91
59. Heider F, Simmel M. 1944. An experimental study of apparent behavior. Am. J. Psychol. 57:243-59
60. Henson RN, Rugg MD, Shallice T, Josephs O, Dolan RA. 1999. Recollection and familiarity in recognition memory: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 19:3962-72
61. Heuer F. Reisberg D. 1992. Emotion, arousal, and memory for detail. In The Handbook of Emotion and Memory, ed. S. Christianson, pp. 151-64. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
62. Holland PC, Gallagher M. 2004. Amygdalofrontal interactions and reward expectancy. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14:148-55
63. Hugdahl K, Ohman A. 1977. Effects of instruction acquisition and extinction ofelectrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem. 3:608-18
64. James W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover. 670 pp.
65. Johnsrude IS, Owen AM, White NM, Zhao WV, Bohbot V. 2000. Impaired preference conditioning after anterior temporal lobe resection in humans. J. Neurosci. 20:2649-56
66. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM. 1997. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17(11):4302-11
67. Kapp BS, Whalen PJ, Supple WF, Pascoe JP. 1992. Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing. In The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction, ed. JP Aggleton, pp. 229-54. New York: Wiley-Liss
68. Kensinger EA, Corkin S. 2004. Two routes to emotional memory: distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(9):3310-15
69. Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Alexander AL, Whalen PJ. 2003. Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces. Neuroreport 14:2317-22
70. Kim H, Somerville LH, Johnstone T, Polis S, Alexander AL, et al. 2004. Contextual modulation of amygdala responsivity to surprised faces. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16(10):1730-45
71. Kleinsmith LJ, Kaplan S. 1963. Paired-associate learning as a function of arousal and interpolated interval. J. Exp. Psychol. 65:190-93
72. Kluver H, Bucy PC. 1937. "Psychic blindness" and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Physiol. 119:352-53
73. Knowlton BJ, Fanselow MS. 1998. The hippocampus, consolidation and on-line memory. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8(2):293-96
74. Kohler S, Crane J, Milner B. 2002. Differential contributions of the parahippocampal place area and the anterior hippocampus to human memory for scenes. Hippocampus 12:718-23
75. Kosslyn SM, Shin LM, Thompson WL, McNally PJ, Rauch SL, et al. 1996. Neural effects of visualizing and perceiving aversive stimuli: a PET investigation. Neuroreport 7:1569-76
76. LaBar KS, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA. 1998. Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 20:937-15
77. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA. 1995. Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J. Neurosci. 15:6846-55
78. LaBar KS, Phelps EA. 1998. Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: role of the medial temporal lobe in humans. Psychol. Sci. 9: 490-93
79. Lachman R, Lachman JL, Butterfield EC. 1979. Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing: An Introduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
80. Lawrence AD, Calder AJ, McGowan SW, Grasby PM. 2002. Selective disruption of the recognition of facial expressions of anger. Neuroreport 13(6):881-84
81. Lazarus RS. 1984. On the primacy of cognition. Am. Psychol. 39(2): 124-29
82. LeDoux JE. 1996. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon & Schuster
83. Maren S. 2001. Neurobiology of Pavlovian fear conditioning. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24:897-931
84. McDonald AJ, Mascagni F, Guo L. 1996. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience 71:55-75
85. McEwen BS, Sapolsky RM. 1995. Stress and cognitive function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5(2):205-16
86. McGaugh JL. 2000. Memory - a century of consolidation. Science 287:248-51
87. McGaugh JL. 2002. Memory consolidation and the amygdala: a systems perspective. Trends Neurosci. 25:456
88. McGaugh JL. 2004. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27:1-28
89. Milad MR, Quirk GJ. 2002. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature 420:70-74
90. Miller GA. 2003. The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7:141-44
91. Morgan MA, LeDoux JE. 1995. Differential contribution of dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 109:681-88
92. Morgan MA, Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. 1993. Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 163:109-13
93. Morris JS, Friston KJ, Buchel C, Frith CD, Young AW, et al. 1998a. A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121 (Pt. 1):47-57
94. Morris JS, Ohman A, Dolan RJ. 1998b. Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature 393:467-70
95. Myers KM, Davis M. 2002. Behavioral and neural analysis of extinction. Neuron 36:567-84
96. Neisser U. 1976. Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology. New York: Freeman
97. Neisser U, Harsch N. 1992. Phantom flashbulbs: false recollections of hearing news about the Challenger. In Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of "Flashbulb " Memories, ed. E Winograd, U Neisser, pp. 9-31. London: Cambridge Univ. Press
98. Niendenthal PM, Kitayama S. 1994. The Heart's Eye: Emotional Influences in Perception and Attention. San Diego, CA: Academic
99. Ochsner KN. 2000. Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 129(2):242-61
100. Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD. 2002. Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14:1215-29
101. Ohman A, Flykt A, Esteves F. 2001. Emotion drives attention: detecting a snake in the grass. J. Exp. Psychol: Gen. 127:69-82
102. Ohman A, Mineka S. 2001. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol. Rev. 108:483-522
103. Olsson A, Nearing K, Zheng J, Phelps EA. 2004. Learning by observing: neural correlates of fear learning through social observation. Presented at Annu. Meet. Cogn. Neurosci. Soc., 11th, San Francisco
104. Olsson A, Phelps EA. 2004. Learned fear of "unseen" faces after Pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear. Psychol. Sci. 15(12):822-28
105. Packard MG, Teather LA. 1998. Amygdala modulation of multiple memory systems: hippocampus and caudate-putamen. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 69:163-203
106. Pessoa L, McKenna M, Gutierrez E, Ungerleider LG. 2002. Neural processing of emotional faces requires attention. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 99:11458-63
107. Phelps EA. 2004. The human amygdala and awareness: interaction of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 14:198-202
108. Phelps EA, Delgado MR, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE. 2004. Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron 43:897-905
109. Phelps EA, LaBar KS, Anderson A, O'Connor KJ, Fulbright RK, Spencer DD. 1998. Specifying the contributions of the human amygdala to emotional memory: a case study. Neurocase 4:527-40
110. Phelps EA, Ling S, Carrasco M. 2005. Emotion facilitates perception and potentiates the perceptual benefit of attention. Psychol. Sci. In press
111. Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, Cunningham WA, Funayama ES, Gatenby JC, et al. 2000. Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12:729-38
112. Phelps EA, O'Connor KJ, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, Grillon C, Davis M. 2001. Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nat. Neurosci. 4:437-41
113. Pratto F, John OP. 1991. Automatic vigilance: the attention-grabbing power of negative social information. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 61(3):380-91
114. Quirk GJ, Russo GK, Barron JL, Lebron K. 2000. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J. Neurosci. 20:6225-31
115. Raymond JE, Shapiro KL, Arnell KM. 1992. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? J. Exp. Psychol..: Hum. Percept. Perform. 18:849-60
116. Rolls ET. 2000. Memory systems in the brain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 51:599-630
117. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE. 1992. Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamocortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning. J. Neurosci. 12:4501-9
118. Russell JA, Barrett LF. 1999. Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 69:379-99
119. Schaefer SM, Jackson DC, Davidson RJ, Aguirre GK, Kimberg DY, Thompson-Schill SL. 2002. Modulation of amygdalar activity by the conscious regulation of negative emotion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14:913-21
120. Scherer KR. 2000. Psychological models of emotion. In The Neuropsychology of Emotion, ed. JC Borod, pp. 137-62. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
121. Schmolck H, Buffalo EA, Squire LR. 2000. Memory for distortions develop over time: recollections of the O.J. Simpson trial verdict after 15 and 32 months. Psychol. Sci. 11:39-45
122. Schultz W. 2006. Behavioral theories and the neurophysiology of reward. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:87-115
123. Sharot T, Delgado MR. Phelps EA. 2004. How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering. Nat. Neurosci. 7:1376-80
124. Sharot T, Phelps EA. 2004. How arousal modulates memory: disentangling the effects of attention and retention. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4:294-306
125. Shors T. 2006. Stressful experience and learning across the lifespan. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:55-85
126. Smith EE, Jonides J. 1999. Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283:1657-61
127. Squire LR, Zola-Morgan S. 1991. The medial temporal lobe memory system. Science 253(5026): 1380-86
128. Stefanacci L, Amaral DG. 2002. Some observations in cortical inputs to the macaque monkey amygdala: an anterograde tracing study. J. Comp. Neural. 451:301-23
129. Stefanacci L, Suzuki WA, Amaral DG. 1996. Organization of connections between the amygdaloid complex and the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neural. 375(4):552-82
130. Stuss DT, Levine B. 2002. Adult clinical neuropsychology: lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 53:401-33
131. Talarico JM, Rubin DC. 2003. Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychol. Sci. 14:455-61
132. Tarr MJ, Gauthier I. 2000. FFA: a flexible fusiform area for subordinate-level visual processing automatized by expertise. Nat. Neurosci. 3(8):764-69
133. Vuilleumier P, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. 2001. Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain: an event-related fMRI study. Neuron 30:829-41
134. Vuilleumier P, Richardson MP, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. 2004. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat. Neurosci. 7:1271-78
135. Weinberger NM. 1995. Retuning the brain by fear conditioning. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. MS Gazzaniga, pp. 1071-90. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
136. Weiskrantz L. 1956. Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 49:381-91
137. Whalen PJ. 1998. Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 7:177-88
138. Whalen PJ, Kagan J, Cook RG, Davis FC, Kim H, et al. 2004. Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science 306:2061
139. Whalen PJ, Rauch SL, Etcoff NL, McInerney SC, Lee MB, Jenike MA. 1998. Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. J. Neurosci. 18:411-18
140. Whalen PJ, Shin LM, McInerney SC, Fischer H, Wright CI, Rauch SL. 2001. A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion 1(1):70-83
141. Wheeler ME, Buckner RL. 2004. Functionalanatomic correlates of remembering and knowing. Neumimage 21:1337-49
142. Wheeler ME, Fiske ST. 2004. Controlling racial prejudice: Social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation. Psychol. Sci. 16:56-63
143. Winston JS, Strange BA, O'Doherty J, Dolan RJ. 2002. Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nat. Neurosci. 5:277-83
144. Yonelinas AP. 2002. The nature of recollection and familiarity: a review of 30 years of research. J. Mem. Lang. 46:441-517
145. Young MP, Scannell JW, Burns GA, Blakemore C. 1994. Analysis of connectivity: neural systems in the cerebral cortex. Rev. Neurosci. 5:227-50
146. Zajonc RB. 1984. On the primacy of affect. Am. Psychol. 39:117-23