Learned fear of "unseen" faces after pavlovian, observational, and instructed fear

Psychological Science

Volumn 15, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 822-828

  Olsson, Andreas ^a   Phelps, Elizabeth A ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CONDITIONED REFLEX; ELECTRIC SHOCK; ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE; EMOTION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; HABITUATION; HUMAN; LEARNING; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REINFORCEMENT; STUDENT;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; AWARENESS; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; ELECTROSHOCK; EMOTIONS; EXTINCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEAR; GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE; HABITUATION, PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC; HUMANS; LEARNING; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; STUDENTS; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 10844227488     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00762.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12, 169-177.
2. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A.R. (1997). Deciding advantagenously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 28, 1293-1295.
3. Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C., & Damasio, A.R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.
4. Cahill, L., & McGaugh, J.L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 21, 291-299.
5. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.C., Mazziotta, J.C., & Lenzi, G.L. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for mutation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 29, 5197-5502.
6. Critchley, H.D., Mathias, J., & Dolan, J. (2002). Fear conditioning in humans: The influence of awareness and autonomic arousal on functional neuroanatomy. Neuron, 33, 653-663.
7. Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace.
8. Dawson, M.E. (1973). Can classical conditioning occur without contingency learning? A review and evaluation of the evidence. Psychophysiology, 10, 82-165.
9. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
10. Esteves, F., Dimberg, U., & Öhman, A. (1994). Automatically elicited fear: Conditioned skin conductance responses to masked facial stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 393-413.
11. Esteves, F., & Öhman, A. (1993). Masking the face: Recognition of emotional facial expressions as a function of the parameters of backward masking. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 34, 1-18.
12. Field, A.P., Argyris, N.G., & Knowles, K.A. (2001). Who's afraid of the big bad wolf: A prospective paradigm to test Rachman's indirect pathways in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1259-1276.
13. Funayama, E.S., Grillon, C.G., Davis, M., & Phelps, E.A. (2001). A double dissociation in the affective modulation of startle in humans: Effects of unilateral temporal lobectomy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 721-729.
14. Gerull, F.C., & Rapee, R.M. (2002). Mother knows best: Effects of maternal modeling on the acquisition of fear and avoidance behaviour in toddlers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 279-287.
15. Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Merikangas, K., Woods, S.W., & Davis, M. (1991). Fear-potentiated startle: Effects of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex. Psychophysiology, 28, 588-595.
16. Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E.U., & Erev, I. (2004). Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychological Science, 15, 534-539.
17. Holender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious awareness in dicholic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1-66.
18. Hugdahl, K., & Öhman, A. (1977). Effects of instruction acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 3, 608-618.
19. Hygge, S., & Öhman, A. (1978). Modeling processes in the acquisition of fears: Vicarious electrodermal conditioning to fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 271-279.
20. Katkin, E.S., Wiens, S., & Öhman, A. (2001). Nonconscious fear conditioning, visceral perception and the development of gut feelings. Psychological Science, 2, 366-370.
21. King, N.J., Cullone, E., & Ollendick, T.H. (1998). Etiology of childhood phobias: Current status of Rachman's three pathways theory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 297-309.
22. LaBar, K.S., LeDoux, J.E., Spencer, D.D., & Phelps, E.A. (1995). Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6846-6855.
23. LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Touchstone.
24. Lovibond, P.F. (2003). Causal belief's and conditioned responses: Retrospective revaluation induced by experience and by instruction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 97-106.
25. Lovibond, P.F., & Shanks, D.R. (2002). The role of awareness in Pavlovian conditioning: Empirical evidence and theoretical implications. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 28, 3-26.
26. Mandel, I.J., & Bridger, W.H. (1973). Is there classical conditioning without cognitive expectancy? Psychophysiology, 10, 87-90.
27. Marcel, A. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 238-300.
28. Merikle, P.M., & Joordens, S. (1997). Measuring unconscious influences. In J.D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.), Scientific approaches to consciousness (pp. 109-123). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Merikle, P.M., & Reingold, E.M. (1992). Measuring unconscious perceptual processes. In R.F. Bornstein & T.S. Pitman (Eds.), Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives (pp. 55-80). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Mineka, S., & Cook, M. (1993). Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 23-38.
31. Mineka, S., Davidson, M., Cook, M., & Keir, R. (1984). Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 355-372.
32. Morris, J.S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R.J. (1098). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the amygdala. Nature, 393, 467-470.
33. Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundquist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data, and neuropsychological mechanisms. In R.D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), The cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 296-327). New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483-522.
35. Öhman, A., & Soares, J. (1993). On the automatic nature of phobic fear: Conditioned electrodermal responses to masked fear-relevant stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 121-132.
36. Peper, M., & Karcher, S. (2001). Differential conditioning to facial emotional expressions: Effects of hemispheric asymmetries and CS identification. Psychophysiology, 38, 936-950.
37. Phelps, E.A., O'Connor, K.J., Gateby, J.J., Grillon, C., Gore, J.C., & Davis, M. (2001). Activation of the amygdala by cognitive representations of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 437-441.
38. Posner, M.I., & Snyder, C.R.R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In K.L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
39. Rachman, S. (1977). The conditioning theory of fear acquisition: A critical examination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 439-447.
40. Rolls, E.T. (1999). The brain and emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Whalen, P.J., Rauch, S.L., Etcoff, N.L., McInerney, S.C., Lee, M.B., & Jenike, M.A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.