Reading Skills and Cognitive Abilities of Individuals with Mental Retardation

International Review of Research in Mental Retardation

Volumn 27, Issue , 2003, Pages 191-229

  CONNERS, FRANCES A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 31844438544     PISSN: 00747750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7750(03)27006-3     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. R.L. Allington Word frequency and contextual richness effects on word identification of educable mentally retarded children Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 15 1980 118 121
2. L. Bilsky R.A. Evans Use of associative clustering technique in the study of reading disability: effects of list organization American Journal of Mental Deficiency 74 1970 771 776
3. L.S. Blackman L.H. Bilsky A.L. Burger H. Mar Cognitive processes and academic achievement in EMR adolescents American Journal of Mental Deficiency 81 1976 125 134
4. L.S. Blackman A.L. Burger Psychological factors related to early reading behavior of EMR and nonretarded children American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77 1972 212 229
5. K.A. Blake I.E. Aaron H.R. Westbrook Learning of basal reading skills by mentally handicapped and non-mentally handicapped children Journal of Research and Development in Education 2 2 1969 2 123
6. S. Bochner L. Outhred M. Pieterse A study of functional literacy skills in young adults with Down syndrome International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education 48 2001 67 90
7. C.S. Bos R.J. Tierney Inferential reading abilities of mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded students American Journal of Mental Deficiency 89 1980 75 82
8. D.M. Browder J.S. Lalli Review of research on sight-word instruction Research in Developmental Disabilities 12 1991 203 228
9. S. Buckley Teaching children with Down syndrome to read and write L. Nadel D. Rosenthal Down syndrome: Living and learning in the community 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc New York 158 169
10. S. Buckley G. Bird A. Byrne The practical and theoretical significance of teaching literacy skills to children with Down syndrome J.A. Rondal J. Perera L. Nadel A. Comblain Down's syndrome: Psychological, psychobiological, and socio-educational perspectives 1996 Whurr Publishers London 119 128
11. S. Buckley G. Bird A. Byrne Reading acquisition by young children B. Stratford P. Gunn New approaches to Down syndrome 1996 Cassell London 268 279
12. C. Cardoso-Martins U. Frith Can individuals with Down syndrome acquire alphabetic literacy skills in the absence of phoneme awareness? Reading and Writing 14 2001 361 375
13. J.F. Cawley Reading performance among the mentally handicapped: a problem in assessment Training School Bulletin 63 1 1966 11 16
14. J.F. Cawley R.S. Parmar Comparisons in reading and reading-related tasks among students with average intellectual ability and students with mild mental retardation Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities 30 1995 118 129
15. P.A. Cegelka W.J. Cegelka A review of research: reading and the educable mentally handicapped Exceptional Children 37 1970 187 200
16. A.R. Cellura E.C. Butterfield Intelligence, the Bender-Gestalt test, and reading achievement American Journal of Mental Deficiency 71 1966 60 63
17. P. Cole Developmental versus difference approaches to mental retardation: a theoretical extension to the present debate American Journal on Mental Retardation 102 1998 379 391
18. F.A. Conners Aptitude by treatment interactions in computer-assisted word learning by mentally retarded students American Journal on Mental Retardation 94 1990 387 397
19. F.A. Conners Reading instruction for students with moderate mental retardation: a review and analysis of research American Journal on Mental Retardation 96 1992 577 597
20. F.A. Conners J.A. Atwell C.J. Rosenquist A.C. Sligh Abilities underlying decoding differences in children with intellectual disability Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 2001 292 299
21. F.A. Conners M.D. Carr A. Wang B.S. Wyatt Phonological processing: a modular ability? S.A. Soraci W. McIlvane Perspectives on fundamental processes in intellectual functioning 1 1998 Ablex Norwood, NJ 265 286
22. F.A. Conners D.K. Detterman Information processing correlates of computer-assisted word learning by mentally retarded students American Journal of Mental Deficiency 91 1987 606 612
23. F.A. Conners C.J. Rosenquist J.A. Atwell L.G. Klinger Cognitive strengths and weaknesses associated with Prader-Willi syndrome Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities 35 2000 441 448
24. Conners, F. A., Rosenquist, C. J., Sligh, A. C., & Atwell, J. A., & Kiser, T. (2000, August), Acquisition of phonological reading skills in children with mental retardation . Presented at the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSID) World Congress, Seattle
25. C.M. Connine J. Mullennix E. Shernoff J. Yelen Word familiarity and frequency in visual and auditory word recognition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 1990 1084 1096
26. W.B. Crews Performance of students classified as educable mentally handicapped on Florida's State Student Assessment Test, Part II Education and Training in Mental Retardation 23 1988 186 191
27. V. Cronin M. Pratt J. Abraham D. Howell S. Bishop A. Manning Word association and the acquisition of reading Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 15 1986 1 11
28. C.L. Crossland A comparison of retarded and non-retarded on the ability to use context in reading Journal for Special Educators 17 1981 234 241
29. L. Cupples T. Iacono Phonological awareness and oral reading skill in children with Down syndrome Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43 2000 595 608
30. J.P. Das J. Cummins Academic performance and cognitive processes in EMR children American Journal of Mental Deficiency 83 1978 197 199
31. J.D. Day L.K. Hall Intelligence-related differences in learning and transfer and enhancement of transfer among mentally retarded persons American Journal on Mental Retardation 93 1988 125 137
32. L.M. Dunn A comparison of the reading processes of mentally retarded and normal boys of the same mental age Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 19 1954 7 99
33. E.M. Dykens R.M. Hodapp J.F. Leckman Strengths and weaknesses in the intellectual functioning of males with fragile X syndrome American Journal of Mental Deficiency 92 1987 234 236
34. E.M. Dykens R.M. Hodapp K. Walsh L.J. Nash Profiles, correlates, and trajectories of intelligence in Prader-Willi syndrome Journal of the American Adademy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31 1992 1125 1130
35. L.C. Ehri Development of the ability to read words R. Barr M. Kamil P. Mosenthal P. Pearson Handbook of reading research 2 1991 Longman New York 383 417
36. L.C. Ehri Development of the ability to read words: Update R. Ruddell M. Ruddell H. Singer Theoretical models and processes of reading 4th ed. 1994 International Reading Association Newark, DE 237 269
37. L.C. Ehri Phases of development in learning to read words J. Oakhill R. Beard Reading development and the teaching of reading: A psychological perspective 1999 Blackwell Science Ltd Oxford 79 108
38. R.A. Evans Use of associative clustering technique in the study of reading disability: effects of presentation mode American Journal of Mental Deficiency 74 1970 765 770
39. R. Evans Phonological awareness in children with Down's syndrome Down Syndrome Research and Practice 2 1994 102 105
40. R.A. Evans L. Bilsky Discrimination training on the identification of reversible letters by EMR adolescents American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77 1972 169 174
41. A.E. Fowler B.J. Doherty L. Boynton The basis of reading skill in young adults with Down syndrome L. Nadel D. Rosenthal Down syndrome: Living and learning in the community 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc New York 182 196
42. U. Frith Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia K.E. Patterson J.C. Marshall M. Coltheart Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading 1985 Erlbaum London 301 330
43. A.F. Fry S. Hale Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: evidence for a developmental cascade Psychological Science 7 1996 237 241
44. S.E. Gathercole Models of short-term memory 1996 Psychology Press Hove, UK
45. M.A. Gernsbacher Language comprehension as structure building 1990 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ
46. M.A. Gernsbacher Cognitive processes and mechanisms in language comprehension: the structure building framework G.H. Bower The psychology of learning and motivation 1991 Academic Press New York 217 263
47. M.A. Gernsbacher The structure building framework: what it is, what it might also be, and why B.K. Bitton A.C. Graesser Models of text understanding 1995 Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 289 311
48. M.A. Gernsbacher Two decades of structure building Discourse Processes 23 1997 265 304
49. M.A. Gernsbacher K.R. Varner M. Faust Investigating differences in general comprehension skill Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 16 1990 430 445
50. E.E. Gickling C.H. Hargis D.R. Alexander The function of imagery in sight-word recognition among retarded and nonretarded children Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 16 1981 259 262
51. H.A. Goodstein Performance of mentally handicapped and average-IQ children on two modified cloze tasks for oral language American Journal of Mental Deficiency 75 1970 290 297
52. Gough, P., Juel, C., & Roper-Schneider, D. (1983). Code and cipher: a two-stage conception of initial reading acquisition. In J. A. Niles, & L. A. Harris (Eds.), Searches for meaning in reading/language processing and instruction ( 32nd Yearbook of the National Reading Conference ) (pp. 207–211). Rochester, NY: National Reading Conference
53. P.B. Gough W.E. Tunmer Decoding, reading, and reading disability RASE: Remedial and Special Education 7 1985 6 10
54. S.H. Gronna A.A. Jenkins S.A. Chin-Chance The performance of students with disabilities in a norm-referenced, statewide standardized testing program Journal of Learning Disabilities 31 1998 482 493
55. S.H. Gronna A.A. Jenkins S.A. Chin-Chance Who are we assessing? Determining state-wide participation rates for students with disabilities Exceptional Children 64 1998 407 418
56. F.M. Grossman J.H. Clark Concurrent validity of WISC-R factor scores for educable mentally handicapped children Perceptual and Motor Skills 58 1984 227 230
57. C.A. Hale J.G. Borkowski Attention, memory, and cognition R.W. Reese L. Lipsett Handbook of mental retardation 1991 Pergamon New York 505 528
58. M.W. Harm M.S. Seidenberg Phonology, reading acquisition, and dyslexia: insights from connectionist models Psychological Review 106 1999 491 528
59. R.M. Hodapp J.F. Leckman E.M. Dykens S.S. Sparrow D.G. Zelinsky S.I. Ort K-ABC profiles in children with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and nonspecific mental retardation American Journal on Mental Retardation 97 1992 39 46
60. J.C. Jenkinson Word recognition and the nature of reading difficulty in children with an intellectual disability: a review International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education 36 1989 39 56
61. J.C. Jenkinson The use of letter position cues in the visual processing of words by children with an intellectual disability and nondisabled children International Journal of Disability, Development, and Education 39 1992 61 76
62. K.R. John G. Rattan A comparison of short-term memory tests as predictors of reading achievement for learning-disabled and educable mentally retarded students Journal of School Psychology 29 1991 309 318
63. M. Kabrich D. McCutchen Phonemic support in comprehension: comparisons between children with and without mild mental retardation American Journal on Mental Retardation 100 1996 510 527
64. D.S. Katims Literacy instruction for people with mental retardation: historical highlights and contemporary analysis Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities 35 2000 3 15
65. E. Kay-Raining Bird P.L. Cleave L. McConnell Reading and phonological awareness in children with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study American Journal of Speech–Language Pathology 9 2000 319 330
66. W. Kintsch The use of knowledge in discourse processing: a construction-integration model Psychological Review 95 1988 163 182
67. W. Kintsch Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
68. W. Kintsch T.A. vanDijk Towards a model of text comprehension and production Psychological Review 85 1978 363 394
69. E. Laing C. Hulme J. Grant A. Karmiloff-Smith Learning to read in Williams syndrome: looking beneath the surface of atypical reading development Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42 2001 729 739
70. G. Laws The use of nonword repetition as a test of phonological memory in children with Down syndrome Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39 1998 1119 1130
71. G. Laws S. Buckley G. Bird J. MacDonald I. Broadley The influence of reading instruction on language and memory development in children with Down's syndrome Down Syndrome Research and Practice 3 1995 59 64
72. G. Laws J. MacDonald S. Buckley The effects of a short training in the use of a rehearsal strategy on memory for words and pictures in children with Down syndrome Down Syndrome Research and Practice 4 1996 70 78
73. E. Levitt The effect of context on the reading of mentally retarded and normal children at the first grade level Journal of Special Education 4 1970 425 429
74. E. Levitt Higher-order and lower-order reading responses of mentally retarded and nonretarded children at the first-grade level American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77 1972 13 20
75. R.L. Luftig R.L. Greeson Effects of structural importance and idea saliency on discourse recall of mentally retarded and nonretarded pupils American Journal of Mental Deficiency 87 1983 414 421
76. R.L. Luftig R.E. Johnson Identification and recall of structurally important units in prose by mentally retarded learners American Journal of Mental Deficiency 86 1982 495 502
77. K.J. Mair Coding and literacy in severely subnormal children Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 7 1962 46 52
78. E. Mandes C. Massimino C. Mantis A comparison of borderline and mild mental retardates assessed on the Memory for Designs and the WAIS-R Journal of Clinical Psychology 47 1991 562 567
79. G. Marsh M. Freidman V. Welch P. Desberg A cognitive-developmental theory of reading acquisition T.G. Waller G. MacKinnon Reading research: Advances in theory and practice 3 1981 Academic Press New York 199 221
80. J.M. Mason Testing pronunciation skill competence of both normal and retarded readers Mental Retardation 14 1976 36 40
81. J.M. Mason Questioning the notion of independent processing stages in reading Journal of Educational Psychology 69 1977 288 297
82. J.M. Mason Role of strategy in reading by mentally retarded persons American Journal of Mental Deficiency 82 1978 467 473
83. M. McKague C. Pratt M.B. Johnston The effect of oral vocabulary on reading visually novel words: a comparison of the dual-route-cascaded and triangle frameworks Cognition 80 2001 231 262
84. Merrill, M. A. (1924). On the relation of intelligence to achievement in the case of mentally retarded children. Comparative Psychology Monographs (Vol. 11, Serial No. 10). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company
85. L.T. Miller P.A. Vernon Intelligence, reaction time, and working memory in 4- to 6-year-old children Intelligence 22 1996 155 190
86. S.K. Minsky H.H. Spitz C.L. Bessellieu Maintenance and transfer of training by mentally retarded young adults on the Tower of Hanoi problem American Journal of Mental Deficiency 90 1985 190 197
87. A. Miyake P. Shah Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control 1999 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK
88. R.J. Nagle The relationship between the WAIS-R and academic achievement among EMR adolescents Psychology in the Schools 30 1993 37 39
89. J.A. Naglieri McCarthy and WISC-R correlations with WRAT achievement scores Perceptual and Motor Skills 51 1980 392 394
90. D. Neville T.R. Vandever Decoding as a result of synthetic and analytic presentation for retarded and nonretarded children American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77 1973 533 537
91. H. Numminen E. Service T. Ahonen T. Korhonen A. Tolvanen K. Patja I. Ruoppila Working memory structure and intellectual disability Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 2000 579 590
92. R.A. Pagon F.C. Bennett B. LaVeck K.B. Stewart J. Johnson Williams syndrome: features in late childhood and adolescence Pediatrics 80 1987 85 91
93. T.R. Parmenter The relationship between selected information processing variables and reading skills in a sample of mildly retarded adolescents J.M. Berg Science and service in mental retardation 1986 Methuen New York 205 215
94. T.R. Parmenter An investigation of the strategic behaviour of mildly intellectually handicapped adolescents in acquiring reading skills A.J. Watson Intelligence: Controversy and change 1988 Australian Council for Educational Research Limited Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia 135 151
95. C.A. Perfetti I. Beck L.C. Bell C. Hughes Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal: a longitudinal study of first grade children Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 33 1987 283 319
96. D.C. Plaut J.L. McClelland M.S. Seidenberg K.E. Patterson Understanding normal and impaired word reading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains Psychological Review 103 1996 56 115
97. M.B. Pulsifer The neuropsychology of mental retardation Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2 1996 159 176
98. S. Ramanauskas Contextual constraints beyond a sentence on cloze of mentally retarded children American Journal of Mental Deficiency 77 1972 338 345
99. S. Ramanauskas W.H. Burrow WISC Profiles: above average and MR good and poor readers Mental Retardation 11 2 1973 12 14
100. E. Roof W. Stone W. MacLean I.D. Feurer T. Thompson M.G. Butler Intellectual characteristics of Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison of genetic subtypes Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 2000 25 30
101. M.S. Seidenberg J.L. McClelland A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming Psychological Review 97 1989 447 452
102. M.I. Semmel L.S. Barritt S.W. Bennett Performance of EMR and nonretarded children on a modified cloze task American Journal of Mental Deficiency 74 1970 681 691
103. M.I. Semmel J. Gottleib N.M. Robinson Mainstreaming: perspectives on educating handicapped children in the public school D.C. Berliner Review of research in education 7 1979 Peacock Itsaca, IL 223 279
104. R.C. Serow K. O'Brien Performance of handicapped students in a competency testing program Journal of Special Education 17 2 1983 149 155
105. D.G. Sheperd Selected factors in the reading ability of EMR boys American Journal of Mental Deficiency 71 1967 563 570
106. L.S. Siegel Phonological processing deficits as the basis of a reading disability Developmental Review 13 1993 246 257
107. R.G. Simpson M.D. Haynes W.O. Haynes The relationship between performance on the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test and reading achievement among adolescents Educational and Psychological Measurement 44 1984 353 358
108. Singh, N. N., & Singh, J. (1986). Reading acquisition and remediation in the mentally retarded. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 14, pp. 165–199). New York: Ablex
109. J.R. Slate Two investigations of the validity of the WISC-III Psychological Reports 76 1995 299 306
110. C.E. Snow M.S. Burns P. Griffin Preventing reading difficulties in young children 1998 National Academy Press Washington, DC
111. A.Y. Song R.H. Song Visual memory and reading ability of mental retardates American Journal of Mental Deficiency 73 1969 942 945
112. K.E. Stanovich Cognitive determinants of reading in mentally retarded individuals N.R. Ellis N.W. Bray International review of research in mental retardation 13 1985 Ablex New York 181 214
113. S. Stayton R. Fuller Reading level of retardates related to visual and auditory memory, and to paired-associate learning Training School Bulletin 70 4 1974 202 207
114. R. Streib Context utilization in reading by educable mentally retarded children Reading Research Quarterly 12 1976 32 54
115. Thompson, S., Thurlow, M., Spicuzza, R., & Parson, L. (1999). Participation and performance of students receiving special education services on Minnesota's Basic Standards Tests: Reading and Math, 1996 through 1998 (Minnesota Report No. 18). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, National Center on Educational Outcomes
116. T.R. Vandever D.D. Neville Transfer as a result of synthetic and analytic reading instruction American Journal of Mental Deficiency 80 1976 498 503
117. G.C. Van Orden B.F. Pennington G.O. Stone Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics Psychological Review 97 1990 488 522
118. R.K. Wagner J.K. Torgesen The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills Psychological Bulletin 101 1987 192 212
119. R.K. Wagner J.K. Torgesen C.A. Rashotte Development of reading-related phonological processing abilities: new evidence of bi-directional causality from a latent variable longitudinal study Developmental Psychology 30 1994 73 87
120. M.M. Walker I. Barrow M.P. Rastatter The effect of dimension and vocabulary age on rapid picture naming in children Journal of Communication Disorders 35 2002 1 10
121. K.L. Windfuhr M.J. Snowling The relationship between paired associate learning and phonological skills in normally developing readers Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 80 2001 160 173
122. T.A. Wood J.A. Buckhalt J.G. Tomlin A comparison of listening and reading performance with children in three educational placements Journal of Learning Disabilities 21 1988 493 496