Electronic detection of the enzymatic degradation of starch

Organic Letters

Volumn 6, Issue 13, 2004, Pages 2089-2092

  Star, Alexander ^a   Joshi, Vikram ^b   Han, Tzong Ru ^b   Altoé, M Virginia P ^b   Grüner, George ^a,b   Stoddart, J Fraser ^b  

^a Nanomix Inc   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON NANOTUBE; STARCH;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; ELECTRIC FIELD; ELECTRONICS; ENZYME DEGRADATION; IMAGE INTENSIFIER; IMAGING AND DISPLAY; MEASUREMENT; SEMICONDUCTOR; SUPERCONDUCTOR;

AMYLOPECTIN; AMYLOSE; CARBOHYDRATE SEQUENCE; GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE; MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NANOTUBES, CARBON; STARCH; TRANSISTORS;

EID: 3142728566     PISSN: 15237060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ol0495826     Document Type: Article

References (42)

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20. For examples of the use of carbon nanotube FET devices, see: (a) Tans, S. J.; Verschueren, R. M.; Dekker, C. Nature 1998, 393, 49-52. (b) Martel, R.; Schmidt, T.; Shea, H. R.; Hertel, T.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2447-2449. (c) Bachtold, A.; Hadley, P.; Nakanishi, T.; Dekker, C. Science 2001, 294, 1317-1320. (d) Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2890-2893. (e) Shim, M.; Javey, A.; Kam, N. W. S.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11512-11513. (f) Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2773-2775. (g) Fuhrer, M. S.; Kim, B. M.; Dürkop, T.; Brintlinger, T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 755-759. (h) Radosavljevic, M.; Freitag, M.; Thadani, K. V.; Johnson, A. T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 761-764. (i) Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639-641. (j) Misewich, J. A.; Martel, R.; Avouris, Ph.; Tsang, J. C.; Heinze, S.; Tersoff, J. Science 2003, 300, 783-786. (k) Javey, A.; Guo, J.; Wang, Q.; Lundstrom, M.; Dai, H. Nature 2003, 424, 654-657.
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23. For examples of the use of carbon nanotube FET devices, see: (a) Tans, S. J.; Verschueren, R. M.; Dekker, C. Nature 1998, 393, 49-52. (b) Martel, R.; Schmidt, T.; Shea, H. R.; Hertel, T.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2447-2449. (c) Bachtold, A.; Hadley, P.; Nakanishi, T.; Dekker, C. Science 2001, 294, 1317-1320. (d) Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2890-2893. (e) Shim, M.; Javey, A.; Kam, N. W. S.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11512-11513. (f) Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2773-2775. (g) Fuhrer, M. S.; Kim, B. M.; Dürkop, T.; Brintlinger, T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 755-759. (h) Radosavljevic, M.; Freitag, M.; Thadani, K. V.; Johnson, A. T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 761-764. (i) Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639-641. (j) Misewich, J. A.; Martel, R.; Avouris, Ph.; Tsang, J. C.; Heinze, S.; Tersoff, J. Science 2003, 300, 783-786. (k) Javey, A.; Guo, J.; Wang, Q.; Lundstrom, M.; Dai, H. Nature 2003, 424, 654-657.
24. For examples of the use of carbon nanotube FET devices, see: (a) Tans, S. J.; Verschueren, R. M.; Dekker, C. Nature 1998, 393, 49-52. (b) Martel, R.; Schmidt, T.; Shea, H. R.; Hertel, T.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2447-2449. (c) Bachtold, A.; Hadley, P.; Nakanishi, T.; Dekker, C. Science 2001, 294, 1317-1320. (d) Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2890-2893. (e) Shim, M.; Javey, A.; Kam, N. W. S.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11512-11513. (f) Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2773-2775. (g) Fuhrer, M. S.; Kim, B. M.; Dürkop, T.; Brintlinger, T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 755-759. (h) Radosavljevic, M.; Freitag, M.; Thadani, K. V.; Johnson, A. T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 761-764. (i) Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639-641. (j) Misewich, J. A.; Martel, R.; Avouris, Ph.; Tsang, J. C.; Heinze, S.; Tersoff, J. Science 2003, 300, 783-786. (k) Javey, A.; Guo, J.; Wang, Q.; Lundstrom, M.; Dai, H. Nature 2003, 424, 654-657.
25. For examples of the use of carbon nanotube FET devices, see: (a) Tans, S. J.; Verschueren, R. M.; Dekker, C. Nature 1998, 393, 49-52. (b) Martel, R.; Schmidt, T.; Shea, H. R.; Hertel, T.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2447-2449. (c) Bachtold, A.; Hadley, P.; Nakanishi, T.; Dekker, C. Science 2001, 294, 1317-1320. (d) Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2890-2893. (e) Shim, M.; Javey, A.; Kam, N. W. S.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11512-11513. (f) Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2773-2775. (g) Fuhrer, M. S.; Kim, B. M.; Dürkop, T.; Brintlinger, T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 755-759. (h) Radosavljevic, M.; Freitag, M.; Thadani, K. V.; Johnson, A. T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 761-764. (i) Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639-641. (j) Misewich, J. A.; Martel, R.; Avouris, Ph.; Tsang, J. C.; Heinze, S.; Tersoff, J. Science 2003, 300, 783-786. (k) Javey, A.; Guo, J.; Wang, Q.; Lundstrom, M.; Dai, H. Nature 2003, 424, 654-657.
26. For examples of the use of carbon nanotube FET devices, see: (a) Tans, S. J.; Verschueren, R. M.; Dekker, C. Nature 1998, 393, 49-52. (b) Martel, R.; Schmidt, T.; Shea, H. R.; Hertel, T.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2447-2449. (c) Bachtold, A.; Hadley, P.; Nakanishi, T.; Dekker, C. Science 2001, 294, 1317-1320. (d) Kong, J.; Dai, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2890-2893. (e) Shim, M.; Javey, A.; Kam, N. W. S.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11512-11513. (f) Derycke, V.; Martel, R.; Appenzeller, J.; Avouris, Ph. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2773-2775. (g) Fuhrer, M. S.; Kim, B. M.; Dürkop, T.; Brintlinger, T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 755-759. (h) Radosavljevic, M.; Freitag, M.; Thadani, K. V.; Johnson, A. T. Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 761-764. (i) Bradley, K.; Cumings, J.; Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 639-641. (j) Misewich, J. A.; Martel, R.; Avouris, Ph.; Tsang, J. C.; Heinze, S.; Tersoff, J. Science 2003, 300, 783-786. (k) Javey, A.; Guo, J.; Wang, Q.; Lundstrom, M.; Dai, H. Nature 2003, 424, 654-657.
27. For examples of chemical sensing using carbon nanotubes, see: (a) Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801-1804. (b) Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622-625. (c) Kong, J.; Chapline, M. G.; Dai, H. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1384-1386. (d) Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347-351. (e) Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1421-1423.
28. For examples of chemical sensing using carbon nanotubes, see: (a) Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801-1804. (b) Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622-625. (c) Kong, J.; Chapline, M. G.; Dai, H. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1384-1386. (d) Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347-351. (e) Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1421-1423.
29. For examples of chemical sensing using carbon nanotubes, see: (a) Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801-1804. (b) Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622-625. (c) Kong, J.; Chapline, M. G.; Dai, H. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1384-1386. (d) Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347-351. (e) Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1421-1423.
30. For examples of chemical sensing using carbon nanotubes, see: (a) Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801-1804. (b) Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622-625. (c) Kong, J.; Chapline, M. G.; Dai, H. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1384-1386. (d) Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347-351. (e) Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1421-1423.
31. For examples of chemical sensing using carbon nanotubes, see: (a) Collins, P. G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Science 2000, 287, 1801-1804. (b) Kong, J.; Franklin, N. R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M. G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Science 2000, 287, 622-625. (c) Kong, J.; Chapline, M. G.; Dai, H. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1384-1386. (d) Qi, P.; Vermesh, O.; Grecu, M.; Javey, A.; Wang, Q.; Dai, H.; Peng, S.; Cho, K. J. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 347-351. (e) Star, A.; Han, T.-R.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1421-1423.
32. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
33. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
34. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
35. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
36. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
37. For recent examples of biosensors based on carbon nanotube FETs, see: (a) Star, A.; Gabriel, J.-C. P.; Bradley, K.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459-463. (b) Chen, R. J.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Drouvalakis, K. A.; Wong Shi Kam, N.; Shim, M.; Li, Y.; Kim, W.; Utz, P. J.; Dai, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100, 4984-4989. (c) Besteman, K.; Lee, J.-O.; Wiertz, F. G. M.; Heering, H. A.; Dekker, C. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 727-730. (d) Boussaad, S.; Tao, N. J.; Zhang, R.; Hopson, T.; Nagahara, L. A. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1502-1503. (e) Bradley, K.; Briman, M.; Star, A.; Grüner, G. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 253-256. (f) Chen, R. J.; Choi, H. C.; Bangsaruntip, S.; Yenilmez, E.; Tang, X.; Wang, Q.; Chang, Y.-L.; Dai, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1563-1568.
38. 2 gas mixture at 900°C. Electrical leads were patterned on top of the nanotubes from Ti films 35 nm thick, capped with Au layers 5 nm thick, with a spacing of 0.75 μm between the source and drain. The experimental details relating to the NTFET device fabrication have been published. See: Gabriel, J.-C. P. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 2003, 776, Q12.7.1-7.
39. Electronic measurements on NTFET devices, such as current flow between S/D electrodes as function of applied gate voltage, were conducted using a semiconductor parameter analyzer (Keithley 4200).
40. Since these deposition conditions are the same (ref 6), we can assume similar thicknesses for the starch layer to those measured by AFM on clean Si wafers, i.e., 30-100 nm uneven deposit. Moreover, since the starch deposit cannot interfere physically with the NTFET integrated circuit, only a charge-transfer interaction involving the starch is expected.
41. + = -2.4).
42. g characteristics and time-dependent transconductance measurements, can be conducted in a buffer using a liquid gate. See ref 13e. The real time detection of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in the buffer is under investigation at present.