Growth hormone deficiency and related disorders: Insights into causation, diagnosis, and treatment

Lancet

Volumn 363, Issue 9425, 2004, Pages 1977-1987

  Dattani, Mehul ^a   Preece, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GONADORELIN; HYPOPHYSIS HORMONE; RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE;

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS; ARTHRALGIA; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; EDEMA; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMUR EPIPHYSIS; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC REGULATION; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MYALGIA; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; PRADER WILLI SYNDROME; PREPUBERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SHORT STATURE; SIDE EFFECT; SKELETON MALFORMATION; SKIN PIGMENTATION; STEM CELL; TURNER SYNDROME;

EID: 2942581169     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16413-1     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Barker DJ. Fetal programming of coronary heart disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 13:2002;364-368
2. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K. Infancy growth pattern related to growth hormone deficiency. Acta Paediatr Scand. 77:1988;385-391
3. Karlberg J. On the modelling of human growth. Stat Med. 6:1987;185-192
4. Wright CM, Cheetham TD. The strengths and limitations of parental heights as a predictor of attained height. Arch Dis Child. 81:1999;257-260
5. Lindsay R, Feldkamp M, Harris D, Robertson J, Rallison M. Utah growth study: growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. 125:1994;29-35
6. Voss LD. Growth hormone therapy for the short normal child: who needs it and who wants it? - the case against growth hormone therapy. J Pediatr. 136:2000;103-106
7. Voss LD, Mulligan J, Betts PR, Wilkin TJ. Poor growth in school entrants as an index of organic disease: the Wessex growth study. BMJ. 305:1992;1400-1402
8. Preece MA. Childhood auxology. Wass JAH, Shalet SM. Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology. 2002;943-949 Oxford University Press, Oxford
9. Rao E, Weiss B, Fukami M, et al. Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome. Nat Genet. 16:1997;54-63
10. Ayling RM, Ross R, Towner P, et al. A dominant-negative mutation of the growth hormone receptor causes familial short stature. Nat Genet. 16:1997;13-14
11. Goddard AD, Dowd P, Chernausek S, et al. Partial growth-hormone insensitivity: the role of growth-hormone receptor mutations in idiopathic short stature. J Pediatr 1997;131(suppl):51-55.
12. Dasen JS, Rosenfeld MG. Signaling and transcriptional mechanisms in pituitary development. Ann Rev Neurosci. 24:2001;327-355
13. Takuma N, Sheng HZ, Furuta Y, et al. Formation of Rathke's pouch requires dual induction from the diencephalon. Development. 125:1998;4835-4840
14. Ericson J, Norlin S, Jessell TM, Edlund T. Integrated FGF and BMP signaling controls the progression of progenitor cell differentiation and the emergence of pattern in the embryonic anterior pituitary. Development. 125:1998;1005-1015
15. Lazzaro D, Price M, De Felice M, Di Lauro R. The transcription factor TTF-1 is expressed at the onset of thyroid and lung morphogenesis and in restricted regions of the foetal brain. Development. 113:1991;1093-1104
16. Watkins-Chow DE, Camper SA. How many homeobox genes does it take to make a pituitary gland? Trends Genet. 14:1998;284-290
17. Sheng HZ, Moriyama K, Yamashita T, et al. Multistep control of pituitary organogenesis. Science. 278:1997;1809-1812
18. Treier M, Gleiberman AS, O'Connell SM, et al. Multistep signaling requirements for pituitary organogenesis in vivo. Genes Dev. 12:1998;1691-1704
19. Rosenfeld MG, Briata P, Dasen J, et al. Multistep signaling and transcriptional requirements for pituitary organogenesis in vivo. Recent Prog Horm Res. 55:2000;1-13
20. Sheng HZ, Westphal H. Early steps in pituitary organogenesis. Trends Genet. 15:1999;236-240
21. Simmons DM, Voss JW, Ingraham HA, et al. Pituitary cell phenotypes involve cell-specific Pit-1 mRNA translation and synergistic interactions with other classes of transcription factors. Genes Dev. 4:1990;695-711
22. Japon MA, Rubinstein M, Low MJ. In situ hybridization analysis of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression during fetal mouse development. J Histochem Cytochem. 42:1994;1117-1125
23. Gluckman PD. Maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary function in the ovine fetus and neonate. Ciba Found Symp. 86:1981;5-42
24. Hindmarsh PC, Matthews DR, Brook CG. Growth hormone secretion in children determined by time series analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 29:1988;35-44
25. Jaffe CA, Ocampo-Lim B, Guo W, et al. Regulatory mechanisms of growth hormone secretion are sexually dimorphic. J Clin Invest. 102:1998;153-164
26. Papotti M, Ghe C, Cassoni P, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;3803-3807
27. Muccioli G, Broglio F, Valetto MR, et al. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and the cardiovascular system. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 61:2000;27-31
28. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, et al. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:2002;2988
29. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 402:1999;656-660
30. Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology. 141:2000;4255-4261
31. Smith RG, Palyha OC, Feighner SD, et al. Growth hormone releasing substances: types and their receptors. Horm Res. 51:(suppl 3):1999;1-8
32. Arvat E, Maccario M, Di Vito L, et al. Endocrine activities of ghrelin, a natural growth hormone secretagogue (GHS), in humans: comparison and interactions with hexarelin, a nonnatural peptidyl GHS, and GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:2001;1169-1174
33. Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, et al. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;4908-4911
34. Bennani-Baiti IM, Asa SL, Song D, Iratni R, Liebhaber SA, Cooke NE. DNase I-hypersensitive sites I and II of the human growth hormone locus control region are a major developmental activator of somatotrope gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;10655-10660
35. Shewchuk BM, Asa SL, Cooke NE, Liebhaber SA. Pit-1 binding sites at the somatotrope-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites I, II of the human growth hormone locus control region are essential for in vivo hGH-N gene activation. J Biol Chem. 274:1999;35725-35733
36. Baumann G. Growth hormone heterogeneity: genes, isohormones, variants, and binding proteins. Endocr Rev. 12:1991;424-449
37. Baumann G. Growth hormone binding protein. The soluble growth hormone receptor. Minerva Endocrinol. 27:2002;265-276
38. Clark RG, Mortensen DL, Carlsson LM, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone (GH)-binding protein enhances the growth-promoting activity of human GH in the rat. Endocrinology. 137:1996;4308-4315
39. Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, Smit LS. Molecular mechanism of growth hormone action. Annu Rev Physiol. 58:1996;187-207
40. Smit LS, Meyer DJ, Billestrup N, Norstedt G, Schwartz J, Carter-Su C. The role of the growth hormone (GH) receptor and JAK1 and JAK2 kinases in the activation of Stats 1, 3, and 5 by GH. Mol Endocrinol. 10:1996;519-533
41. Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG. The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev. 20:1999;761-787
42. Vimpani GV, Vimpani AF, Pocock SJ, Farquhar JW. Differences in physical characteristics, perinatal histories, and social backgrounds between children with growth hormone deficiency and constitutional short stature. Arch Dis Child. 56:1981;922-928
43. Juul A, Bernasconi S, Clayton PE, Kiess W, DeMuinck-Keizer SS. European audit of current practice in diagnosis and treatment of childhood growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res. 58:2002;233-241
44. Dattani MT, Robinson IC. The molecular basis for developmental disorders of the pituitary gland in man. Clin Genet. 57:2000;337-346
45. Cohen LE, Radovick S. Molecular basis of combined pituitary hormone deficiencies. Endocr Rev. 23:2002;431-442
46. Cohen RN, Cohen LE, Botero D, et al. Enhanced repression by HESX1 as a cause of hypopituitarism and septo-optic dysplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 88:2003;4832-4839
47. Carvalho LR, Woods KS, Mendonca BB, et al. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J Clin Invest. 112:2003;1192-1201
48. McGuinness L, Magoulas C, Sesay AK, et al. Autosomal dominant growth hormone deficiency disrupts secretory vesicles in vitro and in vivo in transgenic mice. Endocrinology. 144:2003;720-731
49. Moseley CT, Mullis PE, Prince MA, Phillips JA III. An exon splice enhancer mutation causes autosomal dominant GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:2002;847-852
50. DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, Stanhope R. Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child. 75:1996;108-114
51. Tiulpakov AN, Mazerkina NA, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, Peterkova VA, Gorelyshev SK. Growth in children with craniopharyngioma following surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 49:1998;733-738
52. Nanduri VR, Bareille P, Pritchard J, Stanhope R. Growth and endocrine disorders in multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 53:2000;509-515
53. Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Clark DJ, Wallace WH, et al. Endocrine deficit after fractionated total body irradiation. Arch Dis Child. 67:1992;1107-1110
54. Pinto G, Adan L, Souberbielle JC, Thalassinos C, Brunelle F, Brauner R. Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: presentation, diagnostic and treatment during childhood. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 60:1999;224-231
55. Wit JM, van Unen H. Growth of infants with neonatal growth hormone deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 67:1992;920-924
56. Gluckman PD, Gunn AJ, Wray A, et al. Congenital idiopathic growth hormone deficiency associated with prenatal and early postnatal growth failure. The International Board of the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study. J Pediatr. 121:1992;920-923
57. Hindmarsh PC, Swift PG. An assessment of growth hormone provocation tests. Arch Dis Child. 72:1995;362-367
58. Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F, et al. Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:1995;1532-1540
59. Shalet SM, Toogood A, Rahim A, Brennan BM. The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in children and adults. Endocr Rev. 19:1998;203-223
60. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: summary statement of the GH Research Society. GH Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3990-3993.
61. Saggese G, Ranke MB, Saenger P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children and adolescents: towards a consensus. Ten years after the Availability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Workshop; 1998 Mar 27-28; Pisa. Horm Res. 50:1998;320-340
62. Sizonenko PC, Clayton PE, Cohen P, Hintz RL, Tanaka T, Laron Z. Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence: part 1 - diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res. 11:2001;137-165
63. Shah A, Stanhope R, Matthew D. Hazards of pharmacological tests of growth hormone secretion in childhood. BMJ. 304:1992;173-174
64. Guidance on the use of human growth hormone (somatropin) in children with growth failure. http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/HGHinChild-42-als.pdf (accessed May, 2002).
65. Loche S, Bizzarri C, Maghnie M, et al. Results of early reevaluation of growth hormone secretion in short children with apparent growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. 140:2002;445-449
66. Tillmann V, Buckler JM, Kibirige MS, et al. Biochemical tests in the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;531-535
67. Mitchell H, Dattani MT, Nanduri V, Hindmarsh PC, Preece MA, Brook CG. Failure of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 to diagnose growth hormone insufficiency. Arch Dis Child. 80:1999;443-447
68. Tillmann V, Tang VW, Price DA, Hughes DG, Wright NB, Clayton PE. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 13:2000;1577-1583
69. Arslanoglu I, Kutlu H, Isguven P, Tokus F, Isik K. Diagnostic value of pituitary MRI in differentiation of children with normal growth hormone secretion, isolated growth hormone deficiency and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 14:2001;517-523
70. Osorio MG, Marui S, Jorge AA, et al. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging and function in patients with growth hormone deficiency with and without mutations in GHRH-R, GH-1, or PROP-1 genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:2002;5076-5084
71. Hamilton J, Chitayat D, Blaser S, Cohen LE, Phillips JA, III, Daneman D. Familial growth hormone deficiency associated with MRI abnormalities. Am J Med Genet. 80:1998;128-132
72. Mendonca BB, Osorio MG, Latronico AC, Estefan V, Lo LS, Arnhold IJ. Longitudinal hormonal and pituitary imaging changes in two females with combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to deletion of A301, G302 in the PROP1 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:1999;942-945
73. Bercu BB, Shulman D, Root AW, Spiliotis BE. Growth hormone (GH) provocative testing frequently does not reflect endogenous GH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 63:1986;709-716
74. Aimaretti G, Bellone S, Bellone J, et al. Reduction of the pituitary GH releasable pool in short children with GH neurosecretory dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 52:2000;287-293
75. Wit JM, Kamp GA, Rikken B. Spontaneous growth and response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature. Pediatr Res. 39:1996;295-302
76. Ranke MB, Schweizer R, Wollmann HA, Schwarze P. Dosing of growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. Horm Res. 51:(suppl 3):1999;70-74
77. Cutfield W, Lindberg A, Albertsson WK, Chatelain P, Ranke MB, Wilton P. Final height in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency: the KIGS experience. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 88:1999;72-75
78. Tanaka T, Cohen P, Clayton PE, Laron Z, Hintz RL, Sizonenko PC. Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in childhood and adolescence: part 2 - growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient children. Growth Horm IGF Res. 12:2002;323-341
79. Thomas M, Massa G, Bourguignon JP, et al. Final height in children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency treated with recombinant human growth hormone: the Belgian experience. Horm Res. 55:2001;88-94
80. Saenger P. Growth hormone in growth hormone deficiency. BMJ. 325:2002;58-59
81. Cacciari E, Zucchini S, Cicognani A, et al. Birth weight affects final height in patients treated for growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 51:1999;733-739
82. Adan L, Souberbielle JC, Zucker JM,. Adult height in 24 patients treated for growth hormone deficiency and early puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:229-233.
83. Tanaka T, Satoh M, Yasunaga T, Horikawa R, Tanae A, Hibi I. GH and GnRH analog treatment in children who enter puberty at short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 10:1997;623-628
84. Rochiccioli P, Dechaux E, Tauber MT, Pienkowski C, Tiberge M. Growth hormone treatment in patients with neurosecretory dysfunction. Horm Res. 33:(suppl 4):1990;97-101
85. Hernandez M, Nieto JA, Sobradillo B, Pombo M, Ferrandez A, Rejas J. Multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the therapeutic use of recombinant growth hormone from mammalian cells in the treatment of growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction. Horm Res. 35:1991;13-18
86. Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Barsanti S. The effect of long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone mineral density in children with GH deficiency. Role of GH in the attainment of peak bone mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:1996;3077-3083
87. de Boer H, Blok GJ, van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev. 16:1995;63-86
88. Rosen T, Bosaeus I, Tolli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA. Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 38:1993;63-71
89. Rosen T, Hansson T, Granhed H, Szucs J, Bengtsson BA. Reduced bone mineral content in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 129:1993;201-206
90. Attanasio AF, Lamberts SW, Matranga AM, et al. Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;82-88
91. Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sonksen PH. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl J Med. 321:1989;1797-1803
92. McGauley G, Cuneo R, Salomon F, Sonksen PH. Growth hormone deficiency and quality of life. Horm Res. 45:1996;34-37
93. Rosen T, Wiren L, Wilhelmsen L, Wiklund I, Bengtsson BA. Decreased psychological well-being in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf). 40:1994;111-116
94. Rosen T, Bengtsson BA. Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet. 336:1990;285-288
95. Bulow B, Hagmar L, Eskilsson J, Erfurth EM. Hypopituitary females have a high incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and an increased prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;574-584
96. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, S, et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism: West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet 2001;357:425-431.
97. Bengtsson BA, Johannsson G, Shalet SM, Simpson H, Sonken PH. Treatment of growth hormone deficiency in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;933-942
98. Stavrou S, Kleinberg DL. Diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 30:2001;545-563
99. Hansen TB, Brixen K, Vahl N, et al. Effects of 12 months of growth hormone (GH) treatment on calciotropic hormones, calcium homeostasis, and bone metabolism in adults with acquired GH deficiency: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:1996;3352-3359
100. Jorgensen JO, Thuesen L, Muller J, Ovesen P, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS. Three years of growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults: near normalization of body composition and physical performance. Eur J Endocrinol. 130:1994;224-228
101. Vahl N, Juul A, Jorgensen JO, Orskov H, Skakkebaek NE, Christiansen JS. Continuation of growth hormone (GH) replacement in GH-deficient patients during transition from childhood to adulthood: a two-year placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;1874-1881
102. Norrelund H, Vahl N, Juul A, et al. Continuation of growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient patients during transition from childhood to adulthood: impact on insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;1912-1917
103. Jorgensen JO, Pedersen SA, Thuesen L, et al. Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults. Lancet. 1:1989;1221-1225
104. Whitehead HM, Boreham C, McIlrath EM, et al. Growth hormone treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency: results of a 13-month placebo controlled cross-over study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 36:1992;45-52
105. Bengtsson BA, Eden S, Lonn L, et al. Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 76:1993;309-317
106. Jorgensen JO. Human growth hormone replacement therapy: pharmacological and clinical aspects. Endocr Rev. 12:1991;189-207
107. Amato G, Carella C, Fazio S, et al. Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77:1993;1671-1676
108. Cuneo RC, Judd S, Wallace JD, et al. The Australian Multicenter Trial of Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in GH-Deficient Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1998;107-116
109. McGauley G. The psychological consequences and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Growth Horm IGF Res 2000;10(suppl):S63-68.
110. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency: summary statement of the Growth Hormone Research Society Workshop on Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:379-381.
111. Allen DB. Issues in the transition from childhood to adult growth hormone therapy. Pediatrics. 104:1999;1004-1010
112. Monson JP, Hindmarsh P. The assessment of growth hormone deficiency in children and adults with particular reference to the transitional period. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 53:2000;545-547
113. Rosenfeld RG. Transitioning patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency to treatment in adulthood. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 15:(suppl 5):2002;1361-1365
114. Donaubauer J, Kiess W, Kratzsch J, et al. Re-assessment of growth hormone secretion in young adult patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 58:2003;456-463
115. de Boer H, van der Veen EA. Why retest young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;2032-2036
116. Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, Preece MA. Risk of cancer in patients treated with human pituitary growth hormone in the UK, 1959-85: a cohort study. Lancet. 360:2002;273-277
117. Palmqvist R, Hallmans G, Rinaldi S, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective study in northern Sweden. Gut. 50:2002;642-646
118. Ma J, Pollak MN, Giovannucci E, et al. Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk in men and plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91:1999;620-625
119. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 351:1998;1393-1396
120. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science. 279:1998;563-566
121. Furstenberger G, Senn HJ. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 3:2002;298-302
122. Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Ryder WD, Gattamaneni HR, Clayton PE, Shalet SM. Growth hormone and tumour recurrence. BMJ. 304:1992;1601-1605
123. Fradkin JE, Mills JL, Schonberger LB, et al. Risk of leukemia after treatment with pituitary growth hormone. JAMA. 270:1993;2829-2832
124. Blethen SL, Allen DB, Graves D, August G, Moshang T, Rosenfeld R. Safety of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid-derived growth hormone: The National Cooperative Growth Study experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:1996;1704-1710
125. Tuffli GA, Johanson A, Rundle AC, Allen DB. Lack of increased risk for extracranial, nonleukemic neoplasms in recipients of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:1995;1416-1422
126. Sperling MA, Saenger PH, Ray H, Tom W, Rose SR. Growth hormone treatment and neoplasia-coincidence or consequence? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 87:2002;5351-5352
127. Rapaport R, Oberfield SE, Robison L, et al. Relationship of growth hormone deficiency and leukemia. J Pediatr. 126:1995;759-761
128. Wilson TA, Rose SR, Cohen P, et al. Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Paediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee. J Pediatr. 143:2003;415-421
129. Growth Hormone Research Society. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in childhood and adolescence: summary statement of the GH Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;3990-3993
130. Blethen SL. Complications of growth hormone therapy in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 7:1995;466-471
131. Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski DK, Fleming GA, Stadel BV. Benign intracranial hypertension in children with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone. J Pediatr. 126:1995;996-999
132. Wilton P. Adverse events during GH treatment: 10 years' experience in KIGS, a pharmacoepidemiological survey. Ranke MB, Wilton P. Growth hormone therapy in KIGS-10 year's experience. 1999;349-364 Johan Ambrosius Barth Verlag, Heidleberg
133. Seminara S, Merello G, Masi S, et al. Effect of long-term growth hormone treatment on carbohydrate metabolism in children with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 49:1998;125-130
134. Cutfield WS, Wilton P, Bennmarker H, et al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents receiving growth-hormone treatment. Lancet. 355:2000;610-613
135. Takahashi Y, Chihara K. Short stature by mutant growth hormones. Growth Horm IGF Res 1999;9(suppl):37-40.
136. Rosenfeld RG, Rosenbloom AL, Guevara-Aguirre J. Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev. 15:1994;369-390
137. Woods KA, Dastot F, Preece MA, et al. Phenotype: genotype relationships in growth hormone insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;3529-3535
138. Amselem S, Sobrier ML, Dastot F, Duquesnoy P, Duriez B, Goossens M. Molecular basis of inherited growth hormone resistance in childhood. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 10:1996;353-369
139. Sobrier ML, Dastot F, Duquesnoy P, et al. Nine novel growth hormone receptor gene mutations in patients with Laron syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:1997;435-437
140. Woods KA, Savage MO. Laron syndrome: typical and atypical forms. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 10:1996;371-387
141. Sanchez JE, Perera E, Baumbach L, Cleveland WW. Growth hormone receptor mutations in children with idiopathic short stature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83:1998;4079-4083
142. Kofoed EM, Hwa V, Little B, et al. Growth hormone insensitivity associated with a STAT5b mutation. N Engl J Med. 349:2003;1139-1147
143. Ranke MB. Treatment of growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 10:1996;401-410
144. Woods KA, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO, Clark AJ. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1363-1367
145. Pereira Arias A M, Walenkamp M J, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, et al. Clinical and biochemical expression of a homozygous missense mutation in the IGF-I gene. Proc Endocr Soc 2003:393(abstract P2-358).
146. Abuzzahab MJ, Schneider A, Goddard A, et al. IGF-I receptor mutations resulting in intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation. N Engl J Med. 349:2003;2211-2222
147. Rosenfeld RG, Attie KM, Frane J, et al. Growth hormone therapy of Turner's syndrome: beneficial effect on adult height. J Pediatr. 132:1998;319-324
148. Guyda HJ. Four decades of growth hormone therapy for short children: what have we achieved? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:1999;4307-4316
149. Hintz RL, Attie KM, Baptista J, Roche A. Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature. Genentech Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 340:1999;502-507
150. Saenger P, Wikland KA, Conway GS, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:2001;3061-3069
151. Wit J M, Quigley C A, Rekers-Mombarg L T, et al. Growth hormone (GH) significantly increases final height in patients with non-GH deficient short stature. Pediatric Research 2003;(suppl 53):154(abstract 879).
152. Sandberg DE, Voss LD. The psychosocial consequences of short stature: a review of the evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 16:2002;449-463
153. Ulph F, Betts P, Mulligan J, Stratford RJ. Personality functioning: the influence of stature. Arch Dis Child. 89:2004;17-21
154. Noeker M, Haverkamp F. Adjustment in conditions with short stature: a conceptual framework. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 13:2000;1585-1594
155. Hilken J. UK audit of childhood growth hormone prescription, 1998. Arch Dis Child. 84:2001;387-389
156. Sargent JD, Blanchflower DG. Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood. Analysis of a British birth cohort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 148:1994;681-687