Genomics and proteomics of nucleoside transporters

Current Pharmacogenomics

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 281-287

  Reyes, German ^a   Coe, Imogen R ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; DRUG CARRIER; EQUILIBRATIVE NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER; EQUILIBRATIVE NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER 1; GAMMA INTERFERON; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; MESSENGER RNA; NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER;

CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DRUG TRANSPORT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE LOCATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOMICS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; LEISHMANIA; MOLECULAR CLONING; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEOMICS; QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; REVIEW; RNA DEGRADATION; RNA STABILITY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TARGET CELL; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 28444490089     PISSN: 15701603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157016005774913130     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Acimovic, Y. and Coe, I. R. (2002) Molecular Evolution of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family: Identification of novel members in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 2199-2210.
2. Ackley, M. A.; Governo, R. J.; Cass, C. E.; Young, J. D.; Baldwin, S. A. and King, A. E. (2003) Control of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn by the nucleoside transporter ENT1. J. Physiol. 548, 507-517.
3. Altschuler, Y.; Hodson, C. and Milgram, S. L. (2003) The apical compartment: trafficking pathways, regulators and scaffolding proteins. Curr. Opin. in Cell Biol. 15, 423-429.
4. Arastu-Kapur, S.; Arendt, C. S.; Purnat, T.; Carter, N. S. and Ullman, B. (2005) Second-site suppression of a nonfunctional mutation within the Leishmania donovani inosine-guanosine transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2213-2219.
5. Archer, R. G.; Pitelka, V. and Hammond, J. R. (2004) Nucleoside transporter subtype expression and function in rat skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 143, 202-214.
6. Baldwin, S. A.; Beal, P. R.; Yao, S. Y. M.; King, A. E.; Cass, C. E. and Young, J. D. (2004) The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29. Pflugers Arch. - Eur. J. Physiol. 447, 735-743.
7. Baldwin, S. A.; Yao, S. Y. M.; Hyde, R. J.; Ng, A. M. L.; Foppolo, S.; Barnes, K.; Ritzel, M. W. L.; Cass, C. E. and Young, J. D. (2005) Functional characterization of novel human and mouse equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT3 and mENT3) located in intracellular membranes. J. Biol. Chem. in press.
8. Bauman, P. A. and Blakely, R. D. (2002). Determinants within the C-terminus of the human norepinephrine transporter dictate transporter trafficking, stability and activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophy. 404, 80-91.
9. Bjerggaard, C.; Fog, J. U.; Hastrup, H.; Madsen, K.; Loland, C. J.; Javitch, J. A. and Gether, U. (2004) Surface targeting of the dopamine transporter involves discrete epitopes in the distal C terminus but does not require canonical PDZ domain interactions. J. Neurosci. 24, 7024-7036.
10. Chang, C.; Swaan, P. W.; Ngo, L. Y.; Lum, P. Y.; Patil, S. D. and Unadkat, J. D. (2004) Molecular requirements of the human nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2 and hENT1. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 558-570.
11. Chaudary, N.; Naydenova, Z.; Shuralyova, I. and Coe, I. R. (2004a) Hypoxia regulates the adenosine transporter, mENT1, in the murine cardiomyocyte cell line, HL-1. Cardiovascular Res. 61, 780-788.
12. Chaudary, N.; Naydenova, Z.; Shuralyova, I. and Coe, I. R. (2004b) PKCε regulates ischemic preconditioning and the adenosine transporter, mENT1, in the mouse cardiac myocyte cell line, HL-1. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 310, 1190-1198.
13. Choi, D. -S.; Cascini, M. -G.; Mailliard, W.; Young, H.; Paredes, P.; McMahon, T.; Diamond, I.; Bonci, A. and Messing, R. O. (2004) The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates ethanol intoxication and preference. Nature-Neurosci. 7, 855-861.
14. Coe, I. R.; Zhang, Y.; McKenzie, T. and Naydenova, Z. (2002) PKC regulation of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, hENT1. FEBS Lett. 517, 201-205.
15. Damaraju, V. L.; Damaraju, S.; Young, J. D.; Baldwin, S. A.; Mackey, J.; Sawyer, M. B. and Cass, C. E. (2003) Nucleoside anticancer drugs: the role of nucieoside transporters in resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Oncogene 22, 7524-7536.
16. Dev, K. K.; Nakanish, S. and Henley, J. M. (2004) The PDZ domain of PICK1 differentially accepts protein kinase C-α and GluR2 as interacting ligands. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 41393-41397.
17. 1 adenosine receptors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 2710-2719.
18. Ellgaard, L. and Helenius, A. (2003) Quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 181-191.
19. Endres, C. J.; Sengupta, D. J. and Unadkat, J. D. (2004) Mutation of leucine-92 selectively reduces the apparent affinity of inosine, guanosine, NBMPR [S6-(4-nitrobenzyl)-mercaptopurine riboside] and dilazep for the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, hENT1. Biochem. J. 380, 131-137.
20. 6-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-mercaptopurine Riboside, and Dipyridamole. Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 837-844.
21. Engel, K.; Zhou, M. and Wang, J. (2004) Identification and Characterization of a Novel Monoamine Transporter in the Human Brain. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 50042-50049.
22. Evans, E. E. and Relling, M. V. (2004) Moving towards individualized medicine with pharmacogenomics. Nature 429, 464-468.
23. Evans, E. E. and Relling, M. V. (1999) Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 286, 487-491.
24. Farhan, H.; Korkhov, V. M.; Paulitschke, V.; Dorostkar, M. M.; Schulze, P.; Kudlacek, O.; Freissmuth, M. and Sitte, H. H. (2004) Two discontinuous segments in the carboxyl terminus are required for membrane targeting of the rat γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1 (GAT-1). J. Biol. Chem. 279, 28553-28563.
25. Farré, X.; Guillén-Gómez, E.; Sánchez, L.; Hardisson, D.; Plaza, Y.; Lloberas, J.; Casado, F. J.; Palacios, J. and Pastor-Anglada, M. (2004) Expression of the nucleoside-derived drug transporters hCNT1, hENT1 and hENT2 in gynecologic tumors. Int. J. Cancer 112, 959-966.
26. Galmarini, C. M.; Mackey, J. R. and Dumontet, C. (2001) Nucleoside analogues: mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal strategies. Leukemia 15, 875-890.
27. Galmarini. C. M.; Thomas, X.; Calvo, F.; Rousselot, P.; Rabilloud, M.; El Jaffari, A.; Cros, E. and Dumontet, C. (2002a) In vivo mechanisms of resistance to cytarabine in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 117, 860-868.
28. Galmarini, C. M.; Thomas, X.; Calvo, F.; Rousselot, P.; Jafaari, A. E.; Cros, E. and Dumontet, C. (2002b) Potential mechanisms of resistance to cytarabine in AML patients. Leuk. Res. 26, 621-629.
29. Gray, J. H.; Owen, R. P. and Giacomini, K. M. (2004a) The concentrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC28. Pflugers Arch - Eur. J. Physiol. 447, 728-734.
30. Gray, J. H.; Mangravite, L. M.; Owen, R. P.; Urban, T, J.; Chan, W.; Carlson, E. J.; Huang, C. C.; Kawamoto, M.; Johns, S. J.; Stryke, D.; Ferrin, T. E. and Giacomini, K. M. (2004b) Functional and genetic diversity in the concentrative nucleoside transporter, CNT1, in human populations. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 512-519.
31. Handa, M.; Choi, D. S.; Caldeiro, R. M.; Messing, R. O.; Gordon, A. S. and Diamond, I. (2001) Cloning of a novel isoform of the mouse NBMPR-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) lacking a putative phosphorylation site. Gene 262, 301-307.
32. Huang, Q. Q.; Yao, S. Y.; Ritzel, M. W.; Paterson, A. R.; Cass, C. E. and Young, J. D. (1994) Cloning and functional expression of a complementary DNA encoding a mammalian nucleoside transport protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17757-17760.
33. Jeha, S.; Gandhi, V.; Chan, K. W.; McDonald, L.; Ramirez, I.; Madden, R.; Rytting, M.; Brandt, M.; Keating, M.; Plunkett, W.; and Kantarjian, H. (2004). Clofarabine, a novel nucleoside analog, is active in pediatric patients with advanced leukemia. Blood 103, 784-789.
34. Katsura, T. and Inui, K. (2003) Intestinal absorption of drugs mediated by drug transporters: mechanisms and regulation. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 18, 1-15.
35. Kiss, A.; Farah, K.; Kim, J.; Garriock, R. J.; Drysdale, T. A. and Hammond, J. R. (2000) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of inhibitor-sensitive (mENT1) and inhibitor-resistant (mENT2) equilibrative nucleoside transporters from mouse brain. Biochem. J. 352, 363-372.
36. Klein, T. E.; Chang, J. T.; Cho, M. K.; Easton, K. L.; Fergerson, R.; Hewett, M.; Lin, Z.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S.; Oliver, D. E.; Rubin, D. L.; Shafa, F.; Stuart, J. M. and Altman, R. B. (2001) Integrating Genotype and Phenotype Information: An Overview of the PharmGKB Project. Pharmacogenomics J. 1, 167-170.
37. Kong, W.; Engel, K. and Wang, J. (2004) Mammalian Nucleoside Transporters. Curr. Drug Metabol. 5, 63-84.
38. Lai, Y.; Bakken, A. D. and Unadkat, J. D. (2002) Simultaneous expression of hCNT1-CFP and hENT1-YFP in Mardin-Darby canine (MDCK) cells: localization and vectorial transport studies. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 37711-37717.
39. Lai, Y.; Tse, C. M. and Unadkat, J. D. (2004) Mitochondrial expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) results in enhanced mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4490-4497.
40. Lai, Y.; Lee, E. W.; Ton, C. C.; Vijay, S.; Zhang, H. and Unadkat, J. D. (2005) Conserved residues F316 and G476 in the concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) affect guanosine sensitivity and membrane expression, respectively. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 288, C39-C45.
41. Laurencot, C. M.; Scheffer, G. L.; Scheper, R. J. and Shoemaker, R. H. (1997) Increased LRP mRNA expression is associated with the MDR phenotype in intrinsically resistant human cancer cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 72, 1021-1026.
42. Leabman, M. K.; Huang, C. C.; De Young, J.; Carlson, E. J.; Taylor, T. R.; de la Cruz, M.; Johns, S. J.; Stryke, D.; Kawamoto, M.; Urban, T. J.; Kroetz, D. L.; Ferrin, T. E.; Clark, A. G.; Risch, N.; Herskowitz, I.; Giacomini, K. M. and The Pharmacogenetics of Membrane Transporters Investigators. (2003) Natural variation in human membrane transporter genes reveals evolutionary and functional constraints. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100, 5896-5901.
43. Lee, C. H. and Ling, V. (2003) Superinduction of P-glycoprotein messenger RNA in vivo in the presence of transcriptional inhibitors. J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 3, 14-26.
44. Lee, V. H.; Sporty, J. L. and Fandy, T. E. (2001) Pharmacogenomics of drug transporters: the next drug delivery challenge. Advanced Drug Delivery Rev. 50, S33-S40.
45. - cotransporter NBC1 to basolateral membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 43190-43197.
46. + nucleoside cotransporters hCNT1 and hCNT2. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 24475-24484.
47. Lu, H.; Chen, C. and Klaassen, C. (2004) Tissue distribution of concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporters in male and female rats and mice. Drug Metabol. Dispos. 32, 1455-1461.
48. Mackey, J. R.; Galmarini, C. M.; Graham, K. A.; Joy, A. A.; Delmer, A.; Dabbaugh, L.; Glubrecht, D.; Jewell, L. D.; Lai, R.; Lang, T.; Young, J. D.; Merle-Béral, H.; Binet, J. L.; Cass, C. E. and Dumontet, C. (2005) Quantitative analysis of nucleoside transporter and metabolism gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) - Identification of fludarabine-sensitive and insensitive populations. Blood 105, 767-774.
49. Mackey, J. R.; Jennings, L. L.; Clarke, M. L.; Santos, C. L.; Dabbagh, L.; Vsianska, M.; Koski, S. L.; Coupland, R. W.; Baldwin, S. A.; Young, J, D. and Cass, C. E. (2002) Immunohistochemical variation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 protein in primary breast cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 110-116.
50. Mackey, J. R.; Mani, R. S.; Selner, M.; Mowles, D.; Young, J. D.; Belt, J. A.; Crawford, C. R. and Cass, C. E. (1998a) Functional nucleoside transporters are required for gemcitabine influx and manifestation of toxicity in cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 58, 4349-4357.
51. Mackey, J. R.; Baldwin, S. A.; Young, J. D. and Cass, C. E. (1998b) Nucleoside transport and its significance for anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resis. Updat. 1, 310-324.
52. Mangravite, L. M. and Giacomini, K. M. (2003) Sorting of rat SPNT in renal epithelium is independent of N-glycosylation. Pharm. Res. 20, 319-323.
53. Mangravite, L. M.; Lipschutz, J. H.; Mostov, K. E. and Giacomini, K. M. (2001) Localization of GFP-tagged concentrative nucleoside transporters in a renal polarized epithelial cell line. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280, F879-F885.
54. Mangravite, L. M.; Xiao, G. and Giacomini, K. M. (2003) Localization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters, hENT1 and hENT2 in renal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284, F902-F910.
55. Mani, R. S.; Hammond, J. R.; Marjan, J. M.; Graham, K. A.; Young, J. D.; Baldwin, S. A. and Cass, C. E. (1998) Demonstration of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT1 and hENT2) in nuclear envelopes of cultured human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells by functional reconstitution in proteoliposomes. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30818-30825.
56. Mata, J. F.; Garcia-Manteiga, J. M.; Lostao, M. P.; Fernandez-Veledo, S., Guillen,-Goemz, E.; Larrayoz, I. M.; Lloberas, J.; Casado, F. J. and Pastor-Anglada, M. (2001) Role of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter (hCNT1) in the cytotoxic action of 5′-deoxy-5-fluofouridine, an active intermediate metabolite of capecitabine, a novel oral anticancer drug. Mol. Pharmacol. 59, 1542-1548.
57. McKenzie, R.; Fried, M. W.; Sallie, R.; Conjeevaram, H.; Di Bisceglie, A. M.; Park, Y.; Savarese, B.; Kleiner, D.; Tsokos, M.; Luciano, C.; Pruett, T.; Stotka, J. L.; Straus, S. E. and Hoofnagle, J. H. (1995) Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1099-1105.
58. Molina-Arcas, M.; Marce, S.; Villamor, N.; Huber-Ruano, I.; Casado, F. J.; Bellosillo, B.; Montserrat, E.; Gil, J.; Colomer, D. and Pastor-Anglada, M. (2005) Equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 (hENT2) protein expression correlates with ex vivo sensitivity to fludarabine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. Leukemia 19, 64-68.
59. Molina-Arcas, M.; Bellosillo, B.; Casado, F. J.; Montserrat, E.; Gil, J.; Colomer, D. and Pastor-Anglada, M. (2003) Fludarabine uptake mechanisms in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 101, 2328-2334.
60. Osato, D. H.; Huang, C. C.; Kawamoto, M.; Johns, S. J.; Stryke, D.; Wang, J.; Ferrin, T. E.; Herskowitz, I. and Giacomini, K. M. (2003) Functional characterization in yeast of genetic variants in the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, ENT1. Pharmacogenetics 13, 297-301.
61. Parkinson, F. E.; Zhang, Y. W.; Shepel, P. N.; Greenway, S. C.; Peeling, J. and Geiger, J. D. (2000) Effects of nitrobenzylthioinosine on neuronal injury, adenosine levels, and adenosine receptor activity in rat forebrain ischemia. J. Neurochem. 75, 795-802.
62. 2Y2 purinoceptors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 90, 570-577.
63. Pastor-Anglada, M.; Molina-Arcas, M.; Casado, F. J.; Bellosillo, B.; Colomer, D. and Gil, J. (2004) Nucleoside transporters in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 18, 385-393.
64. Patel, D. H.; Crawford, C. R.; Naeve, C. W. and Belt, J. A. (2000) Cloning, genomic organization and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding the murine sodium-dependent, purine-selective, concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT2). Gene 242, 51-58.
65. Pawelczyk, T.; Podgorska, M. and Sakowicz, M. (2003) The effect of insulin on expression level of nucleoside transporters in diabetic rats. Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 81-88.
66. Pennycooke, M.; Chaudary, N.; Shuralyova, I.; Zhang, Y. and Coe, I. R. (2001) Differential expression of human nucleoside transporters in normal and tumor tissue. BBRC 280, 951-959.
67. Plunkett, W. and Gandhi, V. Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular Pharmacology, Mechanisms of Action, and Strategies for Combination Therapy, in Nucleoside Analogs in Cancer Therapy; Cheson, B. D.; Keating, M. J. and Plunkett, M. J.; Eds.; 1997, Marcel Dekker Inc: NY, pp. 1-35.
68. Sakowicz, M.; Szutowicz, A. and Pawelczyk, T. (2004) Insulin and glucose induced changes in expression level of nucleoside transporters and adenosine transport in rat T lymphocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68, 1309-1320.
69. Sankar, N.; Machado, J.; Abdulla, P.; Hilliker, A. J. and Coe, I. R. (2002) Comparative genomic analysis of equilibrative nucleoside transporters suggests conserved protein structure despite limited sequence identity. Nucl. Acids Res. 30, 4339-4350.
70. Sengupta, D. J. and Unadkat, J. D. (2004) Glycine 154 of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter hENT1 is important for nucleoside transport and for conferring sensitivity to the inhibitors nitrobenzylthioinosine, dipyridamole and dilazep. Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 453-458.
71. Sengupta, D. J.; Lum, P. Y.; Lai, Y. R.; Shubochkina, E.; Bakken, A. H.; Schneider, G. and Unadkat, J. D. (2002) A single glycine mutation in the equilibrative nucleoside transport gene, hENT1, alters nucleoside transport activity and sensitivity to nitrobenzylthiomosine. Biochemistry 41, 1512-1519.
72. Soler, C.; Felipe, A.; Garcia-Manteiga, J.; Serra, M.; Guillen-Gomez, E.; Casado, F. J.; MacLeod, C.; Modolell, M.; Pastor-Anglada, M. and Celada, A. (2003) Interferon-gamma regulates nucleoside transport systems in macrophages through signal transduction and activator of transduction factor 1 (STAT1)-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. Biochem. J. 375, 777-783.
73. Soler, C.; Garcia-Manteiga, J.; Valdes, R.; Xaus, J.; Comalada, M.; Casado, F. J.; Pastor-Anglada, M.; Celada, A. and Felipe, A. (2001) Macrophages require different nucleoside transport systems for proliferation and activation. FASEB J. 15, 1979-1988.
74. Spratlin, J.; Sangha, R.; Glubrecht, D.; Dabbagh, L.; Young, J. D.; Dumontet, C.; Cass, C.; Lai, R. and Mackey, J. R. (2004) The absence of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 is associated with reduced survival in patients with gemcitabine-treated pancreas adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 6956-6961.
75. Stolk, M; Cooper, E.; Vilk, G.; Litchfield, D. W. and Hammond, J. R. (2005) Subtype-specific regulation of equilibrative nucleoside transporters by protein kinase CK2. Biochem. J. 386, 281-289.
76. + current in human airway epithelial cells by exogenous and autocrine adenosine. Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol. 281, C1991-C2002.
77. Tempero, M.; Plunkett, W.; Ruiz Van Haperen, V.; Hainsworth, J.; Hochster, H.; Lenzi, R. and Abbruzzese, J. (2003) Randomized phase II comparison of dose-intense gemcitabine: thirty-minute infusion and fixed dose rate infusion in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 3402-3408.
78. Toan, S. V.; To, K. K.; Leung, G. P.; de Souza, M. O.; Ward, J. L. and Tse, C. M. (2003) Genomic organization and functional characterization of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter-3 isoform (hCNT3) expressed in mammalian cells. Pflugers Arch. - Eur. J. Physiol. 447, 195-204.
79. Torres, G. E.; Carneiro, A.; Seamans, K.; Fiorentini, C.; Sweeney, A.; Yao, W. D. and Caron, M. G. (2003) Oligomerization and trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Mutational analysis identifies critical domains important for the functional expression of the transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 2731-2739
80. Vasquez, G.; Sanhueza, F.; Vasquez, R.; Gonzalez, M.; San Martin, R.; Casanello, P. and Sobrevia, L. (2004) Role of adenosine transport in gestational diabetes-induced L-arginine transport and nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelium. J. Physiol. 560, 111-122.
81. Vickers, M. F.; Mani, R. S.; Sundaram, M.; Hogue, D. L.; Young, J. D.; Baldwin, S. A. and Cass, C. E. (1999) Functional production and reconstitution of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Interaction of inhibitors of nucleoside transport with recombinant hENT1 and a glycosylation-defective derivative (hENT1/N48Q). Biochem. J. 339, 21-32.
82. Visser, F.; Vickers, M. F.; Ng, A. L.; Baldwin, S. A.; Young, J. D. and Cass, C. E. (2002) Mutation of residue 33 of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and 2 alters sensitivity to inhibition of transport by dilazep and dipyridamole. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 395-401.
83. Visser, F.; Zhang, J.; Raborn, R. T.; Baldwin, S. A.; Young, J. D. and Cass, C. E. (2005) Residue 33 of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 is functionally important component of both the dipyridamole and nucleoside binding sites. Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1291-1298.
84. Wang, J. and Giacomini, K. M. (1997) Molecular determinants of substrate selectivity in Na+-dependent nucleoside transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28845-28848.
85. Wang, J. and Giacomini, K. M. (1999) Serine 318 is essential for the pyrimidine selectivity of the N2 Na+-nucleoside transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 2298-2302.
86. Ward, J. L.; Leung, G. P.; Toan, S. V. and Tse, C. M. (2003) Functional analysis of site-directed glycosylation mutants of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 411, 19-26.
87. Weinshilboum, R. and Wang, L. (2004) Pharmacogenetics: Inherited variation in amino acid sequence and altered protein quantity. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 75, 253-258.