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note
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An electrical potential at a point is defined as the amount of work per charge that is needed to remove the charge to infinity. In electronic devices, a useful concept is the voltage between a pair of points, which is the difference in electrical potential between these points. Conductors are assumed to be equipotential throughout, as long as no current flows through them. In contrast to these, the electrical potentials of points on insulators are assumed to be undefined because the electrical charges cannot equilibrate. Therefore, it is customary to insert 'electrodes' and define the electrical potentials of these electrodes on the insulator with respect to each other by conducting leads to a voltage source that imposes the required potential difference.
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This holds also for molecular layers with only average orientation as long as they have a net dipole moment.
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