Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Pediatric Bone: Biology & Diseases

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 679-701

  Kuizon, Beatriz D ^a   Salusky, Isidro B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 26044468045     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012286551-0/50030-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (198)

1. Salusky I.B., Goodman W.G. Growth hormone and calcitriol as modifiers of bone formation in renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int. 1995, 48:657-665.
2. Goodman W.G., Ramirez J.A., Belin T.R., Chon Y., Gales B., Segre G.V., Salusky I.B. Development of adynamic bone in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after intermittent calcitriol therapy. Kidney Int. 1994, 46:1160-1166.
3. Hernandez D., Concepcion M.T., Lorenzo V., Martinez M.E., Rodriguez A., De Bonis E., Gonzalez-Posada J.M., Felsenfeld A.J., Rodriguez M., Torres A. Adynamic bone disease with negative aluminum staining in predialysis patients: Prevalence and evolution after maintenance dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1994, 9:517-523.
4. Garner S.C., Hinson T.K., Mccarty K.S., Leight M., Leight G.S., Quarles L.D. Quantitative analysis of the calcium-sensing receptor messenger RNA in parathyroid adenomas. Surgery 1997, 122:1166-1175.
5. Krempien B., Mehls O., Ritz E. Morphological studies on pathogenesis of epiphyseal slipping in uremic children. Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histol. 1974, 362:129-143.
6. Lanske B., Karaplis A.C., Lee K., Luz A., Vortkamp A., Pirro A., Karperien M., Defize L.H.K., Ho C., Mulligan R.C., Abou-Samra A.B., Jiippner H., Segre G.V., Kronenberg H.M. PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-regulated bone growth. Science 1996, 273:663-666.
7. Vortkamp A., Lee K., Lanske B., Segre G.V., Kronenberg H.M., Tabin C.J. Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 1996, 273:613-622.
8. Sanchez C.P., Salusky I.B., Kuizon B.D., Abdella P., Jüppner H., Goodman W.G. Growth of long bones in renal failure: Roles of hyperparathyroidism, growth hormone and calcitriol. Kidney Int. 1998, 54:1879-1887.
9. Sanchez C.P., Kuizon B.D., Abdella P.A., Jüppner H., Salusky I.B., Goodman W.G. Impaired growth, delayed ossification, and reduced osteoclastic activity in the growth plate of calcium-supplemented rats with renal failure. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1536-1544.
10. Kuizon B.D., Salusky I.B. Bone diseases in children with chronic renal failure. The Spectrum of Renal Osteodystrophy 2001, 309-341. Oxford Univ. Press, Amsterdam. T. Drueke (Ed.).
11. Tonshoff B., Blum W.F., Mehls O. Derangements of the somatotropic hormone axis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. Suppl. 1997, 58:S106-S113.
12. Samaan N.A., Freeman R.M. Growth hormone levels in severe renal failure. Metabolism 1970, 19:102-113.
13. Tonshoff B., Eden S., Weiser E., Carlsson B., Robinson L.C., Blum W.F., Mehls O. Reduced hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor gene expression and increased plasma GH binding protein in experimental uremia. Kidney Int. 1994, 45:1085-1092.
14. Schaefer F., Chen Y., Tsao T., Nouri P., Rabkin R. Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia. J.Clin. Invest. 2001, 108:467-475.
15. Yakar S., Liu J.L., Stannard B., Butler A., Accili D., Sauer B., Leroith D. Factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:7324-7329.
16. Sjogren K., Liu J.L., Blad K., Skrtic S., Vidal O., Wallenius V., Leroith D., Tornell J., Isaksson O.G., Jansson J.O., Ohlsson C. Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the principal source of IGF-I in blood but is not required for postnatal body growth in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:7088-7092.
17. Hanna J.D., Santos F., Foreman J.W., Chan J.C.M., Han V.K.M. Insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in the tibial epiphyseal growth plate of growth hormone-treated uremic rats. Kidney Int. 1995, 41:1374-1382.
18. Edmondson S.R., Mehls O., Oh J., Mehls O. Growth hormone receptor abundance in tibial growth plates of uremic rats: GH/IGF-I treatment. Kidney Int. 2000, 58:62-70.
19. Wuhl E., Haffner D., Nissel R., Schaefer F., Mehls O. Short dialyzed children respond less to growth hormone than patients prior to dialysis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1996, 10:294-298. The German Study Group For Growth Hormone Treatment In Chronic Renal Failure.
20. Mehls O., Wuhl E., Haffner D., Schaefer F., Tonshoff B. Growth hormone treatment of short children with chronic renal failure before and after renal transplantation: Rationale and recent results. Nephrol Dial. Transplant. 1996, 11:1747-1750.
21. Saggese G., Federico G., Cinquanta L. In vitro effects of growth hormone and other hormones on chondrocytes and osteoblast-like cells. Acta Paediatr. (Suppl.) 1993, 391:54-59.
22. 3 differentially regulates the production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-4 in mouse osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1991, 129:3139-3146.
23. Kuizon B.D., Goodman W.G., Jüppner H., Boechat I., Nelson P., Gales B., Salusky I.B. Diminished linear growth during treatment with intermittent calcitriol and dialysis in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1998, 53:205-211.
24. 3 reduces spontaneous and hypocalcemic-stimulated pulsatile component of parathyroid hormone secretion. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1998, 9:54-62.
25. Grant F.D., Conlin P.R., Brown E.M. Rate and concentration dependence of parathyroid hormone dynamics during stepwise changes in serum ionized calcium in normal humans. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990, 71:370-378.
26. Brent G.A., Leboff M.S., Seely E.M., Conlin P.R., Brown E.M. Relationship between the concentration and rate of change of serum calcium and serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in normal humans. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988, 67:944-950.
27. Brown E.M. Four-parameter model of the sigmoidal relationship between parathyroid hormone release and extracellular calcium concentration in normal and abnormal parathyr. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1983, 56:572-581.
28. Ramirez J.A., Goodman W.G., Belin T., Gales B., Segre G.V., Salusky I.B. Calcitriol therapy and calcium-regulated PTH secretion in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am. J. Physiol. (Endocrinol Metab.) 1994, 267:E961-E967.
29. Brown E.M., Pollak M., Seidman C.E., Seidman J.G., Chou Y.H., Riccardi D., Hebert S.C. Calcium-ion-sensing cell-surface receptors. N.Engl. J. Med. 1995, 333:234-240.
30. Brown E.M., MacLeod R.J. Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling. Physiol. Rev. 2001, 81:239-297.
31. Pollak M.R., Brown E.M., Estep H.L., Mclaine P.N., Kifor O., Park J., Hebert S.C., Seidman C.E., Seidman J.G. Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia caused by a Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene mutation. Nature Genet. 1994, 8:303-307.
32. +2-sensing receptor gene causing familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Cell 1993, 75:1297-1303.
33. Chou Y.H., Pollak M.R., Brandi M.L., Toss G., Arnqvist H., Atkinson A.B., Papapoulos S.E., Marx S., Brown E.M., Seidman J.G. Mutations in the human Ca(2+)-sensing-receptor gene that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995, 56:1075-1079.
34. Ho C., Conner D.A., Pollak M.R., Ladd D.J., Kifor O., Warren H.B., Brown E.M., Seidman J.G., Seidman C.E. A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nature Genet. 1995, 11:389-394.
35. Naveh-Many T., Silver J. Regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and vitamin D in the rat. J.Clin. Invest. 1990, 86:1313-1319.
36. Naveh-Many T., Rahamimov R., Livni N., Silver J. Parathyroid cell proliferation in normal and chronic renal failure rats. The effects of calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D. J.Clin. Invest. 1995, 96:1786-1793.
37. Yamamoto M., Igarashi T., Fukagawa M., Motokura T., Ogata E. Hypocalcemia increases and hypercalcemia decreases the steady-state level of parathyroid hormone messenger RNA in the rat. J.Clin. Invest. 1989, 83:1053-1056.
38. Okazaki T., Ando K., Igarashi T., Ogata E., Fujita T. Conserved mechanism of negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium. Parathyroid hormone gene versus atrial natriuretic polypeptide gene. J.Clin. Invest. 1992, 89:1268-1273.
39. Okazaki T., Zajac J.D., Igarashi T., Ogata E., Kronenberg H.M. Negative regulatory elements in the human parathyroid hormone gene. J.Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:21903-21910.
40. Moallem E., Kilav R., Silver J., Naveh-Many T. RNA-protein binding and post-transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by calcium and phosphate. J.Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:5253-5259.
41. Yalcindag C., Silver J., Naveh-Many T. Mechanism of increased parathyroid hormone mRNA in experimental uremia: Roles of protein RNA binding and RNA degradation. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999, 10:2562-2568.
42. Okazaki T., Chung U., Nishishita T., Ebisu S., Usuda S., Mishiro S., Xanthoudakis S., Igarashi T., Ogata E. A redox factor protein, refl, is involved in negative gene regulation by extracellular calcium. J.Biol Chem. 1994, 269:27855-27862.
43. Goldman R., Bassett S.H. Phosphorus excretion in renal failure. J.Clin. Invest. 1954, 33:1623-1628.
44. Slatopolsky E., Finch J., Denda M., Ritter C., Zhong M., Dusso A., MacDonald P.N., Brown A.J. Phosphorus restriction prevents parathyroid gland growth. High phosphorus directly stimulates PTH secretion in vitro. J.Clin. Invest. 1996, 97:2534-2540.
45. Denda M., Finch J., Slatopolsky E. Phosphorus accelerates the development of parathyroid hyperplasia and secondary hyperparathyroidism in rats with renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1996, 28:596-602.
46. Takahashi F., Denda M., Finch J.L., Brown A.J., Slatopolsky E. Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland without secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int. 2002, 61:1332-1338.
47. Tatsumi S., Segawa H., Morita K., Haga H., Kouda T., Yamamoto H., Inoue Y., Nii T., Katai K., Taketani Y., Miyamoto K.I., Takeda E. Molecular cloning and hormonal regulation of PiT-1, a sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter from rat parathyroid glands. Endocrinology 1998, 139:1692-1699.
48. Shinki T., Shimada H., Wakino S., Anazawa H., Hayashi M., Saruta T., Deluca H.F., Suda T. Cloning and expression of rat 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-lalpha-hydroxylase cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:12920-12925.
49. Kitanaka S., Takeyama K., Murayama A., Sato T., Okumura K., Nogami M., Hasegawa Y., Niimi H., Yanagisawa J., Tanaka T., Kato S. Inactivating mutations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 lalpha-hydroxylase gene in patients with pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets. N.Engl J. Med. 1998, 338:653-661.
50. Yoshida T., Monkawa T., Tenenhouse H.S., Goodyer P., Shinki T., Suda T., Wakino S., Hayashi M., Saruta T. Two novel lalpha-hydroxylase mutations in French-Canadians with vitamin D dependency rickets type II. Kidney Int. 1998, 54:1437-1443.
51. Silver J., Russell J., Sherwood L.M. Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of messenger ribonucleic acid for prepropar-athyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1985, 82:4270-4273.
52. Silver J., Naveh-Many T., Mayer H., Schmelzer H.J., Popovtzer M.M. Regulation by vitamin D metabolites of parathyroid hormone gene transcription in vivo in the rat. J.Clin. Invest. 1986, 78:1296-1301.
53. Russell J., Silver J., Sherwood L.M. The effects of calcium and vitamin D metabolites on cytoplasmic mRNA coding for pre-proparathyroid hormone in isolated parathyroid cells. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 1984, 97:296-303.
54. 3 receptor and mediate transcriptional repression in response to 1,25. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:8097-8101.
55. Mackey S.L., Heymont J.L., Kronenberg H.M., Demay M.B. Vitamin D receptor binding to the negative human parathyroid hormone vitamin D response element does not require the retinoid X receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 1996, 10:298-305.
56. Farrow S.M., Hawa N.S., Karmali R., Hewison M., Walters J.C., O'riordan J.L. Binding of the receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the 5'-flanking region of the bovine parathyroid hormone gene. J.Endocrinol. 1990, 126:355-359.
57. Hawa N.S., O'riordan J.L., Farrow S.M. Binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors to the 5'-flanking region of the bovine parathyroid hormone gene. J.Endocrinol. 1994, 142:53-60.
58. Liu S.M., Koszewski N., Lupez M., Malluche H.H., Olivera A., Russell J. Characterization of a response element in the 5'-flanking region of the avian (chicken) PTH gene that mediates negative regulation of gene transcription by. Mol. Endocrinol. 1996, 10:206-215.
59. Naveh-Many T., Marx R., Keshet E., Pike J.W., Silver J. Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the parathyroid in vivo. J.Clin. Invest. 1990, 86:1968-1975.
60. Brown A.J., Zhong M., Finch J., Ritter C., Slatopolsky E. The roles of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the regulation of vitamin D receptor expression by rat parathyroid glands. Endocrinology 1995, 136:1419-1425.
61. Patel S.R., Ke H.Q., Vanholder R., Koenig R.J., Hsu C.H. Inhibition of calcitriol receptor binding to vitamin D response elements by uremic toxins. J.Clin. Invest. 1995, 96:50-59.
62. 3 receptor density is associated with a more severe form of parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic uremic patients. J.Clin. Invest. 1993, 92:1436-1443.
63. Li Y.C., Pirro A.E., Amling M., Delling G., Baron R., Bronson R., Demay M.B. Targeted ablation of the vitamin D receptor: An animal model of vitamin D-dependent rickets type II with alopecia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:9831-9835.
64. Amling M., Priemel M., Holzmann T., Chapin K., Rueger J.M., Baron R., Demay M.B. Rescue of the skeletal phenotype of vitamin D receptor-ablated mice in the setting of normal mineral ion homeostasis: Formal histomorphometric and biomechanic. Endocrinology 1999, 140:4982-4987.
65. Li Y.C., Amling M., Pirro A.E., Priemel M., Meuse J., Baron R., Delling G., Demay M.B. Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablat. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4391-4396.
66. Brown E.M., Gardner D.G., Brennan M.F., Marx S.J., Spiegel A.M., Attie M.F., Downs R.W., Doppman J.L., Aurbach G.D. Calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone release in primary hyperparathyroidism: Studies in vitro with dispersed parathyroid cells. Am. J. Med. 1979, 66:923-931.
67. Brown E.M., Wilson R.E., Eastmen R.C., Pallotta J., Marynick S. Abnormal regulation of parathyroid hormone release by calcium in secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1982, 54:172-179.
68. Ramirez J.A., Goodman W.G., Gornbein J., Menezes C., Moulton L., Segre G.V., Salusky I.B. Direct in vivo comparison of calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone secretion in normal volunteers and patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993, 76:1489-1494.
69. Sanchez C.P., Goodman W.G., Ramirez J.A., Belin T.R., Segre G.V., Salusky I.B. Calcium-regulated parathyroid hormone secretion in adynamic renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int. 1995, 48:838-843.
70. Goodman W.G., Veldhuis J.D., Belin T.R., Jüppner H., Salusky I.B. Suppressive effect of calcium on parathyroid hormone release in adynamic renal osteodystrophy and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int. 1997, 51:1590-1595.
71. Goodman W.G., Veldhuis J.D., Belin T.R., Van Herle A.J., Jüppner H., Salusky I.B. Calcium-sensing by parathyroid glands in secondary hyperparathyroidism. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83:2765-2772.
72. Delmez J.A., Tindira C., Grooms P., Dusso A., Windus D.W., Slatopolsky E. Parathyroid hormone suppression by intravenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. A role for increased sensitivity to calcium. J.Clin. Invest. 1989, 83:349-1355.
73. Dunlay R., Rodriguez M., Felsenfeld A.J., Llach F. Direct inhibitory effect of calcitriol on parathyroid function (sigmoidal curve) in dialysis. Kidney Int. 1989, 36:1093-1098.
74. Ouseph R., Leiser J.D., Moe S.M. Calcitriol and the parathyroid hormone-ionized calcium curve: A comparison of methodologic approaches. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996, 7:497-505.
75. Imanishi Y., Hosokawa Y., Yoshimoto K., Schipani E., Mallya S., Papanikolaou A., Kifor O., Tokura T., Sablosky M., Ledgard F., Gronowicz G., Wang T.C., Schmidt E.V., Hall C., Brown E.M., Bronson R., Arnold A. Primary hyperparathyroidism caused by parathyroid-targeted overexpression of cyclin D1 in transgenic mice. J.Clin. Invest. 2001, 107:1093-1102.
76. Arnold A., Brown M.F., Urerla P., Gaz R.D., Sarfati E., DrÜeke T.B. Monoclonality of parathyroid tumors in chronic renal failure and in primary parathyroid hyperplasia. J.Clin. Invest. 1995, 95:2047-2053.
77. Dusso A.S., Pavlopoulos T., Naumovich L., Lu Y., Finch J., Brown A.J., Morrissey J., Slatopolsky E. p21 (WAF1) and transforming growth factor-alpha mediate dietary phosphate regulation of parathyroid cell growth. Kidney Int. 2001, 59:855-865.
78. Cozzolino M., Lu Y., Finch J., Slatopolsky E., Dusso A.S. p21WAFl and TGF-alpha mediate parathyroid growth arrest by vitamin D and high calcium. Kidney Int. 2001, 60:2109-2117.
79. +2-sensing receptor in primary and uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81:1598-1606.
80. Ritter C.S., Finch J.L., Slatopolsky E.A., Brown A.J. Parathyroid hyperplasia in uremic rats precedes down-regulation of the calcium receptor. Kidney Int. 2001, 60:1737-1744.
81. Farnebo F., Hoog A., Sandelin K., Larsson C., Farnebo L.O. Decreased expression of calcium-sensing receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in parathyroid adenomas. Surgery 1998, 124:1094-1098.
82. Brown A.J., Zhong M., Finch J., Ritter C., Mccracken R., Morrissey J., Slatopolsky E. Rat calcium-sensing receptor is regulated by vitamin D but not by calcium. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:F454-F460.
83. Massry S.G., Coburn J.W., Lee D.B.N., Jowsey J., Kleeman C.R. Skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone in renal failure. Ann. Intern. Med. 1973, 78:357-364.
84. Salusky I.B., Coburn J.W., Brill J., Foley J., Slatopolsky E., Fine R.N., Goodman W.G. Bone disease in pediatric patients undergoing dialysis with CAPD or CCPD. Kidney Int. 1988, 33:975-982.
85. Salusky I.B., Ramirez J.A., Oppenheim W.L., Gales B., Segre G.V., Goodman W.G. Biochemical markers of renal osteodystrophy in pediatric patients undergoing CAPD/CCPD. Kidney Int. 1994, 45:253-258.
86. 3. J.Lab. Clin. Med. 1979, 94:152-157.
87. Picton M.L., Moore P.R., Mawer E.B., Houghton D., Freemont A.J., Hutchison A.J., Gokal R., Hoyland J.A. Down-regulation of human osteoblast PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA in end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int. 2000, 58:1440-1449.
88. Lepage R., Roy L., Brossard J.H., Rousseau L., Dorais C., Lazure C., D'amour P. A non-(1-84) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples. Clin. Chem. 1998, b805-b809.
89. Slatopolsky E., Finch J., Clay P., Martin D., Sicard G., Singer G., Gao P., Cantor T., Dusso A. A novel mechanism for skeletal resistance in uremia. Kidney Int. 2000, 58:753-761.
90. Divieti P., John M.R., Juppner H., Bringhurst F.R. Human PTH-(7-84) inhibits bone resorption in vitro via actions independent of the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor. Endocrinology 2002, 143:171-176.
91. Nguyen-Yamamoto L., Rousseau L., Brossard J.H., Lepage R., D'amour P. Synthetic carboxyl-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone (PTH) decrease ionized calcium concentration in rats by acting on a receptor different from the P. Endocrinology 2001, 142:1386-1392.
92. Torres A., Lorenzo V., Hernandez D., Rodriguez J.C., Concepcion M.T., Rodriguez A.P., Hernandez A., De Bonis E., Darias E., Gonzales-Posada J.M., et al. Bone disease in predialysis, hemodialysis, and CAPD patients: Evidence of a better bone response to PTH. Kidney Int. 1995, 47:1434-1442.
93. Malluche H.H., Faugere M.C. Risk of adynamic bone disease in dialyzed patients. Kidney Int. 1992, 42:S62-S67.
94. Sherrard D.J., Hercz G., Pei Y., Maloney N., Greenwood C., Manuel A., Saiphoo C., Fenton S.S., Segre G.V. The spectrum of bone disease in end-stage renal failure-An evolving disorder. Kidney Int. 1993, 43:436-442.
95. Mathias R.S., Salusky I.B., Harmon W.H., Paredes A., Emans J., Segre G.V., Goodman W.G. Renal bone disease in pediatric patients and young adults treated by hemodialysis in a childrens hospital. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1993, 12:1938-1946.
96. Hruska K.A., Teitelbaum S.L. Renal osteodystrophy. N.Engl. J. Med. 1995, 333:166-174.
97. Hercz G., Pei Y., Greenwood C., Manuel A., Saiphoo C., Goodman W.G., Segre G.V., Fenton S., Sherrard D.J. Aplastic osteodystrophy without aluminum: The role of "suppressed" parathyroid function. Kidney Int. 1993, 44:860-866.
98. Goodman W.G., Coburn J.W., Slatopolsky E., Salusky I.B. Renal osteodystrophy in adults and children. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism 1999, 347-363. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Oxford. M.J. Favus (Ed.).
99. Hercz G., Andress D.L., Nebeker H.G., Shinaberger J.H., Sherrard D.J., Coburn J.W. Reversal of aluminum-related bone disease after substituting calcium carbonate for aluminum hydroxide. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1988, 11:70-75.
100. Pei Y., Hercz G., Greenwood C., Segre G.V., Manuel A., Saiphoo C., Fenton S., Sherrard D.J. Risk factors for renal osteodystrophy: A multivariant analysis. J.Bone Miner. Res. 1995, 10:149-156.
101. Malluche H.H., Smith A.J., Abreo K., Faugere M.C. The use of deferoxamine in the management of aluminium accumulation in bone in patients with renal failure. TV. Engl. J. Med. 1984, 311:140-144.
102. Goodman W.G., Leite Duarte M.E. Aluminum: Effects on bone and role in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 1991, 17:221-232.
103. Goodman W.G., O'Connor J. Aluminum alters calcium influx and efflux from bone in vitro. Kidney Int. 1991, 39:602-607.
104. Zanello S.B., Collins E.D., Marinissen M.J., Norman A.W., Boland R.L. Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm. Metab. Res. 1997, 29:231-236.
105. Gipstein R.M., Coburn J.W., Adams J.A., Lee D.B.N., Parsa K.P., Sellars A., Suki W.N., Massry S.G. Calciphylaxis in man: A syndrome of tissue necrosis and vascular calcification in 11 patients with chronic renal failure. Arch. Intern. Med. 1976, 136:1273-1280.
106. Coates T., Kirkland G.S., Dymock R.B., Murphy B.F., Breasley J.K., Mathew T.H., Disney A.P.S. Cutaneous necrosis from calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998, 32:384-391.
107. Hafner J., Keusch G., Wahl C., Sauter B., Hurlimann A., Van Weizsacker F., Krayenbuhl M., Biedermann K., Brunner U., Helfenstein U. Uremic small-artery disease ith medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia (so-called calciphylaxis). A complication of chronic renal failure and benefit fr. J.Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1999, 33:954-962.
108. Mawad H.W., Sawaya B.P., Sarin R., Malluche H.H. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy in association with low turnover uremic bone disease. Clin. Nephrol. 1999, 52:160-166.
109. Portale A. Calcium and phosphorus. Pediatric Nephrology 1999, 191-213. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. T.M. Barratt (Ed.).
110. Zaoui P.M., Stone W.J., Hakim R.M. Effects of dialysis membrane on beta-2 microglobulin production and cellular expression. Kidney Int. 1990, 38:962-968.
111. Bianchi M.L., Colantonio G., Campanini F., Rossi R., Valenti G., Ortolani S., Buccianti G. Calcitriol and calcium carbonate therapy in early chronic renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1994, 9:1595-1599.
112. Hamdy N.A., Kanis J.A., Beneton M.N.C., Brown C.B., Juttmann J.R., Jordans J.G.M., Josse S., Meyrier A., Lins R.L., Fairey I.T. Effect of alfacalcidol on natural course of renal bone disease in mild to moderate renal failure. Br. Med. J. 1995, 310:358-363.
113. Salusky I.B., Kuizon B.D., Belin T., Ramirez J.A., Gales B., Segre G.V., Goodman W.G. Intermittent calcitriol therapy in secondary hyperparathyroidism: A comparison between oral and intraperitoneal administration. Kidney Int. 1998, 54:907-914.
114. John M.R., Goodman W.G., Gao P., Cantor T.L., Salusky I.B., Jüppner H. A novel immunoradiometric assay detects full-length human PTH but not amino-terminally truncated fragments: Implications for PTH measurements in renal failure. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:4287-4290.
115. Salomon R., Charbit M., Gagnadoux M.F., Niaudet P., Gao P., Cantor T., Souberbielle J.C. High serum levels of a non-(l-84) parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment in pediatric haemodialysis patients. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2001, 16:1011-1014.
116. Monier-Faugere M.C., Geng Z., Mawad H., Friedler R.M., Gao P., Cantor T.L., Malluche H.H. Improved assessment of bone turnover by the PTH-(l-84)/large C-PTH fragments ratio in ESRD patients. Kidney Int. 2001, 60:1460-1468.
117. Malluche H.H., Ritz E., Lange H.P., Kutschera J., Hodgson M., Seiffert U., Schoeppe W. Bone histology in incipient and advanced renal failure. Kidney Int. 1976, 9:355-362.
118. Norman M.E., Mazur A.T., Borden S., Gruskin A., Anast C., Baron R., Rasmussen H. Early diagnosis of juvenile renal osteodystrophy. J.Pediatr. 1980, 97:226-232.
119. Eke F.U., Winterborn M.H., Robertson P.W. Detection of early renal osteodystrophy. Child Nephrol. Urol. 1988, 9:33-37.
120. 3]. Histologic bone studies. Acta Pediatr. Scand. 1984, 73:315-324.
121. Witmer G., Margolis A., Fontaine O., Fritsch J., Lenoir G., Broyer M., Balsan S. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on bone lesions of children with terminal renal failure. Kidney Int. 1976, 10:395-408.
122. Langman C.B., Mazur A.T., Baron R., Norman M.E. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) therapy of juvenile renal osteodystrophy: Beneficial effect on linear growth velocity. J.Pediatr. 1982, 100:815-820.
123. Coen G., Mazzaferro S., Ballanti P., Sardella D., Chicca S., Manni A., Bonucci E., Taggi F. Renal bone disease in 76 patients with varying degrees of predialysis chronic renal failure: A cross-sectional study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1996, 11:813-819.
124. Hodson E.M., Evans R.A., Dunstan C.R., Hills E.E., Shaw P.F. Quantitative bone histology in children with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1982, 21:833-839.
125. Salem M., Sanchez C.P., Kuizon B.D., Goodman W.G., Yadin O., Malekzadeh M., Gales B., Abdella P., Salusky I.B. Renal bone diseases in children with chronic renal failure [Abstract]. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1998, 9:549A.
126. Ritz E., Prager P., Krempien B., Bommer J., Malluche H.H., Schmidt-Gayk H. Skeletal X-ray findings and bone histology in patients on hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1978, 13:316-323.
127. Mehls O. Renal osteodystrophy in children: Etiology and clinical aspects. Endstage Renal Disease in Children 1984, 227-250. Saunders, Baltimore. R.N. Fine (Ed.).
128. 18F]fluoride ion in renal osteodystrophy: Correlation with bone histomorphometry. J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993, 77:949-955.
129. Lima E.M., Goodman W.G., Kuizon B.D., Gales B., Emerick A., Goldin J., Salusky I.B. Bone density measurements in pediatric patients with renal osteodystrophy. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2002, in press.
130. Kuzela D.C., Huffer W.E., Conger J.D., Winter S.D., Hamond W.S. Soft tissue calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1977, 86:403-424.
131. Parfitt A.M. Soft tissue calcification in uremia. Arch. Intern. Med. 1969, 124:544-556.
132. Milliner D.S., Zinsmeister A.R., Lieberman E., Landing B. Soft tissue calcification in pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int. 1990, 38:931-936.
133. Ibels L.S., Alfrey A.C., Huffer W.E., Craswell P.W., Anderson J.T., Weil R. Arterial calcification and pathology in uremic patients undergoing dialysis. Am. J. Med. 1979, 66:790-796.
134. Schwarz U., Buzello M., Ritz E., Stein G., Raabe G., Wiest G., Mall G., Amann K. Morphology of coronary atherosclerotic lesions in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2000, 15:218-223.
135. Bostrom K., Watson K.E., Horn S., Wortham C., Herman I.M., Demer L.L. Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J.Clin. Invest. 1993, 91:1800-1809.
136. Giachelli C.M., Bae N., Almeida M., Denhardt D.T., Alpers C.E., Schwartz S.M. Osteopontin is elevated during neointima formation in rat arteries and is a novel component of human atherosclerotic plaques. J.Clin. Invest. 1993, 92:1686-1696.
137. Fitzpatrick L.A., Severson A., Edwards W.D., Ingram R.T. Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries. Association of osteopontin with atherosclerosis. J.Clin. Invest. 1994, 94:1597-1604.
138. Ozeki S., Ohtsuru A., Seto S., Takeshita S., Yano H., Nakayama T., Ito M., Yokota T., Nobuyoshi M., Segre G.V., Yamashita S., Yano K. Evidence that implicates the parathyroid hormone-related peptide in vascular stenosis. Increased gene expression in the intima of injured carotid arteries and. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 1996, 16:565-575.
139. Braun J., Oldendorf M., Moshage W., Heidler R., Zeitler E., Luft F.C. Electron beam computed tomography in the evaluation of cardiac calcifications in chronic dialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1996, 27:394-401.
140. Goodman W.G., Goldin J., Kuizon B.D., Yoon C., Gales B., Sider D., Wang Y., Chung J., Emerick A., Greaser L., Elashoff R.M., Salusky I.B. Coronary artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342:1478-1483.
141. Eifinger F., Wahn F., Querfeld U., Pollok M., Gevargez A., Kriener P., Grdnemeyer D. Coronary artery calcifications in children and young adults treated with renal replacement therapy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001, 15:1892-1894.
142. Block G.A., Hulbert-Shearon T.E., Levin N.W., Port F.K. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphorus product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998, 31:607-617.
143. Roodhooft A.M., Van Hoeck K.J., Van Acker K.J. Hypophosphatemia in infants on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Clin. Nephrol. 1990, 34:131-135.
144. Tejeda A., Saffarian N., Uday K., Dave M. Hypophosphatemia in end stage renal disease. Nephron 1996, 73:674-678.
145. Coburn J.W., Mischel M.G., Goodman W.G., Salusky I.B. Calcium citrate markedly enhances aluminum absorption from aluminum hydroxide. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1991, 17:708-711.
146. Salusky I.B., Coburn J.W., Foley J., Nelson P., Fine R.N. Effects of oral calcium carbonate on control of serum phosphorus and changes in plasma aluminum levels after discontinuation of aluminum-containing gels in ch. J.Pediatr. 1986, 108:767-770.
147. Alon U., Davidai G., Bentur L., Berant M., Better O.S. Oral calcium carbonate as phosphate-binder in infants and children with chronic renal failure. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 1986, 12:320-325.
148. Tsukamoto Y., Moriya R., Nagaba Y., Morishita T., Izumida I., Okubo M. Effect of administering calcium carbonate to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism in nondialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1995, 25:879-886.
149. Indridason O.S., Quarles L.D. Comparison of treatments for mild secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2000, 57:282-292.
150. Teruel J.L., Tenorio M.T., Rodriguez J.R., Marc N.R., Orofino L., Rivera M., Ortuno J. Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in hemodialyzed patients with high-dose calcium carbonate without vitamin D3 supplements. Am. J. Nephrol. 1999, 19:428-432.
151. Pflanz S., Henderson I.S., Mcelduff N., Jones M.C. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphate-binding agents in chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1994, 9:1121-1124.
152. Caravaca F., Santos I., Cubero J.J., Esparrago J.F., Arrobas M., Pizarro J.L., Robles R., Sanchez-Casado E. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1992, 60:423-427.
153. Wallot M., Bonzel K.E., Winter A., Georger B., Lettgen B., Bald M. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as oral phosphate binder in pediatric and adolescent hemodialysis patients. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1996, 10:625-630.
154. Birck R., Zimmermann E., Wassmer S., Nowack R., van der Woude F.J. Calcium ketoglutarate versus calcium acetate for treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: A cross-over study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999, 14:1475-1479.
155. Bro S., Rasmussen R.A., Handberg J., Olgaard K., Feldt-Rasmussen B. Randomized crossover study comparing the phosphate-binding efficacy of calcium ketoglutarate versus calcium carbonate in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998, 31:257-262.
156. Slatopolsky E.A., Burke S.K., Dillon M.A. Rena-Gel, a nonabsorbed calcium- and aluminum-free phosphate binder, lowers serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone. The RenaGel Study Group. Kidney Int. 1999, 55:299-307.
157. Bleyer A.J., Burke S.K., Dillon M., Garrett B., Kant K.S., Lynch D., Rahman S.N., Schoenfeld P., Teitelbaum I., Zeig S., Slatopolsky E. A comparison of the calcium-free phosphate binder sevelamer hydrochloride with calcium acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1999, 33:694-701.
158. Chertow G.M., Burke S.K., Dillon M.A., Slatopolsky E. Long-term effects of sevelamer hydrochloride on the calcium x phosphate product and lipid profile of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999, 14:2709-2714.
159. Parsons V., Baldwin D., Moniz C., Marsden J., Ball E., Rifkin I. Successful control of hyperparathyroidism in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis using magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate as phosphat. Nephron 1993, 63:379-383.
160. Hergesell O., Ritz E. Phosphate binders on iron basis: A new perspective?. Kidney Int. Suppl. 1999, 73:S42-S45.
161. Chang J.M., Hwang S.J., Tsai J.C., Chen H.C., Guh J.Y., Lai Y.H. Effect of ferric polymaltose complex as a phosphate binder in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1999, 14:1045-1047.
162. Graff L., Burnel D. A possible non-aluminum oral phosphate binder? A comparative study on dietary phosphorus absorption. Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1995, 89:373-388.
163. 3 in childhood renal osteodystrophy. N.Engl. J. Med. 1978, 298:238-242.
164. Slatopolsky E., Weerts C., Thielan J., Horst R.L., Harter H., Martin K.J. Marked suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism by intravenous administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in uremic patients. J.Clin. Invest. 1984, 74:2136-2143.
165. Quarles L.D., Yohay D.A., Carroll B.A., Spritzer C.E., Minda S.A., Bartholomay D., Lobaugh B.A. Prospective trial of pulse oral versus intravenous calcitriol treatment of hyperparathyroidism in ESRD. Kidney Int. 1994, 45:1710-1721.
166. Levine B.S., Song M. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of pulse oral versus intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1996, 7:488-496.
167. Salusky I.B., Fine R.N., Kangarloo H., Gold R., Paunier L., Goodman W.G., Brill J.E., Gilli G., Slatopolsky E., Coburn J.W. "High-dose" calcitriol for control of renal osteodystrophy in children on CAPD. Kidney Int. 1987, 32:89-95.
168. Klaus G., Schmidt-Gayk H., Roth H.J., Ritz E., Mehls O. Single-dose oral calcitriol and changes of plasma l,84iPTH in uremic children. Adv. Perit. Dial. 1994, 10:261-266.
169. Seidel A., Herrmann P., Klaus G., Mehls O., Schmidt-Gayk H., Ritz E. Kinetics of serum 1,84 iPTH after high doses of calcitriol in uremic patients. Clin. Nephrol. 1993, 39:210-213.
170. Fischer E.R., Harris D.C. Comparison of intermittent oral and intravenous calcitriol in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Nephrol. 1993, 40:216-220.
171. Martin K.J., Bullal H.S., Domoto D.T., Blalock S., Weindel M. Pulse oral calcitriol for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: Preliminary observations. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1992, 19:540-545.
172. Watanabe Y., Inaguma D., Fukuzawa Y., Kumon S., Yamazaki C. Oral vitamin D3 pulse therapy for overt secondary hyperparathyroidism at pre-dialysis stage. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1996, 11:910-911.
173. Ardissino G., Schmitt C.P., Testa S., Claris-Appiani A., Mehls O. Calcitriol pulse therapy is not more effective than daily calcitriol therapy in controlling secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failu. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2000, 14:664-668.
174. Herrmann P., Ritz E., Schmidt-Gayk H., Schafer I., Geyer J., Nonnast-Daniel B., Koch K.-M., Weber U., Horl W., Haas-Worle A., Kuhn K., Bierther B., Schneider P. Comparison of intermittent and continuous oral administration of calcitriol in dialysis patients: A randomized prospective trial. Nephron 1994, 67:48-53.
175. Atsumi K., Kushida K., Yamazaki K., Shimizu S., Ohmura A., Inoue T. Risk factors for vertebral fractures in renal osteodystrophy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1999, 33:287-293.
176. Coco M., Rush H. Increased incidence of hip fractures in dialysis patients with low serum parathyroid hormone. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000, 36:1115-1121.
177. Avram M.M., Sreedhara R., Avram D.K., Muchnick R.A., Fein P. Enrollment parathyroid hormone level is a new marker of survival in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis therapy for uremia. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000, 28:924-930.
178. Enomoto-Iwamoto M., Iwamoto M., Mukudai Y., Kawakami Y., Nohno T., Higuchi Y., Takemoto S., Ohuchi H., Noji S., Kurisu K. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required for maintenance of differentiated phenotype, control of proliferation, and hypertrophy in chondrocytes. J.Cell Biol. 1998, 140:409-418.
179. Eke F.U., Winterborn M.H. Effect of low dose la-hydroxycholecalciferol on glomerular filtration rate in moderate renal failure. Arch. Dis. Child. 1984, 58:810-813.
180. Christiansen C., Rodbro P., Christensen M.S., Hartnack B. Is 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol harmful to renal function in patients with chronic renal failure?. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 1981, 15:229-236.
181. Tougaard L., Sorensen E., Brochner-Mortensen J., Christensen M.S., Rodbro P., Sorenson A.W.S. Controlled trial of la-hydroxycholecalciferol in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1976, 1:1044-1047.
182. 3 and 22-oxacalcitriol prevent the decrease in vitamin D receptor content in the parathyroid glands of uremic rats. Kidney Int. 1996, 50:34-39.
183. Hirata M., Katsumata K., Masaki T., Koike N., Endo K., Tsunemi K., Ohkawa H., Kurokawa K., Fukagawa M. 22-Oxacalcitriol ameliorates high-turnover bone and marked osteitis fibrosa in rats with slowly progressive nephritis. Kidney Int. 1999, 56:2040-2047.
184. Monier-Faugere M.C., Geng Z., Friedler R.M., Qi Q., Kubodera N., Slatopolsky E., Malluche H.H. 22-Oxacalcitriol suppresses secondary hyperparathyroidism without inducing low bone turnover in dogs with renal failure. Kidney Int. 1999, 55:821-832.
185. Kurokawa K., Akizawa T., Suzuki M., Akiba T., Ogata E., Slatopolsky E. Effect of 22-oxacalcitriol on hyperparathyroidism of dialysis patients: Results of preliminary study. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1996, 11:121-124.
186. Tsukamoto Y., Hanaoka M., Matsuo T., Saruta T., Nomura M., Takahashi Y. Effect of 22-oxacalcitriol on bone histology of hemodialyzed patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000, 35:458-464.
187. Sjoden G., Smith C., Lindgren U., Deluca H.F. 1 Alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 is less toxic than 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol Med. 1985, 178:432-436.
188. Sjoden G. Effects of vitamin D. A comparison of 1 alpha OHD2 and 1 alpha OHD3 in rats. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 1985, 211:1-84.
189. 2 in hemodialysis patients with moderate to severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int. 1997, 51:317-323.
190. Frazao J., Chesney R.W., Coburn J.W. Intermittent oral 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D2 is effective and safe for the suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients. lalphaD2 Stud. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1998, 13(Suppl. 3):68-72.
191. 2, suppresses parathyroid hormone secretion in uremic rats in the absence of hypercalcemia. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1995, 26:852-860.
192. Finch J.L., Brown A.J., Slatopolsky E. Differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and 19-nor-l,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2 on calcium and phosphorus resorption in bone. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999, 10:980-985.
193. 2 (paricalcitol) safely and effectively reduces the levels of intact parathyroid hormone in patients on hemodialysis. J.Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1998, 9:1427-1432.
194. Llach F., Keshav G., Goldblat M.V., Lindberg J.S., Sadler R., Delmez J., Arruda J., Lau A., Slatopolsky E. Suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion in hemodialysis patients by a novel vitamin D analogue: 19-nor-l,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1998, 32:S48-S54.
195. Wada M., Furuya Y., Sakiyama J., Kobayashi N., Miyata S., Ishii H., Nagano N. The calcimimetic compound NPS R-568 suppresses parathyroid cell proliferation in rats with renal insufficiency. Control of parathyroid cell growth via a calci. J.Clin. Invest. 1997, 100:2977-2983.
196. Wada M., Nagano N., Furuya Y., Chin J., Nemeth E.F., Fox J. Calcimimetic NPS R-568 prevents parathyroid hyperplasia in rats with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int. 2000, 57:50-58.
197. Antonsen J.E., Sherrard D.J., Andress D.L. A calcimimetic agent acutely suppresses parathyroid hormone levels in patients with chronic renal failure. Rapid communication. Kidney Int. 1998, 53:223-227.
198. Goodman W.G., Frazao J.M., Goodkin D.A., Turner S.A., Liu W., Coburn J.W. A calcimimetic agent lowers plasma parathyroid hormone levels in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int. 2000, 58:436-445.