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Kamada N, Inoue N, Hisamatsu T, et al. Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 prevents murine acute and chronic colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:455-463. As well as viable cells of the E. coli strain used as a probiotic, heat killed cells or just its genomic DNA ameliorated colitis in a murine model.
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Rachmilewitz D, Katakura K, Karmeli F, et al. Toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:520-528. This describes intriguing results, with DNA from a lab strain of E. coli, as well as from probiotic mixture VSL-#3 attenuating colitis in a mouse model. The effect was observed with both nasogastric and subcutaneously delivered DNA.
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Reid G, Guarner F, Gibson G, et al. Discussion on toll-like receptor 9 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:366-367. This is a lively rebuttal of Rachmilewitz et al., 2004, and the concept that probiotics could be replaced by bacterial DNA for treating gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Vandenbroucke K, Hans W, Van Huysse J, et al. Active delivery of trefoil factors by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis prevents and heals acute colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:502-513. Trefoil factors are small, abundant secreted proteins that are cytoprotective and promote epithelial wound healing. This paper reports use of a strain of Lactococcus lactis, engineered to secrete bioactive murine trefoil factors to be highly effective for treatment of colitis in mice. This novel approach may have great potential for treating epithelial damage in humans.
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Shanahan F. Making microbes work for mankind: clever trick or a glimpse of the future for IBD treatment? Gastroenterology 2004; 127:667-668.
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Farrar MD, Whitehead TR, Lan J, et al. Engineering of the gut commensal bacterium Bacteroides ovatus to produce and secrete biologically active murine interleukin-2 in response to xylan. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 98:1191 -1197. This describes an interesting approach by which an anaerobic commensal species is engineered to produce immunotherapeutic molecules, but expression can be controlled by dietary factors.
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J Appl Microbiol
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Refinement of a therapeutic Shiga toxin-binding probiotic for human trials
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3 has been engineered. The paper reports complete protection of mice challenged with a highly virulent STEC strain producing Stx2. The approach is likely to be applicable to other toxin-mediated enteric infections, including those caused by Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysenteriae.
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Pinyon, R.A.1
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Paton AW, Jennings MP, Morona R, et al. Recombinant probiotics for treatment and prevention of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1219-1228. This describes another extension of the concept of engineering strains that express mimics of host receptors for bacterial toxins. Recombinant strain neutralised ≥93.8% of LT toxin activity of diverse enterotoxigenic E. coli. The strain can adsorb 5% of its own weight of purified toxin. A protective effect of this promising approach was demonstrated in rabbit ligated ileal loops.
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Due, L.H.1
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von Wright A. Regulating the safety of probiotics-the European approach. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11:17-23. This is an informative review of the current status of European Union legislation being developed to regulate the safety of probiotics used by humans.
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Saavedra JM, Abi-Hanna A, Moore N, Yolken RH. Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: tolerance and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:261-267. This provides an important contribution to our understanding of the safety and tolerance of probiotic-supplemented formulas in infants. Two different concentrations of probiotics (B. lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus) were tested against placebo, and administered for 210 ± 127 days.
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Saavedra, J.M.1
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Nazli A, Yang PC, Jury J, et al. Epithelia under metabolic stress perceive commensal bacteria as a threat. Am J Pathol 2004; 164:947-957. Using dinitrophenol to stress the intestinal epithelia of rats or human colonic cell lines (T84 and HT-29), the authors demonstrate an adverse response to commensal E. coli, including increased IL-8 production and bacterial translocation. There were important consequences for the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, and the safety of probiotics.
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Am J Pathol
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Nazli, A.1
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Munoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1625-1634. This provides a cautionary tale of Saccharomyces fungemia developing in ICU patients receiving S. boulardii for treatment of C. difficile diarrhoea. It also reviews another 57 cases of S. cerevisiae fungaemia, and notes a significant proportion of these were epidemiologically linked to probiotic consumption.
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Herbrecht R, Nivoix Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an adverse effect of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic administration. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:1635-1637.
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Montalto M, Vastola M, Marigo L, et al. Probiotic treatment increases salivary counts of lactobacilli: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Digestion 2004; 69:53-56. This intriguing study demonstrated that lactobacilli consumed in both liquid and capsule form can lead to an increase in salivary counts of these bacteria. The authors raise the question of whether the dental health of those taking probiotics on a long-term basis should be closely monitored.
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Digestion
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Montalto, M.1
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