NMDA receptor function, neuroplasticity, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 59, Issue , 2004, Pages 491-515

  Coyle, Joseph T ^a   Tsai, Guochuan ^a  

^a MCLEAN HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CADAVER; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ANESTHETICS; ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; HUMANS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; POSTMORTEM CHANGES; RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 2342582130     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(04)59019-0     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Akbarian, S., Sucher, N.J., Bradley, D., Tafazzoli, A., Trinh, D., Hetrick, W. P., and Potkin, S. G. (1996). Selective alterations in gene expression for NMDA receptor subunits in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. J. Neurosci. 16, 19-30.
2. Avila, M. T., Weller, M. A., Lahti, A. C., Tamminga, G. A., and Thaker, G. K. (2002). Effects of ketamine on leading saccades during smooth-pursuit eye movements may implicate cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 159, 1490-1496.
3. Ballard, T. M., Pauly-Evers, M., Higgins, G. A., Ouagazzal, A. M., Mutel, V., Borroni, E., Kemp, J. A., Bluethmann, H., and Kew, J. N. (2002). Severe impairment of NMDA receptor function in mice carrying targeted point mutations in the glycine binding site results in drug-resistant nonhabituating hyperactivity. J. Neurosci. 22, 6713-6723.
4. Benes, F. M. (1993). The relationship between structural brain imaging and histopathologic findings in schizophrenia research. Harv. Rev. Psychiat. 1, 100-109.
5. Benes, F. M., Todtenkopf, M. S., and Kostoulakos, P. (2001a). GluR5,6,7 subunit immunoreactivity on apical pyramidal cell dendrites in hippocampus of schizophrenics and manic depressives. Hippocampus 11, 482-491.
6. Benes, F. M., Vincent, S. L., Marie, A., and Khan, Y. (1996). Up-regulation of GABAA receptor binding on neurons of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic subjects. Neuroscience 75, 1021-1031.
7. Benes, F. M., Vincent, S. L., and Todtenkopf, M. (2001b). The density of pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in anterior cingulated cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar subjects. Biol. Psychiat. 50, 395-406.
8. Benes, F. M., Walsh, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Sheth, A., and Beretta, S. (2003). DNA fragmentation decreased in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 60, 359-364.
9. Berger, A. J., Dieudonne, S., and Ascher, P. (1998). Glycine uptake governs glycine site occupancy at NMDA receptors of excitatory synapses. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 3336-3340.
10. Berger, U. V., Luthi-Carter, R., Passani, L. A., Elkabes, S., Black, I., Konradi, C., and Coyle, J. T. (1999). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II is expressed by astrocytes in the rat nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 415, 52-64.
11. Bergeron, R., Meyer, T., Coyle, J., and Greene, R. (1998). Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function by glycine transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15730-15734.
12. Braff, D. L., Geyer, M. A., and Swerdlow, N. R. (2001). Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: Normal subjects, patients groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology 156, 234-258.
13. Cascella, N. G., Macciardi, F., Cavallini, C., and Smeraldi, E. (1994). d-cycloserine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia open-label study. J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. 95, 105-111.
14. Castner, S. A., Williams, G. V., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2000). Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation. Science 287, 2020-2022.
15. Chen, L., Muhlhauser, M., and Yang, C. R. (2003). Glycine transporter-1 blockade potentiates NMDA-mediated responses in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 691-703.
16. Chumakov, I., Blumenfeld, M., Guerassimenko, O., Cavarec, L., Palicio, M., Abderrahim, H., Bougueleret, L., Barry, C., Tanaka, H., La Rosa, P., Puech, A., Tahri, N., Cohen-Akenine, A., Delabrosse, S., Lissarrague, S., Picard, F. P., Maurice, K., Essioux, L., Millasseau, P., Grel, P., Debailleul, V., Simon, A. M., Caterina, D., Dufaure, I., Malekzadeh, K., Belova, M., Luan, J. J., Bouillot, M., Sambucy, J. L., Primas, G., Saumier, M., Boubkiri, N., Martin-Saumier, S., Nasroune, M., Peixoto, H., Delaye, A., Pinchot, V., Bastucci, M., Guillou, S., Chevillon, M., Sainz-Fuertes, R., Meguenni, S., Aurich-Costa, J., Cherif, D., Gimalac, A., Van Duijn, C., Gauvreau, D., Ouellette, G., Fortier, I., Raelson, J., Sherbatich, T., Riazanskaia, N., Rogaev, E., Raeymaekers, P., Aerssens, J., Konings, F., Luyten, W., Macciardi, F., Sham, P. C., Straub, R. E., Weinberger, D. R., Cohen, N., Cohen, D., Ouelette, G., and Realson, J. (2002). Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13675-13680.
17. Cochran, S. M., Kennedy, M., McKerchar, C. E., Steward, L. J., Pratt, J. A., Morris, B. J. (2003). In press.
18. Cook, S. P., Galve-Roperh, I., Martinez del Pozo, A., and Rodriguez-Crespo, I. (2002). Direct calcium binding results in activation of brain serine racemase. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 27782-27792.
19. Costa, J., Khaled, E., Sramek, J., Bunney, W., and Potkin, S. G. (1990). An open trial of glycine as an adjunct to neuroleptics in chronic treatment-refractory schizophrenics. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 10, 71-72.
20. Coyle, J. T. (1996). The glutamatergic dysfunction hypothesis for schizophrenia. Harv. Rev. Psychiat. 3, 241-253.
21. Coyle, J. T., Leski, M. L., and Morrison, J. H. (2002a). The diverse roles of L-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction. In " Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress" (K. L. Davis, D. Charnev, J. T. Covle, and C. Nemeroff, Eds.), pp. 71-90. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
22. Coyle, J. T., and Schwarcz, R. (2000). Mind glue: Implications of glial cell biology for psychiatry. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 57, 90-93.
23. Coyle, J. T., Tsai, G., and Goff, D. C. (2002b). Ionotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets in schizophrenia. Curr. Drug Targets-CNS Neurol. Disorders 1, 183-189.
24. Coyle, J. T., Tsai, G., and Goff, D. C. (2003). Converging evidence of NMDA receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1003, 318-327.
25. Eastwood, S. L., Kerwin, R. W., and Harrison, P. J. (1997). Immunoautoradiographic evidence for a loss of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole pripionate-preferring non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors within the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat. 41, 636-643.
26. Eastwood, S. L., McDonald, B., Burnet, P. W. J., Beckwith, J. P., Kerwin, R. W., and Harrison, P. J. (1995). Decreased expression of mRNAs encoding non-NMDA glutamate receptors GluR1 and GluR2 in medial temporal lobe neurons in schizophrenia. Mol. Brain Res. 29, 211-223.
27. Egan, M. F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J. H., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Bertolino, A., Zaitsev, E., Gold, B., Goldman, D., Dean, M., Lu, B., and Weinberger, D. R. (2003). The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 24, 257-269.
28. Evins, A. E., Fitzgerald, S. M., Wine, L., Rosselli, R., and Golf, D. C. (2000). Placebo-controlled trial of glycine added to clozapine in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 157, 826-828.
29. Fumagalli, F., Molteni, R., Roceri, M., Bedogni, F., Santero, R., Fossati, G., Gennarelli, M., Racagni, G., and Riva, M. A. (2003). Effect of antipsychotic drugs on brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression under reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity. J. Neurosci. Res. 72, 622-628.
30. Gao, X.-M., Kazuo, S., Roberts, R. C., Conley, R. R., Dean, B., and Tamminga, C. A. (2000). Ionotropic glutamate receptors and expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits in subregions of human hippocampus: Effects of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 157, 1141-1149.
31. Glantz, L. A., and Lewis, D. A. (2000). Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 57, 65-73.
32. Glazner, G. W., and Mattson, M. P. (2000). Differential effects of BDNF, ADNF9, and TNFalpha on levels of NMDA receptor subunits, calcium homeostasis, and neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Exp. Neurol. 161, 442-452.
33. Goff, D., and Coyle, J. T. (2001). The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 158, 1367-1377.
34. Goff, D., Henderson, D., Evins, A., and Amico, E. (1999a). A placebo-controlled crossover trial of d-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat. 45, 512-514.
35. Goff, D. C., Tsai, G., Levitt, J., Amico, E., Manoach, D., Schoenfeld, D., Hayden, D., McCarley, R., and Coyle, J. (1999b). A placebo-controlled trial of D-Cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 56, 21-27.
36. Goff, D. C., Tsai, G., Manoach, D. S., and Coyle, J. T. (1995). Dose-finding trial of D-cycloserine added to neuroleptics for negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 152, 1213-1215.
37. Goff, D. C., Tsai, G., Manoach, D. S., Rood, J., Darby, D. G., and Coyle, J. T. (1996). D-Cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 153, 1628-1630.
38. Grunze, H. C., Rainnie, D. G., Hasselmo, M. E., Barkai, E., Hearn, E. F., McCarley, R. W., and Greene, R. W. (1996). NMDA-dependent modulation of CA1 local circuit inhibition. J. Neurosci. 16, 2034-2043.
39. Guidotti, A., Auta, J., Davis, J. M., Di-Giorgi-Gerevini, V., Dwivedi, Y., Grayson, D. R., Impagnatiello, F., Pandey, G., Pesold, C., Sharma, R., Uzunov, D., Costa, E., and DiGiorgi, Gerevini, V. (2000). Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD 67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A postmortem study. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 57, 1061-1069.
40. Hakak, Y., Walker, J. R., Li, C., Wong, W. H., Davis, K. L., Buxbaum, J. D., Haroutunian, V., and Fienberg, A. A. (2001). Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4746-4751.
41. Harrison, P. J., McLaughlin, D., and Kerwin, R. W. (1991). Decreased hippocampal expression of a glutamate receptor gene in schizophrenia. Lancet 337, 450-452.
42. Harrison, P. J., and Owen, M. J. (2003). Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet 361, 417-419.
43. Hashimoto, K., Hashimoto, K., Fukushima, T., Shimizu, E., Komatsu, N., Watanabe, H., Shinoda, N., Nakazato, M., Kumakiri, C., Okada, S., Hasegawa, H., Imai, K., and Iyo, M. (2003). Decreased serum levels of d-serine in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence in support of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 60, 572-576.
44. Heresco-Levy, U., Ermilov, M., Shimoni, J., Shapira, B., Silipo, G., and Javitt, D. G. (2002). Placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine added to conventional neuroleptics, olanzapine, or risperidone in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 159, 480-482.
45. Heresco-Lcvy, U., Javitt, D., Ermilov, M., Mordel, C., Horowitz, A., and Kelly, D. (1996). Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiat. 169, 610-617.
46. Heresco-Levy, U., Javitt, D. C., Ermilov, M., Mordel, C., Silipo, G., and Lichtenstein, M. (1999). Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 56, 29-36.
47. Hertzmann, M., Reba, R. C., and Kotlyarov, E. V. (1990). Single photon emission computed tomography in phencyclidine and related drug abuse. Am. J. Psychiat. 147, 255-256.
48. Highley, J. R., Walker, M. A., Crow, T. J., Esiri, M. M., and Harrison, P. J. (2003). Low medial and lateral right pulvinar volumes in schizophrenia: A postmortem study. Am. J. Psychiat. 160, 1177-1179.
49. Husi, H., Ward, M. A., Choudhary, I. S., Blackstock, W. P., and Grant, S. G. N. (2000). Proteomic analysis of NMDA receptor-adhesion protein signaling complexes. Nature Neurosci. 3, 661-669.
50. Ibrahim, H. M., Hogg, A. J. J., Healy, D. J., Haroutunian, V., Davis, K. L., and Meador-Woodruff, J. H. (2000). Ionotropic glutamate receptor binding and subunit mRNA expression in thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 157, 1811-1823.
51. Ikonomidou, C., Bittigau, P., Koch, C., Genz, K., Hoerster, F., Felderhoff-Mueser, U., Tenkova, T., Dikranian, K., and Olney, J. W. (2001). Neurotransmitters and apoptosis in the developing brain. Biochem. Pharmacol 62, 401-105.
52. Itil, T., Keskiner, A., Kiremitci, N., and Holden, J. M. C. (1967). Effect of phencyclidine in chronic schizophrenics. Can. Psychiat. Assoc. J. 12, 209-212.
53. Itokawa, M., Yamada, K., Yoshitsugu, K., Toyota, T., Suga, T., Ohba, H., Watanabe, A., Hattori, E., Shimizu, H., Humakura, T., Ebihara, M., Meerabux, J. M., Toru, M., and Yoshikawa, T. (2003). A microsatellite repeat in the promoter of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A subunit (GRIN2A) gene suppresses transcriptional activity and correlates with chronic outcome in schizophrenia. Pharmacogenetics 13, 271-278.
54. Javitt, D. C., Balla, A., Sershen, H., and Lajtha, A. (1999). AE Bennett Research Award: Reversal of phencyclidine-induced effects by glycine and glycine transport inhibitors. Mol. Psychiat. 45, 668-679.
55. Javitt, D. C., and Zukin, S. R. (1991). Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 148, 1301-1308,
56. Javitt, D. C., Zylberman, I., Zukin, S. R., Heresco-Levy, U., and Lindenmayer, J. P. (1994). Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am. J. Psychiat. 151, 1234-1236.
57. Jentsch, J. D., Taylor, J. R., and Roth, R. H. (1998). Subchronic phencyclidine administration increases mesolimbic dopaminergic system responsivity and augments stress- and psychostimulant - induced hyperlocomotion. Neuropsychophamacology 19, 105-113.
58. Kasai, K., Shenton, M. E., Salisbury, D. F., Hirayasu, Y., Onitsuka, T., Spencer, M. H., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Kikinis, R., Jolesz, F. A., and McCarley, R. W. (2003). Progressive decrease of left Heschl gyms and planum temporale gray matter volume in first-episode schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60(8), 766-775.
59. Kegeles, L. S., Abi-Dargham, A., Zea-Ponce, Y., Rodenhiser-Hill, J., Mann, J. J., Van Heertum, R. L., Cooper, T. B., Carlsson, A., and Laruelle, M. (2000). Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48, 627-640.
60. Kemether, E. M., Buchsbasum, M. S., Byne, W., Hazlett, E. A., Haznedar, M., Brickman, A. M., Platholi, J., and Bloom, R. (2003). Magnetic resonance imaging of mediodorsal, pulvinar, and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 60, 983-991.
61. Kerwin, R., Patel, S., and Meldrum, B. (1988). Asymmetrical loss of glutamate receptor subtype in left hippocampus in schizophrenia. Lancet 12, 583-584.
62. Kim, K. M., Kingsmore, S. F., Han, H., Yang-Feng, T. L., Godinot, N., Seldin, M. F., Caron, M. G., and Giros, B. (1994). Cloning of the human glycine transporter type 1: Molecular and pharmacological characterization of novel isoform variants and chromosomal localization of the gene in the human and mouse genomes. Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 608-617.
63. Kinney, G. G., Sur, C., Burno, M., Mallorga, P. J., Williams, J. B., Figueroa, D. J., Wittmann, M., Lemaire, W., and Conn, P. J. (2003). The glycine transporter type 1 inhibitor N-[3-4′-fluorophenyl)-3-(4′- phenylphenoxy)propyl]sarcosine potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated responses in vivo and produces an antipsychotic profile in rodent behavior. J. Neurosci. 22, 7586-7591.
64. Kitamura, T., Mishina, M., and Sugiyama, H. (2003). Enhancement of neurogenesis by running wheel exercises is suppressed in mice lacking NMDA receptor epsilon 1 subunit. Neurosci. Res. 47, 55-63.
65. Korte, M., Carroll, P., Wolf, E., Brem, G., Thoenen, H., and Bonhoeffer, T. (1995). Hippocampal long-term potentiation is impaired in mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8856-8860.
66. Kovalchuk, Y., Hanse, E., Kafitz, K. W., and Konnerth, A. (2002). Postsynaptic induction of BDNF-mediated long-term potentiation. Science 295, 1729-1734.
67. Kowalska, A. (2003). Amyloid precursor protein gene mutations responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Folia Neuropathol. 41, 35-40.
68. Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., Seibyl, J. P., Freeman, G. K., Delaney, R., Bremner, J. D., Heninger, G. R., Bowers, M. B. J., and Charney, D. S. (1994). Subanaesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 199-214.
69. Kuperberg, G. R., Broome, M. R., McGuire, P. K., David, A. S., Eddy, M., Ozawa, F., Goff, D., West, W. C., Williams, S. C., van der Kouwe, A. J., Salat, D. H., Dale, A. M., and Fischl, B. (2003). Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 60, 878-888.
70. Lahti, A. G., Koffel, B., LaPorte, D., and Tamminga, C. A. (1995). Subanesthetic doses of ketamine stimulate psychosis in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 9-19.
71. Lan, J. Q., Chen, J., Sharp, F. R., Simon, R. P., and Graham, S. H. (1997). Induction of heat-shock protein (HSP72) in the cingulated and retrosplenial cortex by drugs that antagonize the effects of excitatory amino acids. Mol. Brain Res. 46, 297-302.
72. Lannes, B., Micheletti, G., Warter, J. M., Kempf, E., and Di Scala, G. (1991). Behavioural, pharmacological and biochemical effects of acute and chronic administration of ketamine in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 128, 177-181.
73. Lea, P. M., Wroblewska, B., Sarvey, J. M., and Neale, J. H. (2001). beta-NAAG rescues LTP from blockade by NAAG in rat dentate gyrus via the type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor. J. Neurophysiol 85, 1097-1106.
74. Leuner, B., Falduto, J., and Shors, T. J. (2003). Associate memory formation increases the observation of dendritic spines in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 23, 659-665.
75. Levine, E. S., and Kolb, J. E. (2000). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases activity of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in excised patches from hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Res. 62, 357-362.
76. Li, Q., Clark, S., Lewis, D. V., and Wilson, W. A. (2002). NMDA receptor antagonists disinhibit rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices: A potential mechanism of neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 15, 3070-3080.
77. Lu, B. (2003). BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Learn. Mem. 10, 86-98.
78. Luby, E. D., Cohen, B. D., Rosenbaum, G., Gottlieb, J. S., and Kelley, R. (1959). Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug-sernyl. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 81, 363-369.
79. Malhotra, A. K., Adler, C. M., Kennison, S. D., Elman, I., Pickar, D., and Breier, A. (1997a). Clozapine blunts N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist-induced psychosis: A study with ketamine. Biol. Psychiat. 42, 664-668.
80. Malhotra, A. K., Pinals, D. A., Adler, C. M., Elman, I., Clifton, A., Pickar, D., and Breier, A. (1997b). Ketamine-induced exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-free schizophrenics. Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 141-150.
81. Marti, S. B., Cichon, S., Propping, P., and Nothen, M. (2002). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene variation is not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in the German population. Am. J. Med. Genet. 114, 46-50.
82. Mathe, J. M., Nomikos, G. G., Blakeman, K. H., and Svensson, T. H. (1999). Differential actions of dizocilpine (MK-801) on the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems: Role of neuronal activity. Neuropharmacology 38, 121-128.
83. Meador-Woodrulf, J. H., Davis, K. L., and Haroutunian, V. (2001). Abnormal kainite receptor expression in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 24, 545-552.
84. Meador-Woodrulf, J. H., and Healy, D. J. (2000). Glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenic brain. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 288-294.
85. Meltzer, H. Y. (1997). Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: The role of clozapine. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 14, 1-20.
86. Messaoudi, E., Ying, S. W., Kanhema, T., Croll, S. D., and Braham, C. R. (2002). J. Neurosci. 22, 7453-7461.
87. Moghaddam, B., Adams, B., Verma, A., and Daly, D. (1997). Activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by ketamine: A novel step in the pathway from NMDA receptor blockade to dopaminergic and cognitive disruptions associated with the prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 17, 2921-2927.
88. Moghaddam, B., and Adams, B. W. (1998). Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 28, 1349-1352.
89. Mohn, A. R., Gainetdinov, R. R., Caron, M. G., and Koller, B. H. (1999). Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell 98, 427-436.
90. Mothet, J.-P., Parent, A. T., Wolosker, H., Brandy, R. O., Jr., Linden, D. J., Ferris, C. D., and Rogawski, M. A. (2000). D-Serine is an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4926-4931.
91. Newcomer, J. W., Farber, N. B., Jevtovic-Todorovic, V., Selke, G., Melson, A. K., Hershey, T., Craft, S., and Olney, J. W. (1999). Ketamine-induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis. Neuropsychophamacology 20, 106-118.
92. Ninan, I., Jardemark, K. E., and Wang, R. Y. (2003). Olanzapine and clozapine but not haloperidol reverse subchronic phencyclidine-induced functional hyperactivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 44, 462-472.
93. Olney, J. W., and Farber, N. B. (1995). Glutamate receptor dysfunction and schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 52, 998-1007.
94. Paulson, L., Martin, P., Persson, A., Nilsson, C. L., Ljung, E., Westman-Brinkmalm, A., Eriksson, P. S., Blennow, K., and Davidsson, P. (2003). Comparative genome- and proteome analysis of cerebral cortex from MK-801-treated rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 71, 526-533.
95. Pierri, J. N., Volk, C. L., Auh, S., Sampson, A., and Lewis, D. A. (2001). Decreased somal size of deep layer 3 pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 58, 466-473.
96. Pierri, J. N., Volk, C. L., Auh, S., Sampson, A., and Lewis, D. A. (2003). Somal size of prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia: Differential effects across neuronal subpopulations. Biol. Psychiat. 54, 111-120.
97. Porter, R. H., Eastwood, S. L., and Harrison, P. J. (1997). Distribution of kainite receptor subunit mRNAs in human hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum, and bilateral reduction of hippocampal GluR6 and KA2 transcripts in schizophrenia. Brain Res. 751, 217-231.
98. Potkin, S., Jin, Y., Bunney, B., Costa, J., and Gulasekaram, B. (1999). Effect of clozapine and adjunctive high-dose glycine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 156, 145-147.
99. Rice, D. P. (1999). The economic impact of schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiat. 60(Suppl. 1), 4-6, discussion 28-30.
100. Rosse, R. B., Theut, S. K., Banay-Schwartz, M., Leighton, M., Scarcella, E., Cohen, C. G., and Deutsch, S. I. (1989). Glycine adjuvant therapy to conventional neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: An open-label, pilot study. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 12, 416-424.
101. Rupp, A., and Keith, S. J. (1993). The costs of schizophrenia: Assessing the burden. Psychiat. Clin. North Am. 16, 413-123.
102. Schwab, S. G., Knapp, M., Mondabon, S., Hallmayer, J., Borrmann-Hassenbach, M., Albus, M., Lerer, B., Rietschel, M., Trixler, M., Maier, W., and Wildenauer, D. B. (2003). Support for association of schizophrenia with genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene, dysbindin, in sib-pair families with linkage and in an additional sample of triad families. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 185-190.
103. Schwarcz, R., Rassoulpour, A., Wu, H. Q., Medoff, D., Tamminga, C. A., and Roberts, R. C. (2001). Increased cortical kynurenate content in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiaty 50, 521-530.
104. Selemon, L. D., Kleinman, J. E., Herman, M. M., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2002). Smaller frontal gray matter volume in postmortem schizophrenic brains. Am. J. Psychiat. 159, 1983-1991.
105. Selemon, L. D., Rajkowska, G., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: Application of a three-dimensional, stereologic counting method. J. Comp. Neurol. 392, 402-412.
106. Semple, C. A., Devon, R. S., Le Hellard, S., and Porteous, D. J. (2001). Identification of genes from a schizophrenia-linked translocation breakpoint region. Genomics 73, 123-126.
107. Sheinin, A., Shavit, S., and Benveniste, M. (2001). Subunit specificity and mechanism of action of NMDA partial agonist D-cycloserine. Neuropharmacology 41, 151-158.
108. Snyder, S. H. (1981). Dopamine receptors, neuroleptics, and schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 138, 460-464.
109. Stefansson, H., Sigurdsson, E., Steinthorsdottir, V., Bjornsdottir, S., Sigmundsson, T., Ghosh, S., Brynjolfsson, J., Gunnarsdottir, S., Ivarsson, O., Chou, T. T., Hjaltason, O., Birgisdottir, B., Jonsson, H., Gudnadottir, V. G., Gudmundsdottir, E., Bjornsson, A., Ingvarsson, B., Ingason, A., Sigfusson, S., Hardardottir, H., Harvey, R. P., Lai, D., Zhou, M., Brunner, D., Mutel, V., Gonzalo, A., Lemke, G., Sainz, J., Johannesson, G., Andresson, T., Gudbjartsson, D., Manolescu, A., Frigge, M. L., Gurney, M. E., Kong, A., Gulcher, J. R., Petursson, H., and Stefansson, K. (2002). Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 877-892.
110. Straub, R. E., Jiang, Y., MacLean, C. J., Ma, Y., Webb, B. T., Myakishev, M. V., Harris-Kerr, C., Wormley, B., Sadek, H., Kadambi, B., Cesare, A. J., Gibberman, A., Wang, X., O'Neill, F. A., Walsh, D., and Kendler, K. S. (2002). Genetic variation in 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 337-348.
111. Storvik, M., Linden, A.-M., Lakso, M., and Wong, G. (2003). Subunit selective decrease of AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA expression in rat brain by systemic administration of the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801. J. Mol. Neurosci 21, 29-34.
112. Sur, G., Mallorga, P. J., Wittmann, M., Jacobson, M. A., Pascarella, D., Williams, J. B., Brandish, P. E., Pettibone, D. J., Scolnick, E. M., and Conn, P. J. (2003). N-desmethylclozapine, a novel allosteric agonist at muscarinic 1 receptor potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 13674-13679.
113. Thompson, P. M., Vidal, C., Giedd, J. N., Gochman, P., Blumenthal, J., Nicolson, R., Toga, A. W., and Rapoport, J. L. (2001). Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11650-11655.
114. Tsai, G., Lane, H.-Y., Chong, M. Y., and Zange, N. (2003). Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat, in press.
115. Tsai, G., Passani, L. A., Slusher, B. S., Carter, R., Baer, L., Kleinman, J. E., and Coyle, J. T. (1995). Abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in schizophrenic brains. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 52, 829-836.
116. Tsai, G., Yang, P., Chung, L. C., Lange, N., and Coyle, J. T. (1998). D-Serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat. 44, 1081-1089.
117. Tsai, G., Yang, P., Chung, L.-C., Tsai, I.-C., Tsai, C.-W., and Coyle, J. T. (1999). D-Serine added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 156, 1822-1825.
118. Tsien, J. Z. (2000). Linking Hebb's coincidence-detection to memory formation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 266-273.
119. Tsuang, M. (2000). Schizophrenia: Genes and environment. Biol. Psychiat. 47, 210-220.
120. Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Vollenweider, F. X., and Schmid, L. (2002). Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers. Biol. Psychiat. 51, 400-406.
121. van Berckel, B. N., Hijman, R., van der Linden, J. A., Westenberg, H. G., van Ree, J. M., and Kahn, R. S. (1996). Efficacy and tolerance of D-cycloserine in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiat. 40, 1298-1300.
122. Volk, D., Volk, D., Austin, M., Pierri, J., Sampson, A., and Lewis, D. (2001). GABA transporter-1 mRNA in prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: Decreased expression in a subset of neurons. Am. J. Psychiat. 158, 256-265.
123. Volk, D. W., Austin, M. C., Pierri, J. N., Sampson, A. R., and Lewis, D. A. (2000). Decreased glutamic acid decarboxylase67 messenger RNA expression in a subset of prefrontal cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 57, 235-245.
124. Volk, D. W., Volk, D. W., Pierri, J. N., Fritschy, J. M., Auh, S., Sampson, A. R., and Lewis, D. A. (2002). Reciprocal alterations in pre- and post-synaptic inhibitory markers at chandler cell inputs to pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Cereb. Cortex 12, 1063-1070.
125. 18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Eur. Neuropsychophamacol. 7, 9-24.
126. Waziri, R. (1988). Glycine therapy of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiat. 23, 209-214.
127. Weickert, C. S., Hyde, T. M., Lipska, B. K., Herman, M. M., Weinberger, D. R., and Kleinman, J. E. (2003). Reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor in prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiat. 8, 592-610.
128. Williams, N. M., Preece, A., Spurlock, G., Norton, N., Williams, H. J., Zammit, S., O'Donovan, M. D., and Owen, M. J. (2003). Support for genetic variation in neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiat. 8, 485-487.
129. Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., and Mullmore, E. T. (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiat. 157, 16-25.
130. Wroblewska, B., Wroblewski, J. T., Pshenichkin, S., Surin, A., Sullivan, S. E., and Neale, J. H. (1997). N-acetylaspartylglutamate selectively activates mGluR3 receptors in transfected cells. J. Neurochem. 69, 174-181.
131. Wu, J. G., Buchsbaum, M. S., and Bunney, W. E. (1991). Positron emission tomography study of phencyclidine users as a possible drug model of schizophrenia. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo 11, 47-48.
132. Xiong, H., Futamura, T., Jourdi, H., Zhou, H., Takei, N., Diverse-Pierluissi, M., Plevy, S., and Nawa, H. (2002). Neurotrophins induce BDNF expression through the glutamate receptor pathway in neocortical neurons. Neuropharmacology 42, 903-912.
133. Yang, J. Z., Si, T. M., Ruan, Y., Ling, Y. S., Han, Y. H., Wang, X. L., Zhou, M., Zhang, H. Y., Kong, Q. M., Liu, C., Zhang, D. R., Yu, Y. Q., Liu, S. Z., Ju, G. Z., Shu, L., Ma, D. L., and Zhang, D. (2003). Association study of neuregulin 1 gene with schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiat. 8, 706-709.