Plant transposable elements, with an emphasis on grass species

Euphytica

Volumn 139, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 227-247

  Sabot, François ^a   Simon, Delphine ^a   Bernard, Michel ^a  

^a CEMAGREF   (France)

Author keywords

Evolution; Genome organization; Grass; Transposable elements

Indexed keywords

POACEAE; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 21744441064     PISSN: 00142336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10681-004-3179-y     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Adé, J. & F.J. Belzile, 1999. Hairpin elements, the first family of foldback transposons (FTs) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 19(5): 591-597.
2. Ananiev, E.V., R.L. Phillips & H.W. Rines, 1998. Chromosome-specific molecular organization of maize (Zea mays L.) centromeric regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 13073-13078.
3. Arkhipova, I. & M. Meselson, 2000. Transposable elements insexual and ancient asexual taxa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(26): 14473-14477.
4. Arnaud, Ph., Y. Yukawa, L. Lavie, T. Pélissier, M. Suguira & J.M. Deragon, 2001. Analysis of the SINES1 Pol III promoter from Brassica; impact of methylation and influence of external sequences. Plant J 26(3): 295-305.
5. Avramova, Z., A. Tikhonov, Ph. SanMiguel, Y.-K. Jin, C. Liu, S.-S. Woo, R.A. Wing & J.L. Bennetzen, 1996. Gene identification in a complex chromosomal continuum by local genomic cross-referencing. Plant J 10(6): 1163-1168.
6. Bannister, J.V. & M.W. Parker, 1985. The presence of a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in the bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi: A likely case of gene transfer from eucaryotes to prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82(1): 149-152.
7. Baulcombe, D.C., 2000. Unwiding RNA silencing. Science 290: 1108-1109.
8. Beall, R. & D.C. Rio, 1996. Drosophila IRBP/Ku p70 corresponds to the mutagen-sensitive mus309 gene and is involved in P-element excision in vivo. Genes Dev 10(8): 921-933.
9. Bender, J., 1998. Cytosine methylation of repeated sequences in eukaryotes: The role of DNA pairing. TIBS 23: 252-256.
10. Bennetzen, J.L., 2000. Transposable element contributions to plant gene and genome evolution. Plant Mol Biol 42: 251-269.
11. Bennetzen, J.L., 2002. Mechanism and rates of genome expansion and contraction in flowering plants. Genetica 115: 29-36.
12. Bhattacharyya, M.K., A.M. Smith, T.H. Ellis, C. Hedley & C. Martin, 1990. The wrinkled-seed character of pea described by Mendel is caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme. Cell 60(1): 115-122.
13. Boeke, J.D., 1989. Transposable elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: D.E. Berg & M.H. Howe (Eds.), Mobile DNA, pp. 335-374, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
14. Boutabout, M., M. Wilhelm & F.-X. Wilhelm, 2001. DNA synthesis fidelity by the reverse transcriptase of the yeast retrotransposon Tyl. Nucleic Acids Res 29(11): 2217-2222.
15. Bowen, N.J. & J.F. McDonald, 2001. Drosophila euchromatic LTR retrotransposons are much younger than the host species in which they reside. Genome Res 11: 1527-1540.
16. Bureau, T.E. & S.R. Wessler, 1994a. Mobile inverted-repeat elements of the Tourist family are associated with the genes of many cereal grasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 1411-1415.
17. Bureau, T.E. & S.R. Wessler, 1994b. Stowaway: A new family of inverted repeat elements associated with the genes of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Plant Cell 6: 907-916.
18. Bureau, T.E., S.E. White & S.R. Wessler, 1994. Transduction of a cellular gene by a plant retroelement. Cell 77: 479-80
19. Capy, P., 2003 (Eds.). Proceedings of the Xle colloque Elements Transposables, Montpellier, France.
20. Capy, P., C. Bazin, D. Higuet & Th. Langin, 1998 (Eds.). Dynamics and Evolution of Transposable Elements Springer, Landes Biosciences, Library of Congress, Austin, Texas.
21. Casa, A.M., C. Brouwer, A. Nagel, L. Wang, Q. Zhang, S. Kresovich & S.R. Wessler, 2000. The MITE family HeartBreaker (Hbr): Molecular markers in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(18): 10083-10089.
22. Chantret, N., A. Cenci, F. Sabot, O. Anderson & J. Dubcovsky, 2004. Sequencing of the Triticum monococcum hardness locus reveals good microcolinearity with rice. Mol Genet Genomics 271: 377-386.
23. Cheng, C., S. Tsuchimoto, H. Ohtsubo, E. Ohtsubo, 2000. Tnr8, a foldback transposable element from rice. Genes Genet Syst 75: 327-333.
24. Chopra, S., V. Brendel, J. Zhang, A.D. Axtell & Th. Peterson, 1999. Molecular characterization of a mutable pigmentation phenotype and isolation of the first active transposable element from Sorghum bicolor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(26): 15330-15335.
25. Dawson, A., E. Hartswood, T. Paterson & D.J. Finnegan, 1997. A LINE-like transposable element in Drosophila, the I factor, encodes a protein with properties similar to those of retroviral nucleocapsids. EMBO J 16(14): 4443-4455.
26. Deininger, P.L., H. Tiedge, J. Kim & J. Brosius, 1996. Evolution, expression, and possible function of a master gene for amplification of an interspersed repeated DNA family in rodents. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 52: 67-88.
27. Deragon, J.M., N. Gilbert, L. Rouquet, A. Lenoir, Ph. Arnaud & G. Picard, 1996. A transcriptional analysis of the Slsn (Brassica napus) family of SINE retroposons. Plant Mol Biol 32: 869-878.
28. Deragon, J.M., B.S. Landry, T. Pelissier, S. Tutois, S. Tourmente & G. Picard, 1994. An analysis of retroposition in plants based on a family of SINEs from Brassica napus. J Mol Evol 39: 378-386.
29. Devos, K.M., J.K.M. Brown & J.L. Bennetzen, 2002. Genome size reduction through illegitimate recombination counteracts genome expansion in Arabidopsis. Genome Res 12: 1075-1079.
30. Dong, F., J.T. Miller, S.A. Jackson, G.-L. Wang, P.C. Ronald & J. Jiang, 1998. Rice (Oryza sativa) centromeric regions consist of complex DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 8135-8140.
31. Doolittle, W.F. & C. Sapienza, 1980. Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284: 601-603.
32. Eickbush, T.H., 1999. Exon shuffling in retrospect. Science 283: 1465-1467.
33. Elrouby, N. & T.E. Bureau, 2001. A novel hybrid ORF formed by multiple cellular gene transductions by a plant LTR-retroelement. J Biol Chem 276(45): 41963-41968.
34. Fedoroff, N.V., 2000. Transposons and genome evolution in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(13): 7002-7007.
35. Fedoroff, N.V., S.R. Wessler & M. Shure, 1983. Isolation of the transposable maize controlling elements Ac and Ds. Cell 35(1): 235-242.
36. Feschotte, C., L. Swamy & S.R. Wessler, 2003. Genome-wide Analysis of mariner-like transposable elements in rice reveals complex relationships with Stowaway MITEs. Genetics 163: 747-758
37. Feschotte, C. & S.R. Wessler, 2001. Treasures in the attic: Rolling circle transposons discovered in eukaryotic genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(16): 8923-8924.
38. Flavell, A.J., 1999. Long terminal repeat retrotransposons jump between species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(22): 12211-12212.
39. Flavell, A.J., D.B. Smith & A. Kumar, 1992. Extreme heterogeneity of Copia-Ty family retrotransposons in plants. Mol Gen Genet 231(2): 233-242.
40. Flavell, R.B., J. Rimpau & D.B. Smith, 1977. Repeated sequence DNA relationship in four cereals genomes. Chromosoma 63: 205-222
41. Fukui, K.-N., G. Suzuki, E.S. Lagudah, S. Rahman, R. Appels, M. Yamamoto & Y. Mukai, 2001. Physical arrangement of retrotransposon-related repeats in centromeric regions of wheat. Plant Cell Physiol 42(2): 189-196.
42. Gabriel, A., M. Willems, E.H. Mules & J.D. Boeke, 1996. Replication infidelity during a single cycle of Ty retrotransposition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 7767-71
43. M.J. Giroux, M. Clancy, J. Baier, L. Ingham, D. McCarty & L.C. Hannah, 1994. De novo synthesis of an intron by the maize transposable element Dissociation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 12150-12154.
44. Goodwill, T.J.D. & R.T.M. Poulter, 2001. The DERS 1 group of retrotransposons. Mol Biol Evol 18(11): 2067-2082.
45. Harberd, N.P., R.B. Flavell & R.D. Thompson, 1987. Identification of a transposon-like insertion in a Glu-I allele of wheat. Mol Gen Genet 209: 326-332.
46. Henikoff, S. & M.A. Matzke, 1997. Exploring and explaining epigenetic effects. Trends In Genetics 13(8): 293-295.
47. Hickey, D.A., 1982. Selfish DNA: A sexually-transmitted nuclear parasite. Genetics 101: 519-531.
48. Hirochika, H., 1995. Activation of plant retrotransposons by stress. In: Modification of Gene Expression and Non-Mendelian Inheritance. NIAR, Japan, pp. 15-21.
49. Hu, J., V.S. Reddy & S.R. Wessler, 2000.The rice R gene family: Two distinct subfamilies containing several miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements. Plant Mol Biol 42: 667-678.
50. Hull, R., 1999. Classification of reverse transcribing elements: A discussion document. Arch Virol 144(1): 209-214.
51. Iwamoto, M. & K. Higo, 2003. Tourist C transposable elements are closely associated with genes expressed in flowers in rice (Oryza sativa). Mol Genet Genomics 268: 771-778.
52. Jääskeläinen, M.J., A.H. Mykkanen, T. Arna, C.M. Vicient, A. Suoniemi, R. Kalendar, H. Savilahti & A.H. Schulman, 1999. Retrotransposon BARE-1: Expression of encoded proteins and formation of virus-like particles in barley cells. Plant J 20(4): 413-422.
53. Jiang, N., Z. Bao, S. Temnykh, Z. Cheng, J. Jiang, R.A. Wing, S.R. McCouch & S.R. Wessler, 2002. Dasheng: A recently amplified nonautonomous LTR element that is a major component of pericentromeric regions in rice. Genetics 161(3): 1293-1305.
54. Jiang, N., Z. Bao, X. Zhang, H. Hirochika, S.R. Eddy, S.R. McCouch & S.R. Wessler, 2003. An active DNA transposon family in rice. Nature 421: 163-167.
55. Jiang, N., K. Jordan & S.R. Wessler, 2002. Dasheng and RIRE2. A nonautonomous long terminal repeat element and its putative autonomous partner in the rice genome. Plant Physiol 130: 1697-1705.
56. Jiang, N. & S.R. Wessler, 2001. Insertion preference of maize and rice miniature inverted repeat transposable elements as revealed by the analysis of nested element. Plant Cell 13: 2553-2564.
57. Jordan, I.K., L.V. Matyunina & J.F. McDonald, 1999. Evidence for the recent horizontal transfer of long terminal repeat retrotransposon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(22): 12621-12625.
58. Jurka, J., 1997. Sequence patterns indicate an enzymatic involvement in integration of mammalian retroposons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 1872-1877.
59. Jurka, J., 1998. Repeats in genomic DNA: Mining and meaning. Curr Opin Struct Biol 8: 333-337.
60. Kalendar, R., J. Tanskanen, S. Immonen, E. Nevo & A.H. Schulman, 2000. Genome evolution of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) by BARE-1 retrotransposon dynamics in response to sharp microclimatic divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(12): 6603-6607.
61. Kalendar, R., C.M. Vicient, O. Peleg, Anamthawat-K. Jonsson, A. Bolshoy & A.H. Schulman, 2004. LArge Retrotransposon Derivatives: Abundant, conserved but nonautonomous retroelements of Barley and related genomes. Genetics 166: 1437-1450.
62. Kapitonov, V.V. & J. Jurka, 2001. Rolling-circle transposons in eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(15): 8714-8719.
63. Kashkush, K., M. Feldman & A.A. Levy, 2002. Gene loss, silencing and activation in a newly synthesized wheat allotetraploid. Genetics 160: 1651-1659.
64. Kashkush, K., M. Feldman & A.A. Levy, 2003. Transcriptional activation of retrotransposons alters the express ion of adjacent genes in wheat. Nat Genet 33: 102-106.
65. Kempken, F. & F. Windhofer, 2001. The hAT family: A versatile transposon group. Chromosoma 110: 1-9.
66. Kidwell, M.G. & D. Lisch, 1997. Transposable elements as sources of variation in animals and plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 7704-7711.
67. Kikuchi, K., K. Terauchi, M. Wada & H.-Y. Hirano, 2003. The plant MITE mPING is mobilized in anther culture. Nature 421: 167-170.
68. Kishii, M., K. Nagaki & H. Tsujimoto, 2001. A tandem repetitive sequence located in the centromeric region of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) chromosomes. Chromosome Res 9: 417-428.
69. Kloeckener-Gruissem, B. & M. Freeling, 1995. Transposon-induced promoter scrambling: A mechanism for the evolution of new alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1836-1840.
70. Kolosha, V.O. & S.L. Martin, 1997. In vitro properties of the first ORF protein from mouse LINE-1 support its role in ribonucleoprotein particle formation during retrotransposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10155-10160.
71. Kumar, A. & J.L. Bennetzen, 1999. Plant retrotransposons. Annu Rev Genet 33: 479-532.
72. Kumar, A. & J.L. Bennetzen, 2000. Retrotransposons: Central players in the structure, evolution and function of plant genomes. Trends Plant Sci 5(12): 509-510.
73. Kumar, A. & H. Hirochika, 2001. Applications of retrotransposons as genetics tools in plants biology. Trends Plant Sci 6(3): 127-134.
74. Kumekawa, N., E. Ohtsubo & H. Ohtsubo, 1999. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Gypsy-type retrotransposons in the plant kingdom. Genes Genet Syst 74: 299-307.
75. Lal, S.K., M.J. Giroux, V. Brendel, C.E. Vallejos & L.C. Hannah, 2003. The maize genome contains a Helitron insertion. Plant Cell 15: 381-391.
76. Langdon, T., G. Jenkins, R. Hasterok & I.P. King, 2003. A high-copy-number CACTA family transposon in temperate grasses and cereals. Genetics 163: 1097-1108.
77. Lawson, E.J.R., S.R. Scofield, C. Sjodin, J.D.G. Jones & C. Dean, 1994. Modification of the 5′ untranslated leader region of the maize Activator element leads to increased activity in Arabidopsis. Mol Gen Genet 245: 608-615.
78. Lenoir, A., L. Lavie, J.-L. Prieto, C. Goubely, J.-C. Cote, T. Pelissier & J.M. Deragon, 2001. The evolutionary origin and genomic organization of SINEs in Arabidopsis thaliaria. Mol Biol Evol 18(12): 2315-2322.
79. Mahillon, J. & M. Chandler, 1998. Insertion sequences. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(3): 725-774.
80. Malik, H.S. & T.H. Eickbush, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of ribonuclease H domains suggests a late, chimeric origin of LTR retrotransposable element and retroviruses. Genome Res 11: 1187-1197.
81. Matsukoa, Y. & K. Tsunewaki, 1996. Wheat retrotransposon families identified by reverse transcriptase domain analysis. Mol Biol Evol 13(10): 1384-1392.
82. Matyunina, L.V., I.K. Jordan & J.F. McDonald, 1996. Naturally occuring variation in Copia expression is due to both element (cis) and host (trans) regulatory variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 7097-7102.
83. McClintock, B., 1950. Mutable loci in maize. In: Carnegie Institute of Washington Year Book, pp. 174-181, Washington.
84. McClintock, B., 1984. Significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Science 226: 792-801.
85. Miller, J.T., F. Dong, S.A. Jackson, J. Song & J. Jiang, 1998. Retrotransposon-related DNA sequences in the centromeres of grass chromosomes. Genetics 150: 1615-1623.
86. Mizuuchi, K., 1992. Transpositional recombination: Mechanistic insights from studies of Mu and other elements. Ann Rev Biochem 61: 1011-1051.
87. Modolell, J., W. Bender & M. Meleson, 1983. Drosophila melanogaster mutations suppressible by the suppressor of Hairywing are insertions of a 7.3-kilobases mobile element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80(6): 1678-1682.
88. Moore, J.K. & J.E. Haber, 1996. Capture of retrotransposon DNA at the sites of chromosomal double-strand breaks. Nature 383: 644-646.
89. Moran, J.V., R.J. DeBernardinis & H.H. Kazazian, Jr., 1999. Exon shuffling by LI retrotransposition. Science 283: 1530-1534.
90. Mount, S.M. & G.M. Rubin, 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Drosophila transposable element Copia: Homology between Copia and retroviral proteins. Mol Cell Biol 5(7): 1630-1638.
91. Nakayashiki, H., K. Ikeda, Y. Hashimoto, Y. Tosa & S. Mayama, 2001. Methylation is not the main force repressing the retrotransposon MAGGY in Magnaporthe grisea. Nucleic Acids Res 29(6): 1278-1284.
92. Nevo, E., 2001. Evolution of genome-phenome diversity under environmental stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(11): 6233-6240.
93. Okamoto, H. & H. Hirochika, 2001. Silencing of transposable element in plants. Trends Plant Sci 6(11): 527-534.
94. Orgel, L.E. & H.C. Crick, 1980. Selfish DNA: The ultimate parasite. Nature 234: 604-607.
95. Pardue, M.L., 2000. Transposable elements: Friends, foes, or merely fellow travelers? Trends Genet 16(4): 155-156.
96. Pastink, A., J.C.J. Eeken & P.H.M. Lohman, 2001. Genomic integrity and the repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Mut Res 480-481: 37-50.
97. Pelissier, T., S. Tutois, J.M. Deragon, S. Tourmente, S. Genestier & G. Picard, 1995. Athila, a new retroelement from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 29(3): 441-452.
98. Petrov, D.A., 2001. Evolution of genome size: New approaches to an old problem. Trends Genet 17(1): 23-28.
99. Potter, S.S., 1982. DNA sequence analysis of a Drosophila foldback transposable element rearrangement. Mol Gen Genet 188(1): 107-110.
100. Presting, G.G., L. Malysheva, J. Fuchs & I. Schubert, 1998. A Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon-like sequence localizes to the centromeric regions of cereal chromosomes. Plant J 16(6): 721-728.
101. Preston, B.D., 1996. Error-prone retrotransposition: Rime of the ancient mutators. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 7427-7431.
102. Purugganan, M.D. & S.R. Wessler, 1994. Molecular evolution of Magellan, a maize Ty3/Gypsy-like retrotransposon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 11674-11678.
103. Rabinowicz, P.D., 2000. Are obese plant genome on a diet? Genome Res 10: 893-894.
104. Raina, R., D. Cook & N.V. Fedoroff, 1993. Maize Spm transposable element has an enhancer-insensitive promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 6355-6359.
105. Rebatchouk, D. & J.O. Narita, 1997. Foldback transposable elements in plant. Plant Mol Biol 34(5): 831-835.
106. Rinehart, T.A., C. Dean & C.F. Weil, 1997. Comparative analysis of non-random DNA repair following Ac transposon excision in maize and Arabidopsis. Plant J 12(6): 1419-1427.
107. Rudenko, G.N., A. Ono & V. Walbot, 2003. Initiation of silencing of maize MuDR/Mu transposable elements. Plant J 33: 1013-1025.
108. Rudenko, G.N. & V. Walbot, 2001. Expression and posttranscriptional regulation of maize transposable element MuDR and its derivatives. Plant Cell 13: 553-570.
109. SanMiguel, Ph., A. Tikhonov, Y.-K. Jin, Motchoulskaia, N., D. Zakharov, A. Melake-Berhan, P.S. Springer, K.J. Edwards, M. Lee, Z. Avramova & J.L. Bennetzen, 1996. Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome. Science 274: 765-768.
110. Schmidt, T., 1999. LINEs, SINEs and repetitive DNA: Non-LTR retrotransposons in plant genomes. Plant Mol Biol 40: 903-910.
111. Shirasu, K., A.H. Schulman, T. Lahaye & P. Schulze-Lefert, 2000. A contiguous 66-kb barley DNA sequence provides evidence for reversible genome expansion. Genome Res 10(7): 908-915.
112. Suoniemi, A., K. Anamthawat-Jonsson, T. Ama & A.H. Schulman, 1996. Retrotransposon BARE-1 is a major, dispersed component of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genome. Plant Mol Biol 30: 1321-1329.
113. Takasaki, N., S. Murata, M. Saitoh, T. Kobayashi, L. Park & N. Okada, 1994. Species-specific amplification of tRNA-derived short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) by retroposition: A process of parazitation of entire genome during the evolution of salmonides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 10153-10157.
114. Temin, H.M., 1980. Origin of retro viruses from cellular moveable genetic elements. Cell 21: 599-600.
115. Thompson-Stewart, D., G.H. Karpen & A.C. Spradling, 1994. A transposable element can drive the concerted evolution of tandemly repetitious DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 9042-9046.
116. Tikhonov, A., L. Lavie, Tatout, Ch., J.L. Bennetzen, Z. Avramova & J.M. Deragon, 2001. Target sites for SINE integration in Brassica genomes display nuclear matrix binding activity. Chromosome Res 9: 325-337.
117. Turcotte, K., S. Srinivasan & T.E. Bureau, 2001. Survey of transposable element from rice genomic sequences. Plant J 25(2): 169-179.
118. Vitte, C. & O. Panaud, 2003. Formation of Solo-LTRs through unequal homologous recombination counterbalances amplifications of LTR retrotransposons. Mol Biol Evol 20(4): 528-540.
119. Volff, J.-N., U. Hornung & M. Schartl, (2001a). Fish retroposons related to the Penelope element of Drosophila virilis define a new group of retrotransposable elements. Mol Genet Genomics 265: 711-720.
120. Volff, J.-N., C. Korting, A. Froschauer, K. Sweeney & M. Scharl, (2001b). Non-LTR retrotransposons encoding a restriction enzyme-like endonuclease in vertebrates. J Mol Evol 52: 351-360.
121. Walbot, V. & D.A. Petrov, 2001. Gene galaxies in the maize genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(15): 8163-8164.
122. Waldrop, M., 1989. Did life really start out in an RNA world? Science 246(4935): 1248-1249.
123. Wendel, J.F. & S.R. Wessler, 2000. Retrotransposon-mediated genome evolution on a local ecological scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(12): 6250-6252.
124. Wessler, S.R., 2001. Plant transposable element. A hard act to follow. Plant Physiol 125: 149-151.
125. Wessler, S.R., T.E. Bureau & S.E. White, 1995. LTR-retrotransposons and MITEs: Important players in the evolution of plant genomes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 5: 814-821.
126. White, S.E., L.F. Habera & S.R. Wessler, 1994. Retrotransposons in the flanking regions of normal plant genes: A role for Copza-like elements in the evolution of gene structure and expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 11792-11796.
127. Wicker, Th., R. Guyot, N. Yahiaoui &, B. Keller, 2003. CACTA transposon in Triticeae. A diverse family of high-copy repetitive elements. Plant Physiol 132: 52-63.
128. Witte, C.-P., Q.H. Le, T.E. Bureau & A. Kumar, 2001. Terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature (TRIM) are involved in restructuring plant genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(24): 13778-13783.
129. Xiong, Y. & T.H. Eickbush, 1990. Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J 9(10): 3353-3362.
130. Yamanouchi, K., 2000. Potential risk of genotransplant-associated infections. Transplant Proc 32: 1155-1156.
131. Yang, G. & T. Hall, 2003. MDM-1 and MDM-2: Two Mwtator-derived MITE families in rice. J Mol Evol 56: 255-264.
132. Yasui, Y., S. Nasuda, Y. Matsukoa & T. Kawahara, 2001. The Au family, a novel short interspersed element (SINE) from Aegilops umbellulata. Theor Appl Genet 102: 463-470.
133. Yoder, J.A., C.P. Walsh & T.H. Bestor, 1997. Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends Genet 13(8): 335-340.
134. Zhang, X., C. Feschotte, Q. Zhang, N. Jiang, W.B. Eggleston & S.R. Wessler, 2001. P instability factor: An active maize transposon system associated with the amplification of Tourist-like MITEs and a new superfamily of transposases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(22): 12572-12577.
135. Zhang, X., N. Jiang, C. Feschotte & S.R. Wessler, 2004. PIF- and Pong-like transposable elements: Distribution, evolution and relationship with Tourist-like miniature inverted repeat tranposable elements. Genetics 166: 971-986.