Presence and influence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in tonsillar cancer

Advances in Cancer Research

Volumn 93, Issue , 2005, Pages 59-89

  Dahlstrand, Hanna Mellin ^a   Dalianis, Tina ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; PROTEIN P53; RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS VACCINE; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

CANCER SURVIVAL; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; GENETIC STABILITY; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIOSENSITIVITY; REVIEW; TONSIL CANCER; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VACCINATION; VIRUS LOAD; WART VIRUS; ANIMAL; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; IMMUNOLOGY; PAPILLOMA VIRUS; TONSIL TUMOR; VIROLOGY; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; TONSILLAR NEOPLASMS; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS;

EID: 19844383723     PISSN: 0065230X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-230X(05)93002-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Alani, R. M., and Munger, K. (1998). Human papillomaviruses and associated malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 330-337.
2. Allen, D. G., Hutchins, A.-M., Hammet, F., White, D. J., Scurry, J. P., Tabrizi, S. N., Garland, S. M., and Armes, J. E. (2002). Genetic aberrations detected by comparative genomic hybridisation in vulvar cancers. Br. J. Cancer 86, 924-928.
3. Andl, T., Kahn, T., Pfuhl, A., Nicola, T., Erber, R., Conradt, C., Klein, W., Helbig, M., Dietz, A., Weidauer, H., and Bosch, F. X. (1998). Etiological involvement of oncogenic human papillomavirus in tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas lacking retinoblastoma cell cycle control. Cancer Res. 58, 5-13.
4. Balz, V., Scheckenbach, K., Götte, K., Bockmühl, U., Petersen, I., and Bier, H. (2003). Is the p53 inactivation frequency in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck underestimated? Analysis of p53 exons 2-11 and human papillomavirus 16/18 E6 transcripts in 123 unselected tumor specimens. Cancer Research 63, 1188-1191.
5. Bergamo, N. A., Rogatto, S. R., Poli-Frederico, R. C., Reis, P. P., Kowalski, E. P., Zielenska, M., and Squire, J. A. (2000). Comparative genomic hybridization analysis detects frequent over-representation of DNA sequences at 3q, 7p, and 8q in head and neck carcinomas. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 119, 48-55.
6. Berkhout, R. J., Tieben, E. M., Smits, H. E., Bavnick, J. N., Vemeer, B. J., and ter Schegget, J. (1995). Nested PCR approach for detection and typing of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus types in cutaneous cancers from renal transplant recipients. J Clin. Microbiol. 33, 690-695.
7. Beskow, A. H., and Gyllensten, U. B. (2002). Host genetic control of HPV 16 titer in carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri. Int. J. Cancer 101, 526-531.
8. Bockmuhl, U., Wolf, G., Schmidt, S., Schwendel, A., Jahnke, V., Dietel, M., and Petersen, I. (1998). Genomic alterations associated with malignancy in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 20, 145-151.
9. Boice, J. D., Jr., Day, N. E., Andersen, A., Brinton, L. A., Brown, R., Choi, N. W., Clarke, E. A., Coleman, M. P., Curtis, R. E., Flannery, J. T., Hakama, M., Hakulinen, T., Howe, G. R., Jensen, O. M., Kleinerman, R. A., Magnin, D., Magnus, K., Makela, K., Malker, B., Miller, A. B., Nelson, N., Patterson, C. C., Pettersson, F., Pompe-Kirn, V., Primic-Zakelj, M., Prior, P., Ravnihar, B., Skeet, R. G., Skjerven, J. E., Smith, P. G., Sok, M., Spengler, R. F., Storm, H. H., Stovall, M., Tomkins, G. W. O., and Wall, C. (1985). Second cancers following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74, 955-975.
10. Brachman, D. G., Graves, D., Vokes, E., Beckett, M., Haraf, D., Montag, A., Dunphy, E., Mick, R., Yandell, D., and Weichselbaum, R. R. (1992). Occurrence of p53 gene deletions and human papillomavirus infection in human head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. 52, 4832-4836.
11. Breitburd, F., Kirnbauer, R., Hubbert, N. L., Nonnenmacher, B., Trin-Dinh-Desarquet, C., Orth, G., Schiller, J. T., and Lowy, D. R. (1995). Immunization with viruslike particles from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can protect against experimental CRPV infection. J. Virol. 69, 3959-3963.
12. Carter, J. J., Koutsky, L. A., Wipf, G. G., Christensen, N. D., Lee, S. K., Kuypers, J., Kiviat, N., and Galloway, D. A. (1996). The natural history of human papillomavirus type 16 capsid antibodies among a cohort of university women. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 927-936.
13. Chen, Z., Storthz, K. A., and Shillitoe, E. J. (1997). Mutations in the long control region of human papillomavirus DNA in oral cancer cells, and their functional consequences. Cancer Res. 57, 1614-1619.
14. Cromme, F. V., Airey, J., Heemels, M. T., Ploegh, H. L., Rearing, P. J., Stern, P. L., Meijer, C. J., and Walboomers, J. M. (1994). Loss of transporter protein, encoded by the TAP-1 gene, is highly correlated with loss of HLA expression in cervical carcinomas. J. Exp. Med. 179, 335-340.
15. Crook, T., Wrede, D., Tidy, J., Mason, W., Evans, D., and Vousden, K. (1992). Clonal p53 mutation in primary cervical cancer: Association with human-papillomavirus-negative tumours. Lancet 339, 1070-1073.
16. Cullen, A. P., Reid, R., Campion, M., and Lorincz, A. T. (1991). Analysis of the physical state of different human papillomavirus DNAs in intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasm. J. Virol. 65, 606-612.
17. Dahlgren, L., Mellin, H., Wangsa, D., Heselmeyer-Hadad, K., Björneståhl, L., Lindholm, J., Munck-Wikland, E., Auer, G., Ried, T., and Dalianis, T. (2003). Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of tonsillar cancer reveals a different pattern of genomic imbalances in human papillomavirus-positive and -negative tumors. Int. J. Cancer 107, 244-249.
18. Das, B. C., Shama, J. K., Gopalakrishna, V., and Luthra, U. K. (1992). Analysis by polymerase chain reaction of the physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in cervical preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. J. Gen. Virol. 73, 2327-2336.
19. Decker, J., and Goldstein, J. (1982). Risk factors in head and neck cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 306, 1151-1155.
20. Demetrick, D. J., Inoue, M., Lester, W. M., Kingma, I., Duggan, M. A., and Paul, L. C. (1990). Human papillomavirus type 16 associated with oral squamous carcinoma in a cardiac transplant recipient. Cancer 66, 1726-1731.
21. de Roda Husman, A. M., Walboomers, J. M., van den Brule, A. J., Meijer, C. J., and Snijders, P. J. (1995). The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3′ ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. J. Gen. Virol. 76, 1057-1062.
22. Devaraj, K., Gillison, M. L., and Wu, T.-C. (2003). Development of HPV vaccines for HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med. 14, 345-362.
23. de Villiers, E. M. (1991). Viruses in cancers of the head and neck. Adv. Otolaryngol. 46, 116-123.
24. de Villiers, E. M., Lavergne, D., McLaren, K., and Benton, E. C. (1997). Prevailing papilloma-virus types in non-melanoma carcinomas of the skin in renal allograft recipients. Int. J. Cancer 73, 356-361.
25. Dolcetti, R., Doglioni, C., Maestro, R., Gasparotto, D., Barszan, L., Pastore, A., Romanelli, M., and Boiocchi, M. (1992). p53 over-expression is an early event in the development of human squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx: genetic and prognostic implications. Int. J. Cancer 52, 178-182.
26. Dong, X. P., Stubenrauch, F., Beyer-Finkler, E., and Pfister, H. (1994). Prevalence of deletions of YY1-binding sites in episomal HPV 16 DNA from cervical cancers. Int. J. Cancer 58, 803-808.
27. Dyson, N., Guida, P., Munger, K., and Harlow, E. (1992). Homologous sequences in adenovirus E1A and human papillomavirus E7 proteins mediate interaction with the same set of cellular proteins. J. Virol. 66, 6893-6902.
28. Dyson, N., Howley, P. M., Munger, K., and Harlow, E. (1989). The humanpapillomavirus-16 E7 protein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 243, 934-937.
29. Erber, R., Conradt, C., Homann, N., Enders, C., Finckh, M., Dietz, A., Weidauer, H., and Bosch, F. X. (1998). TP53 DNA contact mutations are selectively associated with allelic loss and have a strong clinical impact in head and neck cancer. Oncogene 16, 1671-1679.
30. Feltkamp, M. C., Smits, H. L., Vierboom, M. P., Minnaar, R. P., de Jongh, B. M., Drijfhout, J. W., ter Schegget, J., Melief, C. J., and Kast, W. M. (1993). Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 2242-2249.
31. Forslund, O., Antonsson, A., Nordin, P., Stenquist, B., and Hansson, B. G. (1999). A broad range of human papillomavirus types detected with a general PCR method suitable for analysis of cutaneous tumours and normal skin. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 2437-2443.
32. Friesland, S., Fernberg, J. O., Lundell, G., Munck-Wikland, E., Strander, H., and Lewensohn, R. (1999). Prognostic impact of complete remission after preoperative irradiation of tonsillar carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of the Radiumhemmet data, 1980-1995. Int. J. Radiat. Onc. Biol. and Physics 45, 1259-1266.
33. Friesland, S., Mellin, H., Dalianis, T., Munck-Wikland, E., and Lewensohn, R. (2001). Human papillomavirus (HPV) and p53 immunostaining in advanced tonsillar carcinoma-relation to radiotherapy response and survival. Anticancer Res. 21, 529-534.
34. Frisch, M., and Biggar, R. J. (1999). Aetiological parallel between tonsillar and anogenital squamous-cell carcinomas. Lancet 354, 1442-1443.
35. Frisch, M., Biggar, R. J., and Goedert, J. J. (2000a). Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 1500-1510.
36. Frisch, M., Hjalgrim, H., Jaeger, A. B., and Biggar, R. J. (2000b). Changing patterns of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 11, 489-495.
37. Genden, E. M., Ferlito, A., Bradley, P. J., Rinaldo, A., and Scully, C. (2003). Neck disease and distant metastases. Oral Oncol. 39(3), 207-212.
38. Gerard, C. M., Baudson, N., Kraemer, K., Bruck, C., Garcon, N., Paterson, Y., Pan, Z. K., and Pardoll, D. (2001). Therapeutic potential of protein and adjuvant vaccinations on tumour growth. Vaccine 19, 2583-2589.
39. Gillison, M. L., Koch, W. M., Capone, R. B., Spafford, M., Westra, W. H., Wu, L., Zahurak, M. L., Daniel, R. W., Viglione, M., Symer, D. E., Shah, K. V., and Sidransky, D. (2000). Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 709-720.
40. Gillison, M. L., Koch, W. M., and Shah, K. V. (1999). Human papillomavirus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Are some head and neck cancers a sexually transmitted disease? Curr. Opin. Oncol. 11, 191-199.
41. Gillison, M. L., and Shah, K. V. (2001). Human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Mounting evidence for an etiologic role for human papillomavirus in a subset of head and neck cancers. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 13, 183-188.
42. Gissmann, L., Diehl, V., Schultz-Coulon, H. J., and zur Hausen, H. (1982). Molecular cloning and characterization of human papillomavirus DNA derived from a laryngeal papilloma. J. Virol. 44, 393-400.
43. Gunn, G. R., Zubair, A., Peters, C., Pan, Z. K., Wu, T. C., and Paterson, Y. (2001). Two Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vectors that express different molecular forms of human papilloma virus-16 (HPV-16) E7 induce qualitatively different T cell immunity that correlates with their ability to induce regression of established tumors immortalized by HPV-16. J. Immunol. 167, 6471-6479.
44. Gusterson, B. A., Anbazhagan, R., Warren, W., Midgely, C., Lane, D. P., O'Hare, M., Stamps, A., Carter, R., and Jayatilake, H. (1991). Expression of p53 in premalignant and malignant squamous epithelium. Oncogene 6, 1785-1789.
45. Hafkamp, H., Speel, E. J. M., Haesevoets, A., Bot, F. J., Dinjens, W N. M., Ramaekers, F. C. S., Hopman, A. H. N., and Manni, J. J. (2003). A subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas exhibits integration of HPV 16/18 DNA and overexpression of p16INK4A and p53 in the absence of mutations in p53 exons 5-8. Int. J. Cancer 107, 394-400.
46. Hagensee, M. E., Yaegashi, N., and Galloway, D. (1993). Self-assembly of human papilloma-virus type 1 capsids by expression of the L1 protein alone or by coexpression of the L1 and L2 capsid proteins. J. Virol. 67, 315-322.
47. Hagmar, B., Johansson, B., Kalantari, M., Petersson, Z., Skyldberg, B., and Walaas, L. (1992). The incidence of HPV in a Swedish series of invasive cervical carcinoma. Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. 9, 113-117.
48. Hanahan, D., and Weinberg, R. A. (2000). The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100, 57-70.
49. Haraf, D. J., Nodzenski, E., Brachman, D., Mick, R., Montag, A., Graves, D., Vokes, E. E., and Weichselbaum, R. R. (1996). Human papilloma virus and p53 in head and neck cancer: Clinical correlates and survival. Clin. Cancer Res. 2, 755-762.
50. Haupt, Y., Maya, R., Kazaz, A., and Oren, M. (1997). Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53. Nature 387, 296-299.
51. Heidari, S., Vlastos, A., Ramqvist, T., Clark, B., Griffin, M. I., Garcia, M., Perez, M., Amati, P., and Dalianis, T. (2002). Immunization of T-cell deficient mice against polyomavirus infection using viral pseudocapsids or temperature sensitive mutants. Vaccine 20, 1571-1578.
52. Hemminki, K., Dong, C., and Frisch, M. (2000). Tonsillar and other upper aerodigestive tract cancers among cervical cancer patients and their husbands. Eur. J. Cancer 9, 433-437.
53. Herrero, R., Castellsague, X., Pawlita, M., Lissowska, J., Kee, F., Balaram, P., Rajkumar, T., Sridhar, H., Rose, B., Pintos, J., Fernandez, L., Idris, A., Sanchez, M. J., Nieto, A., Talamini, R., Tavani, A., Bosch, F. X., Reidel, U., Snijders, P. J., Meijer, C. J., Viscidi, R., Munoz, N., and Franceschi, S. (2003). IARC Multicenter Oral Cancer Study Group. Human papillomavirus and oral cancer: The International Agency for Research on Cancer multicenter study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 1772-1783.
54. Heselmeyer, K., Schröck, E., Du Manior, S., Blegen, H., Shah, K., Steinbeck, R., Auer, G., and Ried, T. (1996). Gain of chromosome 3q defines the transition from severe dysplasia to invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. USA 93, 479-484.
55. Kalantari, M., Blennow, E., Hagmar, B., and Johansson, B. (2001). Physical state of HPV16 and chromosomal mapping of the integrated form in cervical carcinomas. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 10, 46-54.
56. Kirnbauer, R., Taub, J., Greenstone, H., Roden, R., Durst, M., Gissman, L., Lowy, D. R., and Schiller, J. T. (1993). Efficient self-assembly of human papillomavirus type 16 L1 and L1-L2 into virus-like particles. J. Virol. 67, 6929-6936.
57. Klaes, R., Friedrich, T., Spitkovsky, D., Ridder, R., Rudy, W., Petry, U., Dallenbach-Hellweg, G., Schmidt, D., and von Knebel Doeberitz, M. (2001). Overexpression of p16(INK4A) as a specific marker for dysplastic and neoplastic epithelial cells of the cervix uteri. Int. J. Cancer 92, 276-284.
58. Klussmann, J. P., Gultekin, E., Weissenborn, S. J., Wieland, U., Dries, V., Dienes, H. P., Eckel, H. E., Pfister, H. J., and Fuchs, P. G. (2003). Expression of p16 protein identifies a distinct entity of tonsillar carcinomas associated with human papillomavirus. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 747-753.
59. Klussmann, J. P., Weissenborn, S. J., Weiland, U., Dries, V., Kolligs, J., Jungehuelsing, M., Eckel, H. E., Dienes, H. P., Pfister, H. J., and Fuchs, P. G. (2001). Prevalence, distribution, and viral load of human papillomavirus 16 DNA in tonsillar carcinomas. Cancer 92, 2875-2884.
60. Koch, W. M., Lango, M., Sewell, D., Zahurak, M., and Sidransky, D. (1999). Head and neck cancer in nonsmokers: A distinct clinical and molecular entity. Laryngoscope 109, 1544-1551.
61. Koskinen, W. J., Chen, R. W., Leivo, L., Mäkitie, A., Back, L., Kontio, R., Suuronen, R., Lindqvist, C., Auvinen, E., Molijn, A., Quint, W. G., Vaheri, A., and Altonen, L.-M. (2003). Prevalence and physical status of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int. J. Cancer 107, 401-406.
62. Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Barr, E., Alvarez, F. B., Chiacchierini, L. M., and Jansen, K. U. (2002). A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 1645-1651.
63. Lehtinen, M., and Dillner, J. (2002). Preventive human papillomavirus vaccination. Sex Transm. Infec. 78, 4-6.
64. Lehtinen, M., Malm, C., Apter, D., Heikkilä, R., Heino, P., Rimpilä, K., Ziliacus, R., and Paavonen, J. (2003). Preventive vaccines against papillomavirus and cervix cancer will soon enter clinical practice (Swedish). Läkartidningen 100, 3408-3412.
65. Lehtinen, M., and Paavonen, J. (2001). Efficacy of preventive human papillomavirus vaccination. Int. J. STD AIDS 12, 771-776.
66. Lewensohn-Fuchs, I., Munck-Wikland, E., Berke, Z., Magnusson, K., Pallesen, G., Auer, G., Lindholm, J., Linde, A., Åberg, B., Rubio, C., Kuylenstierna, R., Wiman, K. G., and Dalianis, T. (1994). Involvement of aberrant p53 expression and human papillomavirus in carcinoma of the head, neck, and esophagus. Anticancer Res. 14, 1281-1286.
67. Licitra, L., Bernier, J., Grandi, C., Merlano, M., Bruzzi, P., and Lefebvre, J. L. (2002). Cancer of the oropharynx. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 41, 107-122.
68. Lin, K.-Y., Guarnieri, F. G., Staveley-O'Carroll, K. F., Levitsky, H. I., August, J. T., Pardoll, D. M., and Wu, T. C. (1996). Treatment of established tumors with a novel vaccine that enhances major histocompatibility class II presentation of tumor antigen. Cancer Res. 56, 21-26.
69. Lindel, K., Beer, K. T., Laissue, J., Greiner, R. H., and Aebersold, D. M. (2001). Human papillomavirus positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: A radiosensitive subgroup of head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 92, 805-813.
70. Ling, M., Kanayama, M., Roden, R., and Wu, T. C. (2000). Preventive and therapeutic vaccines for human papillomavirus-associated cervical cancers. J. Biomed. Sci. 7, 341-356.
71. Lorenzato, M., Clavel, C., Masure, M., Nou, J. M., Bouttens, D., Evrard, G., Bory, J. P., Maugard, B., Quereux, C., and Birembaut, P. (2001). DNA image cytometry and human papillomavirus (HPV) detection help to select smears at high risk of high-grade cervical lesions. J. Pathol. 194, 171-176.
72. Maden, C., Beckman, A. M., Thomas, D. B., McKnight, B., Sherman, K. J., Ashley, R. L., Corey, L., and Daling, J. R. (1992). Human papillomaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, and the risk of oral cancer in men. Am. J. Epidemiology 135, 1093-1102.
73. Magnusson, K. P., Berke, Z., Munck-Wikland, E., Lewensohn-Fuchs, I., Klein, G., Dalianis, T., and Wiman, K. G. (1995). In frame deletion of intron 7 in the p53 gene in a human tonsil tumor. Int. J. Oncolog. 6, 27-29.
74. Manos, M. M., Ting, Y., Wright, D. K., Lewis, A. J., Broker, T. R., and Wolinsky, S. M. (1989). The use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of genial human papillomaviruses. Molecular Diagnostics of Human Cancer, Cancer Cells 7, 209-214.
75. Mashberg, A., and Samit, A. (1995). Early diagnosis of asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancers. CA Cancer J. Clin. 45, 328-351.
76. Matzow, T., Boysen, M., Kalantari, M., Johansson, B., and Hagmar, B. (1998). Low detection rate of HPV in oral and laryngeal carcinomas. Acta Oncol. 37, 73-76.
77. May, M., Dong, X. P., Beyer-Finkler, E., Stubenrauch, F., Fuchs, P. G., and Pfister, H. (1994). The E6/E7 promoter of extrachromosomal HPV1 6 DNA in cervical cancers escapes from cellular repression by mutation of target sequences for YY1. EMBO J. 13, 1460-1466.
78. Meneguzzi, G., Cerni, C., Kieny, M. P., and Lathe, R. (1991). Immunization against human papillomavirus type 16 tumor cells with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing E6 and E7. Virology 181, 62-69.
79. McKaig, R. G., Baric, R. S., and Olshan, A. E (1998). Human papillomavirus and head and neck cancer: Epidemiology and molecular biology. Head and Neck 20, 250-265.
80. Mellin, H. (2002). Human Papillomavirus in Tonsillar Cancer. Karolinska University Press, Stockholm.
81. Mellin, H., Dahlgren, L., Munck-Wikland, E., Lindholm, J., Rabbani, H., Kalantari, M., and Dalianis, T. (2002). Human papillomavirus type 16 is episomal and a high viral load may be correlated to better prognosis in tonsillar cancer. Int. J. Cancer 102, 152-158.
82. Mellin, H., Friesland, S., Auer, G., Dalianis, T., and Munck-Wikland, E. (2003). Human papillomavirus and DNA ploidy in tonsillar cancer-correlation to prognosis. Anticancer Res. 23, 2821-2828.
83. Mellin, H., Friesland, S., Lewensohn, R., Dalianis, T., and Munck-Wikland, E. (2000). Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in tonsillar cancer: Clinical correlates, risk of relapse, and survival. Int. J. Cancer 89, 300-304.
84. Mineta, H., Borg, Å., Dictor, M., Wahlberg, P., Åkerwall, J., and Wenerberg, J. (1998). p53 mutation, but not p53 overexpression, correlates with survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 78, 1084-1090.
85. Mork, J., Lie, A. K., Glattre, E., Hallmans, G., Jellim, E., Koskela, P., Moller, B., Pukkala, E., Schiller, J. T., Youngman, L., Lehtinen, M., and Dillner, J. (2001). Human papillomavirus infection as a risk factor for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1125-1131.
86. Munck-Wikland, E., Blegen, H., Lewensohn-Fuchs, I., Malec, M. J., Auer, G., Kuylenstierna, R., Dalianis, T., Wiman, G. K., and Lindholm, J. (1997). P53 overexpression in normal and dysplastic cells adjacent to p53 and HPV negative invasive tumours. Int. J. Oncology 11, 97-104.
87. Naghashfar, Z., Sawada, E., Kutcher, M. J., Swancar, J., Gupta, J., Daniel, R., Kashima, H., Woodruff, J. D., and Shah, K. (1985). Identification of genital tract papillomaviruses HPV-6 and HPV-16 in warts of the oral cavity. J. Med. Virol. 17, 313-324.
88. Niedobitek, G., Pitteroff, S., Herbst, H., Shepherd, P., Finn, T., Anagnostopoulos, I., and Stein, H. (1990). Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in carcinomas of the palatine tonsil. J. Clin. Pathol. 43, 918-921.
89. Obata, A., Eura, M., Sasaki, J., Saya, H., Chikamatsu, K., Tada, M., Iggo, R. D., and Yumoto, E. (2000). Clinical significance of p53 functional loss in squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Int. J. Cancer 89, 187-193.
90. Oriel, J. D. (1971). Natural history of genital warts. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 47, 1-13.
91. Parry, D., Bates, S., Mann, D. J., and Peters, G. (1995). Lack of cyclin D-Cdk complexes in Rb-negative cells correlates with high levels of p16INK4/MTS1 tumour suppressor gene product. EMBO J. 14, 503-511.
92. Pavelic, Z. P., Li, Y. Q., Stambrook, P. J., McDonald, J. S., Munck-Wickland, E., Pavelic, K., Dacic, S., Danilovic, Z., Pavelic, L., Mugge, R. E., Wilson, K., Nguyen, C., and Gluckman, J. (1994). Overexpression of p53 protein is common in premalignant head and neck lesions. Anticancer Res. 14, 2259-2266.
93. Paz, I. B., Cook, N., Odom-Maryon, T., Xie, Y., and Wilczynski, S. P. (1997). Human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck cancer. An association of HPV 16 with squamous cell carcinoma of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring. Cancer 79, 595-604.
94. Pugliano, F. A., Piccirillo, J. F., Zequeira, M. R., Emami, B., Perez, C. A., Simpson, J. R., and Fredrickson, J. M. (1997). Clinical-severity staging system for oropharyngeal cancer: Five-year survival rates. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 123, 1118-1124.
95. Rabkin, C. S., Biggar, R. J., Melbye, M., and Curtis, R. E. (1992). Second primary cancers following anal and cervical carcinoma: Evidence of shared etiologic factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136, 54-58.
96. Redon, R., Hussenet, T., Bour, G., Caulee, K., Jost, B., Muller, D., Abecassis, J., and du Manoir, S. (2002). Amplicon mapping and transcriptional analysis pinpoint cyclin L as a candidate oncogene in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. 62, 6211-6217.
97. Riethdorf, S., Friedrich, R. E., Ostwald, C., Barten, M., Gogacz, P., Gundlach, K. K., Schlechte, H., Bregenzer, T., Riethdorf, L., and Loning, T. (1997). p53 gene mutations and HPV infection in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas do not correlate with overall survival: A long-term follow-up study. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 26, 315-321.
98. Ringström, E., Peters, E., Hasegawa, E. M., Posner, M., Liu, M., and Kelsey, K. T. (2002). Human papillomavirus type 16 and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3187-3192.
99. Rihet, S., Lorenzato, M., and Clavel, C. (1996). Oncogenic human papillomaviruses and ploidy in cervical lesions. J. Clin. Pathol. 49, 892-896.
100. Rome, R. M., Chanen, W., and Pagano, R. (1987). The natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) atypia of the cervix. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 27, 287-290.
101. Sano, T., Oyama, T., Kashiwabara, K., Fukuda, T., and Nakajima, T. (1998). Expression status of p16 protein is associated with human papillomavirus oncogenic potential in cervical and genital lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 1741-1748.
102. Saunders, M. E., MacKenzie, R., Shipman, R., Fransen, E., Gilbert, R., and Jordan, R. C. (1999). Patterns of p53 gene mutations in head and neck cancer: Full-length gene sequencing and results of primary radiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 2455-2463.
103. Schafer, K., Friedmann, W., Mielke, M., Schwartlander, B., and Koch, M. A. (1991). The increased frequency of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is related to the degree of immunosuppression. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 164, 593-599.
104. Scheffner, M., Werness, B. A., Huibregtse, J. M., Levine, A. J., and Howley, P. M. (1990). The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 63, 1129-1136.
105. Schiffman, M. H., and Brinton, L. A. (1995). The epidemiology of cervical carcinogenesis. Cancer 76, 1888-1901.
106. Scully, C. (2002). Oral squamous cell carcinoma; from an hypothesis about a virus, to concern about possible sexual transmission. Oral Oncol. 38, 227-234.
107. Schwartz, S. M., Daling, J. R., Doody, D. R., Wipf, G. C., Carter, J. J., Madeleine, M. M., Mao, E. J., Fitzgibbons, E. D., Huang, S., Beckmann, A. M., McDougall, J. K., and Galloway, D. A. (1998). Oral cancer risk in relation to sexual history and evidence of human papillomavirus infection. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 1626-1636.
108. Sidransky, D. (1995). Molecular genetics of head and neck cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 7, 229-233.
109. Skyldberg, B., Fujioka, K., Hellström, A. C., Sylven, L., Moberger, B., and Auer, G. (2001). Human papillomavirus infection, centrosome aberration, and genetic stability in cervical lesions. Mod. Pathol. 14, 279-284.
110. Smith, E. M., Hoffman, H. T., Summersgill, K. S., Kirchner, H. L., Turek, L. P., and Haugen, T. H. (1998). Human papillomavirus and risk of oral cancer. Laryngoscope 108, 1098-1103.
111. Snijders, P. J., Cromme, F. V., van den Brule, A. J. C., Meijer, C. J., and Walboomers, J. M. (1994). Papillomaviruses and cancer of the upper digestive and respiratory tracts. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 186, 177-198.
112. Snijders, P. J., Cromme, F. V., van den Brule, A. J., Schrijnemakers, H. F., Snow, G. B., Meijer, C. J., and Walboomers, J. M. (1992). Prevalence and expression of human papillomavirus in tonsillar carcinomas, indicating a possible viral etiology. Int. J. Cancer 51, 845-850.
113. Snijders, P. J. F., Scholes, A. G. M., Hart, A., Jones, A. S., Vaughan, E. D., Woolgar, J. A., Meijer, C. J. L. M., Walboomers, J. M., and Field, J. K. (1996). Prevalence of mucosotropic human papillomaviruses in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int. J. Cancer 66, 464-469.
114. Soong, R., Robbins, P. D., Dix, B. R., Grieu, F., Lim, B., Knowles, S., Williams, K. E., Turbett, G. R., House, A. K., and Iacopetta, B. J. (1996). Concordance between p53 protein over-expression and gene mutation in a large series of common human carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 27, 1050-1055.
115. Stanley, M. (2001). Immunobiology of papillomavirus infections. J. Reprod. Immunol. 52, 45-59.
116. Stern, P. L. (1996). Immunity to human papillomavirus-associated cervical neoplasia. Adv. Cancer Res. 69, 175-211.
117. Strome, S. E., Savva, A., Brisse, A. E., Gostout, B. S., Lewis, J., Clayton, A. C., McGovern, R., Weaver, A. L., Persing, D., and Kasperbauer, J. L. (2002). Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils: A molecular analysis of HPV associations. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 1093-1100.
118. Struski, S., Doco-Fenzy, M., and Cornillet-Lefebvre, P. (2002). Compilation of published comparative genomic hybridization studies. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 135, 63-90.
119. Suzich, J. A., Ghim, S. J., Palmer-Hill, F. J., White, W. I., Tamura, J. K., Bell, J. A., Newsome, J. A., Jenson, A. B., and Schlegel, R. (1995). Systemic immunization with papillomavirus L1 protein completely prevents the development of viral mucosal papillomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11553-11557.
120. Swoboda, A., and Fabrizii, V. (1993). Tonsillar carcinoma in a renal graft recipient treated with cyclosporine A. Clin. Nephrol. 39, 272-274.
121. Syrjanen, S. M. (1990). Basic concepts and practical applications of recombinant DNA techniques in detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Review article. Apmis 98, 95-110.
122. Syrjanen, S. M. (2003). Human papillomavirus infections and oral tumors. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 192, 123-128.
123. Syrjanen, K., and Syrjanen, S. (1990). Epidemiology of human papilloma virus infections and genital neoplasia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis 69(Suppl.), 7-17.
124. Syrjanen, K., Syrjanen, S., Lamberg, M., Pyrhönen, S., and Nuutinen, J. (1983). Morphological and immunohistochemical evidence suggesting human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement in oral squamous cell carcinogenesis. Int. J. Oral Surg. 12, 418-424.
125. Thut, C. J., Chen, J. L., Klemm, R., and Tjian, R. (1995). p53 transcriptional activation mediated by coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60. Science 267, 100-104.
126. Tieben, L. M., ter Schegget, J., Minnaar, R. P., Bouwes Bavnick, J. N., Berkhout, R. J., Vermeer, B. J., Jebbink, M. F., and Smits, H. L. (1993). Detection of cutaneous and genital HPV types in clinical samples by PCR using consensus primers. J. Virol. Methods 42, 265-279.
127. van Houten, V. M., Snijders, P. J., van den Brekel, M. W., Kummer, J. A., Meijer, C. J., van Leeuwen, B., Denkers, F., Smeele, L. E., Snow, G. B., and Brakenhoff, R. H. (2001). Biological evidence that human papillomaviruses are etiologically involved in a subgroup of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 93, 232-235.
128. Veldman, T., Horikawa, I., Barrett, J. C., and Schlegel, R. (2001). Transcriptional activation of the telomerase hTERT gene by human papillomavirus type 16 E6 oncoprotein. J. Virol. 75, 4467-4472.
129. Vlastos, A., Andreasson, K., Tegerstedt, K., Hollanderova, D., Heidari, S., Forstova, J., Ramqvist, T., and Dalianis, T. (2003). VP1 pseudocapsids, but not a glutathione-S-transferase VP1 fusion protein, prevent polyomavirus infection in a T-cell immune deficient experimental mouse model. J. Med. Virol. 70, 293-300.
130. Watts, K. J., Thompson, C. H., Cossart, Y. E., and Rose, B. R. (2001). Variable oncogene promoter activity of human papillomavirus type 16 cervical cancer isolates from Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 2009-2014.
131. Watts, K. J., Thompson, C. H., Cossart, Y. E., and Rose, B. R. (2002). Sequence variation and physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 cervical cancer isolates from Australia and New Caledonia. Int. J. Cancer 97, 868-874.
132. Wilczynski, S. P., Lin, B. T., Xie, Y., and Paz, I. B. (1998). Detection of human papillomavirus DNA and oncoprotein overexpression are associated with distinct morphological patterns of tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 145-156.
133. Zhou, J., Sun, X. Y., Stenzel, D. J., and Frazer, I. H. (1991). Expression of vaccinia recombinant HPV 16 L1 and L2 ORF proteins in epithelial cells is sufficient for assembly of HPV virion-like particles. Virology 185, 251-257.
134. zur Hausen, H. (1976). Condylomata acuminata and human genital cancer. Cancer Res. 36, 794.
135. zur Hausen, H. (1996). Papillomavirus infections-a major cause of human cancers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1288, F55-F78.
136. zur Hausen, H. (1999). Papillomaviruses in human cancers. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians 111, 581-587.