Endothelial dysfunction and coronary atherosclerosis

Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular and Haematological Disorders

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 13-22

  Kitamoto, Shiro ^a   Egashira, Kensuke ^a  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; Angiotensin II; Atherosclerosis; Endothelium; HMG CoA reductase inhibitor; Nitric oxide synthase; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIOXIDANT; ARGININE; CAPTOPRIL; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; ENDOTHELIN 1; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; HYDRALAZINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; NITRATE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE DONOR; NORADRENALIN; PRAVASTATIN; PROBUCOL; PROSTACYCLIN; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; TRANDOLAPRIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZOFENOPRIL;

ARTERY ENDOTHELIUM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SECRETION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERANCE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENDOTHELIUM LESION; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; STROKE; THROMBOGENESIS; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS;

EID: 1642565083     PISSN: 15680061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1568006043481257     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Gibbons, G.H., Dzau, V.J. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N. Engl. J. Med., 1994, 330, 1431-1438.
2. Werns, S.W., Walton, J.A., Hsia, H.H., Nabel, E.G., Sanz, M.L., Pitt, B. Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in angiographically normal coronary arteries of patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1989, 79, 287-291.
3. McLenachan, J.M., Williams, J.K., Fish, R.D., Ganz, P., Selwyn, A.P. Loss of flow-mediated endothelium-dependent dilation occurs early in the development of atherosclerosis. Circulation, 1991, 84, 1273-1278.
4. Vita, J.A., Treasure, C.B., Nabel, E.G., McLenachan, J.M., Fish, R.D., Yeung, A.C., Vekshtein, V.I., Selwyn, A.P., Ganz, P. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1990, 81, 491-497.
5. Zeiher, A.M., Drexler, H., Saurbier, B., Just, H. Endothelium-mediated coronary blood flow modulation in humans. J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 92, 652-662.
6. Egashira, K., Inou, T., Hirooka, Y., Kai, H., Sugimachi, M., Suzuki, S., Kuga, T., Urabe, Y., Takeshita, A. Effects of age on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of resistance coronary artery by acetylcholine in humans. Circulation, 1993, 88, 77-81.
7. Egashira, K., Inou, T., Hirooka, Y., Yamada, A., Maruoka, Y., Kai, H., Sugimachi, M., Suzuki, S., Takeshita, A. Impaired coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine in patients with coronary risk factors and proximal atherosclerotic lesions. J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 91, 29-37.
8. Egashira, K., Suzuki, S., Hirooka, Y., Kai, H., Sugimachi, M., Imaizumi, T., Takeshita, A. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of large epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension, 1995, 25, 201-206.
9. Johnstone, M.T., Creager, S.J., Scales, K.M., Cusco, J.A., Lee, B.K., Creager, M.A. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus [see comments]. Circulation, 1993, 88, 2510-2516.
10. Celermajer, D.S., Adams, M.R., Clarkson, P., Robinson, J., McCredie, R., Donald, A., Deanfield, J.E. Passive smoking and impaired endothelium-dependent arterial dilatation in healthy young adults [see comments]. N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 334, 150- 154.
11. Berliner, J.A., Navab, M., Fogelman, A.M., Frahk, J.S., Demer, L.L., Edwards, P.A., Watson, A.D., Lusis, A.J. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation, 1995, 91, 2488-2496.
12. Britten, M.B., Zeiher, A.M., Schachinger, V. Clinical importance of coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and therapeutic options. J. Intern. Med., 1999, 245, 315-327.
13. Harrison, D.G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 100, 2153-2157.
14. Cooke, J.P. Does ADMA cause endothelial dysfunction? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20, 2032-2037.
15. Egashira, K., Katsuda, Y., Mohri, M., Kuga, T., Tagawa, T., Shimokawa, H., Takeshita, A. Basal release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide at site of spasm in patients with variant angina. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1996, 27, 1444-1449.
16. Egashira, K., Katsuda, Y., Mohri, M., Kuga, T., Tagawa, T., Kubota, T., Hirakawa, Y., Takeshita, A. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in coronary vasodilatation induced by pacing tachycardia in humans. Circ. Res., 1996, 79, 331-335.
17. Harrison, D.G., Ohara, Y. Physiologic consequences of increased vascular oxidant stresses in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: Implications for impaired vasomotion. Am. J. Cardiol., 1995, 75, 75B-81B.
18. Griendling, K.K., Alexander, R.W. Endothelial control of the cardiovascular system: Recent advances. FASEB J., 1996, 10, 283-292.
19. Cooke, J.P., Dzau, V.J. Nitric oxide synthase: Role in the genesis of vascular disease. Annual Review of Medicine, 1997, 48, 489-509.
20. Creager, M.A., Gallagher, S.J., Girerd, X.J., Coleman, S.M., Dzau, V.J., Cooke, J.P. L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 90, 1248-1253.
21. Egashira, K., Inou, T., Hirooka, Y., Yamada, A., Urabe, Y., Takeshita, A. Evidence of impaired endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 328, 1659-1664.
22. Egashira, K., Hirooka, Y., Kuga, T., Mohri, M., Takeshita, A. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation, 1996, 94, 130-134.
23. Halcox, J.P., Schenke, W.H., Zalos, G., Mincemoyer, R., Prasad, A., Waclawiw, M.A., Nour, K.R., Quyyumi, A.A. Prognostic value of coronary vascular endothelial dysfunction. Circulation, 2002, 106, 653-658.
24. Takemoto, M., Egashira, K., Tomita, H., Usui, M., Okamoto, H., Kitabatake, A., Shimokawa, H., Sueishi, K., Takeshita, A. Chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade: Effects on cardiovascular remodeling in rats induced by the long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Hypertension, 1997, 30, 1621-1627.
25. Takemoto, M., Egashira, K., Usui, M., Numaguchi, K., Tomita, H., Tsutsui, H., Shimokawa, H., Sueishi, K., Takeshita, A. Important role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the pathogenesis of coronary vascular and myocardial structural changes induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 99, 278-287.
26. Tomita, H., Egashira, K., Kubo-Inoue, M., Usui, M., Koyanagi, M., Shimokawa, H., Takeya, M., Yoshimura, T., Takeshita, A. Inhibition of NO synthesis induces inflammatory changes and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in rat hearts and vessels. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis & Vascular Biology, 1998, 18, 1456-1464.
27. Usui, M., Egashira, K., Kitamoto, S., Koyanagi, M., Katoh, M., Kataoka, C., Shimokawa, H., Takeshita, A. Pathogenic role of oxidative stress in vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme activation in long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension, 1999, 34, 546-551.
28. Usui, M., Egashira, K., Tomita, H., Koyanagi, M., Katoh, M., Shimokawa, H., Takeya, M., Yoshimura, T., Matsushima, K., Takeshita, A. Important role of local angiotensin II activity mediated via type 1 receptor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular inflammatory changes induced by chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Circulation, 2000, 101, 305-310.
29. Kitamoto, S., Egashira, K., Kataoka, C., Koyanagi, M., Katoh, M., Shimokawa, H., Morishita, R., Kaneda, Y., Sueishi, K., Takeshita, A. Increased activity of nuclear factor-kappaB participates in cardiovascular remodeling induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Circulation, 2000, 102, 806-812.
30. Koyanagi, M., Egashira, K., Kitamoto, S., Ni, W., Shimokawa, H., Takeya, M., Yoshimura, T., Takeshita, A. Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in cardiovascular remodeling induced by chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Circulation, 2000, 102, 2243-2248.
31. Koyanagi, M., Egashira, K., Kubo-Inoue, M., Usui, M., Kitamoto, S., Tomita, H., Shimokawa, H., Takeshita, A. Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in cardiovascular inflammatory changes induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Hypertension, 2000, 35, 86-90.
32. Tomita, H., Egashira, K., Ohara, Y., Takemoto, M., Koyanagi, M., Katoh, M., Yamamoto, H., Tamaki, K., Shimokawa, H., Takeshita, A. Early induction of transforming growth factor-β via angiotensin II type 1 receptors contributes to cardiac fibrosis induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension, 1998, 32, 273-279.
33. Luvara, G., Pueyo, M., M., P., Mandet, C., Savoie, F., Henrion, D., Michel, J.P. Chronic blockade of NO synthase activity induces a proinflammatory phenotype in the arterial wall. Prevention by angiotensin II antagonism. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1998, 1408-1416.
34. Dimmeler, S., Fleming, I., Fisslthaler, B., Hermann, C., Busse, R., Zeiher, A.M. Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation. Nature, 1999, 399, 601-605.
35. Tronc, F., Wassef, M., Esposito, B., Henrion, D., Glagov, S., Tedgui, A. Role of NO in flow-induced remodeling of the rabbit common carotid artery. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16, 1256-1262.
36. Ellenby, M.I., Ernst, C.B., Carretero, O.A., Scicli, A.G. Role of nitric oxide in the effect of blood flow on neointima formation. J. Vasc. Surg., 1996, 23, 314-322.
37. Huang, P.L., Huang, Z., Mashimo, H., Bloch, K.D., Moskowitz, M.A., Bevan, J.A., Fishman, M.C. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase [see comments]. Nature, 1995, 377, 239-242.
38. Kuhlencordt, P.J., Gyurko, R., Han, F., Scherrer-Crosbie, M., Aretz, T.H., Hajjar, R., Picard, M.H., Huang, P.L. Accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm formation, and ischemic heart disease in apolipoprotein E/endothelial nitric oxide synthase double-knockout mice. Circulation, 2001, 104, 448-454.
39. Rudic, R.D., Shesely, E.G., Maeda, N., Smithies, O., Segal, S.S., Sessa, W.C. Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101, 731-736.
40. Moroi, M., Zhang, L., Yasuda, T., Virmani, R., Gold, H.K., Fishman, M.C., Huang, P.L. Interaction of genetic deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide, gender, and pregnancy in vascular response to injury in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 1998, 101, 1225-1232.
41. Cooke, J.P., Singer, A.H., Tsao, P., Zera, P., Rowan, R.A., Billingham, M.E. Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 90, 1168-1172.
42. von der Leyen, H.E., Gibbons, G.H., Morishita, R., Lewis, N.P., Zhang, L., Nakajima, M., Kaneda, Y., Cooke, J.P., Dzau, V.J. Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: In vivo transfer of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1995, 92, 1137-1141.
43. Kullo, I.J., Mozes, G., Schwartz, R.S., Gloviczki, P., Crotty, T.B., Barber, D.A., Katusic, Z.S., O'Brien, T. Adventitial gene transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase to rabbit carotid arteries alters vascular reactivity. Circulation, 1997, 96, 2254-2261.
44. Detmers, P.A., Hernandez, M., Mudgett, J., Hassing, H., Burton, C., Mundt, S., Chun, S., Fletcher, D., Card, D.J., Lisnock, J., Weikel, R., Bergstrom, J.D., Shevell, D.E., Hermanowski-Vosatka, A., Sparrow, C.P., Chao, Y.S., Rader, D.J., Wright, S.D., Pure, E. Deficiency in inducible nitric oxide synthase results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Immunol., 2000, 165, 3430-3435.
45. Kuhlencordt, P.J., Chen, J., Han, F., Astern, J., Huang, P.L. Genetic deficiency of inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces atherosclerosis and lowers plasma lipid preroxides in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Circulation, 2001, 103, 3099-3104.
46. Chen, J., Kuhlencordt, P., Urano, F., Ichinose, H., Astern, J., Huang, P.L. Effects of chronic treatment with L-arginine on atherosclerosis in apoE knockout and apoE/inducible NO synthase double-knockout mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23, 97-103.
47. Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S.M., Ford, I., Isles, C.G., Lorimer, A.R., MacFarlane, P.W., McKillop, J.H., Packard, C.J. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 333, 1301-1307.
48. MacAllister, R.J., Calvet, A.L., Collier, J., Edwards, C.M., Herreros, B., Nussey, S.S., Vallance, P. Vascular and hormonal responses to arginine: Provision of substrate for nitric oxide or non-specific effect? Clin. Sci. (Lond)., 1995, 89, 183-190.
49. O'Driscoll, G., Green, D., Taylor, R.R. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation, 1997, 95, 1126-1131.
50. Laufs, U., La Fata, V., Plutzky, J., Liao, J.K. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation, 1998, 97, 1129-1135.
51. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 1994, 344, 1383-1389.
52. Sacks, F.M., Pfeffer, M.A., Moye, L.A., Rouleau, J.L., Rutherford, J.D., Cole, T.G., Brown, L., Warnica, J.W., Arnold, J.M., Wun, C.C., Davis, B.R., Braunwald, E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 335, 1001-1009.
53. Collins, R., Peto, R., Armitage, J. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: Preliminary results. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2002, 56, 53-56.
54. Crouse, J.R., 3rd, Byington, R.P., Furberg, C.D. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy and stroke risk reduction: An analysis of clinical trials data. Atherosclerosis, 1998, 138, 11-24.
55. Kannel, W.B., Castelli, W.P., Gordon, T., McNamara, P.M. Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins, and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Ann. Intern. Med., 1971, 74, 1-12.
56. Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Jama, 1982, 248, 1465-1477.
57. Brown, B.G., Zhao, X.Q., Sacco, D.E., Albers, J.J. Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease. Circulation, 1993, 87, 1781-1791.
58. Schwartz, G.G., Olsson, A.G., Ezekowitz, M.D., Ganz, P., Oliver, M.F., Waters, D., Zeiher, A., Chaitman, B.R., Leslie, S., Stern, T. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary synAromes: The MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 2001, 285, 1711-1718.
59. Ruiz-Ortega, M., Lorenzo, O., Ruperez, M., Esteban, V., Suzuki, Y., Mezzano, S., Plaza, J.J., Egido, J. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular diseases: Expanding the field. Hypertension, 2001, 38, 1382-1387.
60. Kranzhofer, R., Schmidt, J., Pfeiffer, C.A., Hagl, S., Libby, P., Kubler, W. Angiotensin induces inflammatory activation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999, 19, 1623-1629.
61. Griendling, K.K., Minieri, C.A., Ollerenshaw, J.D., Alexander, R.W. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ. Res., 1994, 74, 1141-1148.
62. Hernandez-Presa, M., Bustos, C., Ortego, M., Tunon, J., Renedo, G., Ruiz-Ortega, M., Egido, J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents arterial nuclear factor-kappa B activation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, and macrophage infiltration in a rabbit model of early accelerated atherosclerosis. Circulation, 1997, 95, 1532-1541.
63. Hernandez-Presa, M.A., Bustos, C., Ortego, M., Tunon, J., Ortega, L., Egido, J. ACE inhibitor quinapril reduces the arterial expression of NF-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory factors but not or collagen 1 in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol., 1998, 153, 1825-1837.
64. Ortego, M., Bustos, C., Hernandez-Presa, M.A., Tunon, J., Diaz, C., Hernandez, G., Egido, J. Atorvastatin reduces NF-kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. Atherosclerosis, 1999, 147, 253-261.
65. Han, Y., Runge, M.S., Brasier, A.R. Angiotensin II induces interleukin-6 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells through pleiotropic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors. Circ. Res., 1999, 84, 695-703.
66. Hahn, A.W., Jonas, U., Buhler, F.R., Resink, T.J. Activation of human peripheral monocytes by angiotensin II. FEBS Lett., 1994, 347, 178-180.
67. Naftilan, A.J., Pratt, R.E., Dzau, V.J. Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest., 1989, 83, 1419-1424.
68. Itoh, H., Mukoyama, M., Pratt, R.E., Gibbons, G.H., Dzau, V.J. Multiple autocrine growth factors modulate vascular smooth muscle cell growth response to angiotensin II. J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 91, 2268-2274.
69. Pollman, M.J., Yamada, T., Horiuchi, M., Gibbons, G.H. Vasoactive substances regulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Countervailing influences of nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Circ. Res., 1996, 79, 748-756.
70. Takagishi, T., Murahashi. N., Azagami, S., Morimatsu, M., Sasaguri, Y. Effect of angiotensin II and thromboxane A2 on the production of matrix metalloproteinase by human aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 1995, 35, 265-273.
71. Vaughan, D.E., Lazos, S.A., Tong, K. Angiotensin II regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured endothelial cells. A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and thrombosis. J. Clin. Invest., 1995, 95, 995-1001.
72. Oikawa, T., Freeman, M., Lo, W., Vaughan, D.E., Fogo, A. Modulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vivo: A new mechanism for the anti-fibrotic effect of renin-angiotensin inhibition. Kidney Int., 1997, 51, 164-172.
73. Dzau, V.J. Theodore Cooper Lecture: Tissue angiotensin and pathobiology of vascular disease: A unifying hypothesis. Hypertension, 2001, 37, 1047-1052.
74. Tummala, P.E., Chen, X.L., Sundell, C.L., Laursen, J.B., Hammes, C.P., Alexander, R.W., Harrison, D.G., Medford, R.M. Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature: A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Circulation, 1999, 100, 1223-1229.
75. Capers, Q.t., Alexander, R.W., Lou, P., De Leon, H., Wilcox, J.N., Ishizaka, N., Howard, A.B., Taylor, W.R. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in aortic tissues of hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 1997, 30, 1397-1402.
76. Weiss, D., Kools, J.J., Taylor, W.R. Angiotensin II-induced hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Circulation, 2001, 103, 448-454.
77. Rakugi, H., Kim, D.K., Krieger, J.E., Wang, D.S., Dzau, V.J., Pratt, R.E. Induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in the neointima after vascular injury. Possible role in restenosis. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 93, 339-346.
78. Diet, F., Pratt, R.E., Berry, G.J., Momose, N., Gibbons, G.H., Dzau, V.J. Increased accumulation of tissue ACE in human atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Circulation, 1996, 94, 2756-2767.
79. Kitazono, T., Padgett, R.C., Armstrong, M.L., Tompkins, P.K., Heistad, D.D. Evidence that angiotensin II is present in human monocytes. Circulation, 1995, 91, 1129-1134.
80. Kinoshita, A., Urata, H., Bumpus, F.M., Husain, A. Multiple determinants for the high substrate specificity of an angiotensin II-forming chymase from the human heart. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 19192-19197.
81. Mancini, G.B., Henry, G.C., Macaya, C., O'Neill, B.J., Pucillo, A.L., Carere, R.G., Wargovich, T.J., Mudra, H., Luscher, T.F., Klibaner, M.I., Haber, H.E., Uprichard, A.C., Pepine, C.J., Pitt, B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation, 1996, 94, 258-265.
82. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med, 1991, 325, 293-302.
83. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigattors. N. Engl. J. Med., 1992, 327, 685-691.
84. Pfeffer, M.A., Braunwald, E., Moye, L.A., Basta, L., Brown, E.J., Jr., Cuddy, T.E., Davis, B.R., Geltman, E.M., Goldman, S., Flaker, G.C. et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med., 1992, 327, 669-677.
85. Ambrosioni, E., Borghi, C., Magnani, B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 332, 80-85.
86. Kober, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., Carlsen, J.E., Bagger, H., Eliasen, P., Lyngborg, K., Videbaek, J., Cole, D.S., Auclert, L., Pauly, N.C. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 333, 1670-1676.
87. Yusuf, S., Sleight, P., Pogue, J., Bosch, J., Davies, R., Dagenais, G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 342, 145-153.
88. Kita, T., Nagano, Y., Yokode, M., Ishii, K., Kume, N., Ooshima, A., Yoshida, H., Kawai, C. Probucol prevents the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit, an animal model for familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1987, 84, 5928-5931.
89. Mao, S.J., Yates, M.T., Parker, R.A., Chi, E.M., Jackson, R.L. Attenuation of atherosclerosis in a modified strain of hypercholesterolemic Watanabe rabbits with use of a probucol analogue (MDL 29,311) that does not lower serum cholesterol. Arterioscler. Thromb., 1991, 11, 1266-1275.
90. Zhang, S.H., Reddick, R.L., Avdievich, E., Surles, L.K., Jones, R.G., Reynolds, J.B., Quarfordt, S.H., Maeda, N. Paradoxical enhancement of atherosclerosis by probucol treatment in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 99, 2858-2866.
91. Witting, P.K., Pettersson, K., Letters, J., Stocker, R. Site-specific antiatherogenic effect of probucol in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20, E26-33.
92. Yusuf, S., Pepine, C.J., Garces, C., Pouleur, H., Salem, D., Kostis, J., Benedict, C., Rousseau, M., Bourassa, M., Pitt, B. Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet, 1992, 340, 1173-1178.
93. Fichtlscherer, S., Rosenberger, G., Walter, D.H., Breuer, S., Dimmeler, S., Zeiher, A.M. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation, 2000, 102, 1000-1006.
94. Ridker, P.M. Role of inflammatory biomarkers in prediction of coronary heart disease. Lancet, 2001, 358, 946-948.
95. Pasceri, V., Willerson, J.T., Yeh, E.T. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000, 102, 2165-2168.
96. Lagrand, W.K., Visser, C.A., Hermens, W.T., Niessen, H.W., Verheugt, F.W., Wolbink, G.J., Hack, C.E. C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: More than an epiphenomenon? Circulation, 1999, 100, 96-102.
97. Torzewski, M., Rist, C., Mortensen, R.F., Zwaka, T.P., Bienek, M., Waltenberger, J., Koenig, W., Schmitz, G., Hombach, V., Torzewski, J. C-reactive protein in the arterial intima: Role of C-reactive protein receptor-dependent monocyte recruitment in atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20, 2094-2099.