Nitric oxide synthase: Role in the genesis of vascular disease

Annual Review of Medicine

Volumn 48, Issue , 1997, Pages 489-509

  Cooke, John P ^a   Dzau, Victor J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Hypercholesterolemia; Restenosis; Vasodilation

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOKING; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ANIMALS; ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROGNOSIS; VASCULAR RESISTANCE;

EID: 0031054463     PISSN: 00664219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.489     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Levin EG, Loskutoff DJ. 1982. Cultured bovine endothelial cells produce both urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators. J. Cell. Biol. 94:631-36
2. Marcum JA, McKenney JB, Rosenberg RD. 1984. Acceleration of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation in rat hindquarters via heparin-like molecules bound to the endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 74: 341-50
3. Esmon C, Owen W. 1981. Identification of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2249-52
4. Jaffe EA, Hoyer LW, Nachmann RL. 1974. Synthesis of von Willebrand factor by cultured human endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1906-9
5. Levin EG. 1983. Latent tissue plasminogen activator produced by human endothelial cells in culture: evidence for enzyme-inhibitor complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6804-8
6. Butcher EC. 1991. Leukocyte-endothelial cell recognition: three (or more) steps to specificity and diversity. Cell 67(6): 1033-36
7. Fox PL, DiCorleto PE. 1984. Regulation of production of a platelet-derived growth factor-like protein by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Cell Physiol. 121: 298-308
8. Hansson H-A, Jennische E, Skottner A. 1987. Regenerating endothelial cells express insulin like growth factor-1 immunoreactivity after arterial injury. Cell Tissue Res. 250:499-505
9. Vlodavsky I, Folkman J, Sullivan R, et al. 1987. Endothelial cell-derived basic fibroblast growth factor: synthesis and deposition into subendothelial extracellular matrix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 2292-96
10. Antonelli-Orlidge A, Saunders KB, Smith S, D'Amore PA. 1989. An activated form of transforming growth factor-beta is produced by cocultures of endothelial cells and pericytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4544-48
11. Owens GK, Geisterfer AAT, Yang YW-H, Komoriya A. 1988. Transforming growth factor B-induced growth inhibition and cellular hypertrophy in cultured vascular smooth muscle cell. J. Cell. Biol. 107: 771-80
12. Dubin D, Pratt RE, Cooke JP, Dzau VJ. 1989. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, is a vascular smooth muscle mitogen. J. Vasc. Med. Biol. 1:150-54
13. Naftilan AJ, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. 1989. Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1419-23
14. Loesberg C, Wilk RV, Zandbergen J, et al. 1985. Cell cycle-dependent inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by prostaglandin E1. Exp. Cell. Res. 160:117-20
15. Garg UC, Hassid A. 1989. Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83:1774-77
16. Furchgott RF, Zawadski JV. 1980. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 286:373-76
17. Ignarro LJ, Byrns RE, Buga GM, Wood KS. 1987. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor from pulmonary artery and vein possesses pharmacologic and chemical properties identical to those of nitric oxide radical. Circ. Res. 61:866-79
18. Furchgott RF. 1988. Studies on relaxation of rabbit aorta by sodium nitrite: the basis for the proposal that the acid-activatable inhibitory factor from retractor penis is inorganic nitrite and the endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxide. In Mechanisms of Vasodilation, ed. P Vanhoutte, pp. 401-4. New York: Raven
19. Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. 1987. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 327:524-26
20. Palmer RMJ, Ashton DS, Moncada S. 1988. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nature 333: 664-66
21. Forstermann U, Schmidt HHHW, Pollock JS, et al. 1991. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase: characterization and purification from different cell types. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42:1849-57
22. Lamas S, Marsden PA, Li GK, et al. 1992. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6348-52
23. Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Glatt CE, et al. 1991. Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase. Nature 351: 714-18
24. Lowenstein CJ, Glatt CS, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. 1992. Cloned and expressed macrophage nitric oxide synthase contrasts with the brain enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6711-15
25. Rees DD, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. 1989. Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3375-78
26. Vallance P, Collier J, Moncada S. 1989. Effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide on peripheral arteriolar tone in man. Lancet 2:997-1000
27. Cocks TM, Angus JA. 1983. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries by noradrenaline and serotonin. Nature 305:627-30
28. Katusic ZS, Shepherd JT, Vanhoutte PM. 1984. Vasopressin causes endothelium-dependent relaxations of the canine basilar artery. Circ. Res. 55:575-79
29. Anggard EE, Botting RM, Vane JR. 1990. Endothelin. Blood Vessel. 27:269-81
30. Cohen RA, Shepherd TJ, Vanhoutte PM. 1983. Inhibitory role of the endothelium in the response of isolated coronary arteries to platelets. Science 221:273-74
31. Houston DS, Shepherd JT, Vanhoutte PM. 1985. Adenine nucleotides, serotonin, and endothelium-dependent relaxations to platelets. Am. J. Physiol. 248:H389-95
32. Lüscher TF, Cooke JP, Houston BS, et al. 1987. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in human arteries. Mayo Clinic Proc. 62: 601-6
33. DeMey JG, Vanhoutte PM. 1982. Heterogeneous behavior of the canine arterial and venous wall: importance of the endothelium. Circ. Res. 51:439-47
34. Lüscher TF, Diederich D, Siebenmann R, et al. 1988. Difference between endothelium-dependent relaxations in arterial and in venous coronary bypass grafts. N. Engl. J. Med. 319:462-27
35. Pohl V, Holtz J, Busse R, Bassenge E. 1986. Crucial role of the endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo. Hypertension 8:37-44
36. Young MA, Vatner SF. 1987. Blood flow and endothelium-mediated vasomotion of iliac arteries in conscious dogs. Circ. Res. 61:88-93
37. Cooke JP, Stamler J, Andon N, et al. 1990. Flow stimulates endothelial cells to release a nitrovasodilator that is potentiated by reduced thiol. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H804-12
38. Cooke JP, Rossitch E Jr, Andon NA, et al. 1991. Flow activates an endothelial potassium channel to release an endogenous nitrovasodilator. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1663-71
39. Koller A, Kaley G. 1990. Prostaglandins mediate arteriolar dilation to increased blood flow velocity in skeletal muscle microcirculation. Circ. Res. 67:529-34
40. Feletou M, Vanhoutte PM. 1988. Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of canine coronary smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 93:515-24
41. + current in vascular endothelial cells. Nature 331:168-70
42. Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Krantz DS, et al. 1991. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 1551-56
43. Gordon JB, Ganz P, Nabel EG, et al. 1989. Atherosclerosis influences the vasomotor response of epicardial coronary arteries to exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 83:1946-52
44. Langille BL, O'Donnell F. 1986. Reduction of arterial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium dependent. Science 231:405-7
45. Stuehr D, Gross S, Sakuma I, et al. 1989. Activated murine macrophages secrete a metabolite of arginine with the bioactivity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide. J. Exp. Med. 169:1011-20
46. Nava E, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S. 1991. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in septic shock: how much is beneficial? Lancet 338:1555-57
47. Petros A, Bennett D, Vallance P. 1991. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on hypotension in patients with septic shock. Lancet 338:1557-58
48. Forstermann U, Mugge A, Alheid U, et al. 1989. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). A defence mechanism against platelet aggregation and vasospasm in human coronary arteries. Eur. Heart J. 10(Suppl. F):36-43
49. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. 1990. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5193-97
50. Stamler JS, Mendelsohn ME, Amarante P, et al. 1989. N-acetylcysteine potentiates platelet inhibition by endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Circ. Res. 65: 789-95
51. Pohl U, Busse R. 1989. EDRF increases cyclic GMP in platelets during passage through the coronary vascular bed. Circ. Res. 65:1798-803
52. Pohl U, Nolte C, Bunse A, et al. 1994. Endothelium-dependent phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated protein in platelets during coronary passage. Am. J. Physiol. 266:H606-12
53. Schwartz SM, Heimark RL, Majesky MW. 1990. Developmental mechanisms underlying pathology of arteries. Physiol. Rev. 70:1177-209
54. Fingerle J, Johnson R, Clowes AW, et al. 1989. Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8412-16
55. Dzau VJ, Gibbons GH. 1991. Endothelium and growth factors in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Hypertension 18:115-21
56. Itoh H, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. 1990. Atrial natriuretic polypetide inhibits hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1690-97
57. McNamara DB, Bedi B, Aurora H, et al. 1993. L-Arginine inhibits balloon catheter-induced intimal hyperplasia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193:291-96
58. Tarry WC, Makhoul RG. 1994. L-Arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and reduces intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty. Arterioscler. Thromb. 6:938-43
59. von der Leyen HE, Gibbons GH, Morishita R, et al. 1995. Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: in vivo transfer of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 1137-41
60. Weidinger FF, McLenachan JM, Cybulsky M, et al. 1990. Persistent dysfunction of regenerated endothelium following balloon angioplasty of rabbit iliac artery. Circulation 81:1667-79
61. Verbeuren TH, Jordaens FH, Zonnekeyn LL, et al. 1986. Effect of hypercholesterolemia on vascular reactivity in the rabbit. Circ. Res. 58:552-64
62. Heistad DD, Armstrong MLI, Marcus ML, et al. 1984. Augmented responses to vasoconstrictor stimuli in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic monkeys. Circ. Res. 54: 711-18
63. Ludmer PL, Selwyn AP, Shook TL, et al. 1986. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 1046-51
64. Creager MA, Cooke JP, Mendelsohn ME, et al. 1990. Impaired vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Clin. Invest. 86: 228-34
65. Osborne JA, Lento PH, Siegfried MR, et al. 1989. Cardiovascular effects of acute hypercholesterolemia in rabbits: reversal with lovastatin treatment. J. Clin. Invest. 83: 465-73
66. Cohen RA, Zitnay KM, Haudenschild CC, Cunningham LD. 1988. Loss of selective endothelial cell vasoactive functions in pig coronary arteries caused by hypercholesterolemia. Circ. Res. 63:903-10
67. Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H. 1991. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolaemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 338:1546-50
68. Zeiher AM, Drexler H, Wollschlaeger H, et al. 1989. Coronary vasomotion in response to sympathetic stimulation in humans: importance of the functional integrity of the endothelium. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 14(5): 1181-90
69. Harrison DG, Armstrong ML, Freiman P, Heistad DD. 1987. Restoration of endothelium-dependent relaxation by dietary treatment of atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 80: 1808-11
70. Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA. 1995. Atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and antioxidant protection in endothelium-derived relaxing factor action. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 38(2):129-54
71. Tagawa H, Tagawa T, Shimokawa H. 1992. Estrogen acutely improves both nitric oxide-mediated and non nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Circulation 92: S325 (Abstr.)
72. Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H. 1991. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in the coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 338:1546-50
73. Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, 1992. L-Arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1248-53
74. Andrews HE, Bruckdorfer KR, Dunn RC, Jacobs M. 1987. Low-density lipoproteins inhibit endothelium-dependent relaxation in rabbit aorta. Nature 327:237-39
75. Chin JH, Azhar S, Hoffman BB. 1992. Inactivation of endothelial derived relaxing factor by oxidized lipoproteins. J. Clin. Invest. 89:10-18
76. Minor RL, Myers PR, Guerra R, et al. 1990. Diet-induced atherosclerosis increases the release of nitrogen oxides from rabbit aorta. J. Clin. Invest. 86:2109-16
77. Ohara Y, Petersen TE, Harrison DG. 1993. Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J. Clin. Invest. 91:2546-51
78. Marui N, Offerman MK, Swerlick R, et al. 1993. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene transcription and expression are regulated through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism in human vascular endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 92:1866-74
79. Faruqi R, de la Motte C, DiCorleto PE. 1994. Alpha-tocopherol inhibits agonist-induced monocytic cell adhesion to cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 94:592-600
80. Pagano PJ, Tornheim K, Cohen RA. 1993. Superoxide anion production by rabbit thoracic aorta: effect of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H707-12
81. Heim KF, Thomas G, Ramwell PW. 1991. Effect of substituted arginine compounds on superoxide production in the rabbit aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 257(3): 1130-35
82. Rubbo H, Radi R, Trujillo M, et al. 1994. Nitric oxide regulation of superoxide and peroxynitrite-dependent lipid peroxidation. Formation of novel nitrogen-containing oxidized lipid derivatives. J. Biol. Chem. 269:26066-75
83. Hogg N, Kalyanaraman B, Joseph J, et al. 1993. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by nitric oxide. Potential role in atherogenesis. FEBS Lett. 34:170-74
84. Clancy RM, Leszczynska P, Piziak J, Abramson SB. 1992. Nitric oxide, an endothelial cell relaxation factor, inhibits neutrophil superoxide anion production via a direct action on NADPH oxidase. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1116-21
85. Yates MT, Lambert LE, Whitten JP, et al. 1992. A protective role for nitric oxide in the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by mouse macrophages. FEBS Lett. 309:135-38
86. Niu X-F, Smith CW, Kubes P. 1994. Intracellular oxidative stress induced by nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases endothelial cell adhesion to neutrophils. Circ. Res. 74:1133-40
87. Weber C, Erl W, Pietsch A, et al. 1994. Antioxidants inhibit monocyte adhesion by suppressing nuclear factor-kb mobilization and induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells stimulated to generate radicals. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14:1665-73
88. Peng HB, Libby P, Liao JK. 1995. Induction and stabilization of 1 kappa B alpha by nitric oxide mediates inhibition of NF-kappa B. J. Biol. Chem. 270:14214-19
89. DeCaterina R, Libby P, Peng H-B, et al. 1995. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine-induced endothelial activation. J. Clin. Invest. 96:60-68
90. Resnick N, Collins T, Atkinson W, et al. 1993. Platelet-derived growth factor B chain promoter contains a cis-acting fluid shear-stress-responsive element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4591-95
91. Noris M, Morigi M, Donadelli R, et al. 1995. Nitric oxide synthesis by cultured endothelial cells is modulated by flow conditions. Circ. Res. 76:536-43
92. Bath PMW, Hassall DG, Gladwin A-M, et al. 1991. Nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Divergence of inhibitory effects on monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelium in vitro. Arterioscler. Thromb. 11:254-60
93. Tsao PS, Lewis NP, Alpert SA, Cooke JP. 1995. Exposure to shear stress alters endothelial adhesiveness: role of nitric oxide. Circulation 92:3513-19
94. Richard MJ, Davis LD, Jacobson NL. 1990. The domestic goat: a useful model to determine effects of diet and exercise on cholesterol accumulation in the body. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95(2):275-80
95. Jayo JM, Shively CA, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB. 1993. Effects of exercise and stress on body fat distribution in male cynomolgus monkeys. Int. J. Obes. Rel. Metab. Dis. 17(10):597-604
96. Sessa WC, Pritchard K, Seyedi N, et al. 1994. Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Circ. Res. 74:349-53
97. Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP, Ku DN. 1988. Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112:1018-31
98. Girerd XJ, Hirsch AT, Cooke JP, et al. 1990. L-Arginine augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ. Res. 67:1301-8
99. Cooke JP, Andon NA, Girerd XJ, et al. 1991. Arginine restores cholinergic relaxation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. Circulation 83:1057-62
100. Cooke JP, Singer AH, Tsao PS, et al. 1992. Anti-atherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesteroemic rabbit. J. Clin. Invest. 90:1168-72
101. Tsao P, McEvoy LM, Drexler H, et al. 1994. Enhanced endothelial adhesiveness in hypercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation 89:2176-82
102. Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, et al. 1990. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5134-38
103. Parhami F, Fang ZT, Fogelman AM, et al. 1993. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells are mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J. Clin. Invest. 92:471-78
104. Zeiher AM, Fisslthaler B, Schray-Utz B, Busse R. 1995. Nitric oxide modulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cultured human endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 76:980-86
105. Cayette AJ, Palacino JJ, Horten K, Cohen RA. 1994. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production accelerates neointima formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arteroscler. Thromb. 14:753-59
106. Naruse K, Shimizu K, Muramatsu M, et al. 1994. Long-term inhibition of NO synthesis promotes atherosclerosis in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta. PGH2 does not contribute to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14:746-52
107. Hirata Y, Hayakawa H, Suzuki E, et al. 1995. Direct measurements of endothelium-derived nitric oxide release by stimulation of endothelin receptors in rat kidney and its alteration in salt-induced hypertension. Circulation 91:1229-35
108. Luscher TF, Raij L, Vanhoutte PM. 1987. Endothelium-dependent vascular responses in normotensive and hypertensive Dahl rats. Hypertension 9:157-63
109. Lockette WE, Otsuka Y, Carretero OA. 1986. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in hypertension. Hypertension 8(Suppl. II): 61-66
110. Lüscher TF, Vanhoutte PM, Raij L. 1987. Antihypertensive treatment normalizes decreased endothelium-dependent relaxations in rats with salt-induced hypertension. Hypertension 9(Suppl. III):193-97
111. Shultz PJ, Raij L. 1989. Effects of antihypertensive agents on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 28(Suppl. 2):151-57S
112. Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, de Nucci G, et al. 1992. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. A new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 20:298-303
113. Huang PL, Hyang Z, Mashimo H, et al. 1995. Hypertension in mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nature 377:239-42
114. Panza J, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE Jr, Epstein SE. 1990. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 323: 22-27
115. Linder L, Kiowski W, Buhler FR, Luscher TF. 1990. Indirect evidence for release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in human forearm circulation in vivo: blunted response in essential hypertension. Circulation 81:1762-67
116. Taddei S, Mattei P, Virdis A, et al. 1993. Forearm vasodilation in response to acetylcholine is increased by potassium in essential hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. 11(Suppl. 5):S144-45