Global Change and Human Vulnerability to Vector-Borne Diseases

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 136-173

  Sutherst, Robert W ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ATMOSPHERE; BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GLOBAL CHANGE; MALARIA; PARASITE VECTOR; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; POLLUTION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; URBANIZATION;

ANIMALS; CLIMATE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; DISEASE VECTORS; ENVIRONMENT; FORECASTING; HUMANS; INFECTION; WORLD HEALTH;

ARBOVIRUS; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOA;

EID: 1642453833     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.1.136-173.2004     Document Type: Review

References (358)

1. Abaru, D. E. 1985. Sleeping sickness in Busoga, Uganda, 1976-1983. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 36:72-76.
2. Agudelo-Silva, F., and A. Spielman. 1984. Paradoxical effects of simulated larviciding on production of adult mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33:1267-1269.
3. Akhtar, R., and A. J. McMichael. 1996. Rainfall and malaria outbreaks in western Rajasthan. Lancet 348:1457-1458.
4. Akogbeto, M., and S. Yakoubou. 1999. Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids used for impregnated bednets, Benin, West Africa. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 92:123-130.
5. Allan, R., J. Lindesay, and D. Parker. 1996. El Niño southern oscillation and climatic variability. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia.
6. Allan, R., S. Nam, and L. Doull. 1998. MERLIN and malaria epidemic in north-east Kenya. Lancet 351:1966-1967.
7. Amerasinghe, F. P., P. H. Amerasinghe, J. S. M. Peiris, and R. A. Wirtz. 1991. Anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 45:226-235.
8. Anderson, J. F., T. G. Andreadis, C. R. Vossbrinck, S. Tirrell, E. M. Wakem, R. A. French, A. E. Garmendia, and H. J. Van Kruiningen. 1999. Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes, crows, and a Cooper's hawk in Connecticut. Science 286:2331-2333.
9. Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.
10. Anonymous. 1996. Four TDR diseases can be eliminated: TDR News 49:1-5.
11. Anonymous. 1998. Dengue in the WHO western Pacific region. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 73:273-280.
12. Anonymous. 2000. World development report 1999/2000. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
13. Anonymous. 2001. In T. Damstra, 50 years later, refugee flight on the rise, international support waning. Refugee reports. U.S. Committee for Refugees 22:1-9.
14. Anonymous. 2001. World urbanization prospects. The 2001 revision. ESA/ P/WP.173. United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.
15. Anonymous. 2001. Zapping mosquitoes with biopesticides. Pestic. News 54:9.
16. Arthington, A. H., and L. N. Lloyd. 1989. Introduced poeciliids in Australia and New Zealand, p. 333-348. In G. K. Meffe and F. F. Snelson, Jr. (ed.), Ecology and evolution of livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
17. AtKisson, A. 1999. Believing Cassandra. Chelsea Green Publishing Co., White River Junction, Vt.
18. Baker, R. H. A., C. E. Sansford, C. H. Jarvis, R. J. C. Cannon, A. MacLeod, and K. F. A. Walters. 2000. The role of climatic mapping in predicting the potential geographical distribution of non-indigenous pests under current and future climates. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82:57-71.
19. Bang, Y. H. 1985. Implications in the control of malaria vectors with insecticides in tropical countries of south east Asia. J. Commun. Dis. 17:199-218.
20. Barbazan, P., T. Baldet, F. Darriet, H. Escaffre, D. H. Djoda, and J. M. Hougard. 1998. Impact of treatments with Bacillus sphaericus on Anopheles populations and the transmission of malaria in Maroua, a large city in a savannah region of Cameroon. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 14:33-39.
21. Barbour, A. G., and D. Fish. 1993. The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease. Science 260:1610-1616.
22. Barnett, J. B., T. Colborn, and M. Fournier. 1996. Consensus statement from the work session on 'chemically induced alteration in the developing immune system'. The wildlife/human connection. Environ. Health Perspect. 104(Suppl. 4):807-808.
23. Barrera, R., M. E. Grillet, Y. Rangel, J. Berti, and A. Ache. 1999. Temporal and spatial patterns of malaria reinfection in northeastern Venezuela. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:784-790.
24. Barrett, J. C. 1989. Tsetse control, land use and livestock in the development of the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe: some policy considerations. Network paper 19 - African Livestock Policy Analysis Network: International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
25. Bateman, C. 2000. Flood disease control - moving smartly to save lives. South Afr. Med. J. 90:330-331.
26. Becker, C. M. 1990. The demo-economic impact of the AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa. World Dev. 18:1599-1619.
27. Beer, J., W. Mende, and R. Stellmacher. 2000. The role of the sun in climate forcing Q. Sci. Rev. 19:403-415.
28. Bence, J. R. 1982. Some interactions of predaceous insects and mosquitofish Gambusia affinis: a review of some recent results. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 7:41-44.
29. Bennett, K. E., K. E. Olson, M. D. Munoz, I. F. Fernandez-Salas, J. A. Farfan-Ale, S. Higgs, W. C. Black, and B. J. Beaty. 2002. Variation in vector competence for dengue 2 virus among 24 collections of Aedes aegypti from Mexico and the United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67:85-92.
30. Bergquist, N. R. 2002. Schistosomiasis: from risk assessment to control. Trends Parasitol. 18:309-314.
31. Bergquist, N. R., and D. G. Colley. 1998. Schistosomiasis vaccines: research to development. Parasitol. Today 14:99-104.
32. Bia, F. J. 1992. Malaria prophylaxis: taking aim at constantly moving targets. Yale J. Biol. Med. 65:329-336.
33. Bjorkman, A., and P. A. Phillips-Howard. 1990. The epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84:177-180.
34. Bodker, R., W. Kisinza, R. Malima, H. Msangeni, and S. Lindsay. 2000. Resurgence of malaria in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania, an epidemic of drug-resistant parasites. Global Change Hum. Health 1:134-153.
35. Booman, M., D. N. Durrheim, K. LaGrange, C. Martin, A. M. Mabuza, A. Zitha, F. M. Mbokazi, C. Fraser, and B. L. Sharp. 2000. Using a geographical information system to plan a malaria control programme in South Africa. Bull. W. H. O. 78:1438-1444.
36. Bouma, M. J., and C. Dye. 1997. Cycles of malaria associated with El Niño in Venezuela. JAMA 278:1772-1774.
37. Bouma, M. J., C. Dye, and H. J. Van der Kaay. 1996. Falciparum malaria and climate change in the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55:131-137.
38. Bouma, M. J., R. S. Kovats, S. A. Goubet, J. St. H. Cox, and A. Haines. 1997. Global assessment of El Niño's disaster burden. Lancet 350:1435-1438.
39. Bouma, M. J., G. Poveda, W. Rojas, D. Chavasse, M. Quinones, J. Cox, and J. Patz. 1997. Predicting high-risk years for malaria in Colombia using parameters of El Niño Southern Oscillation. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2:1122-1127.
40. Bouma, M. J., H. E. Sondorp, and H. J. Van der Kaay. 1994. Health and climate change. Lancet 343:302.
41. Bouma, M. J., and H. J. van der Kaay. 1996. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics? Trop. Med. Int. Health 1:86-96.
42. Bradshaw, W. E., and C. M. Holzapfel. 2001. Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:14509-14511.
43. Brenner, R. J., D. A. Focks, R. T. Arbogast, D. K. Weaver, and D. Shuman. 1998. Practical use of spatial analysis in precision targeting for integrated pest management. Am. Entomol. 44:79-101.
44. Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1968. Movements of populations in relation to communicable diseases in Africa. East Afr. Med. J. 45:266-275.
45. Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1985. Mosquitoes, malaria and war, then and now. J. R. Army Med. Corps 131:85-99.
46. Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1987. Malaria and its control: present situation and future prospects. Annu. Rev. Public Health 8:75-110.
47. Bruce-Chwatt, L. J. 1988. History of malaria from prehistory to eradiation, p. 1-59. In W. H. Wernsdorfer and I. McGregor (ed.), Malaria: principles and practice of malariology, vol. 2. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
48. Bryan, J. H., D. H. Foley, and R. W. Sutherst. 1996. Malaria transmission and climate change in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 164:345-347.
49. Burgos, J. J., S. I. Curto de Casas, R. U. Carcavallo, and I. G. Giron. 1994. Global climate change influence in the distribution of some pathogenic complexes malaria and Chagas' disease in Argentina. Entomol. Vectores 1:69-78.
50. Burgos, J. J., S. I. Curto de Casas, R. U. Carcavallo, and A. Martinez. 1994. Malaria and global climate change in Argentina. Entomol. Vectores 1:123-135.
51. Cai, W., P. H. Whetton, and B. Pittock. 2001. Fluctuations of the relationship between ENSO and northeast Austalian rainfall. Climate Dyn. 17:421-432.
52. Calvin, W. H. 1998. The great climate flip-flop. Atlantic Monthly 281:47-64.
53. Chan, N. Y., K. L. Ebi, F. Smith, T. F. Wilson, and A. E. Smith. 1999. An integrated assessment framework for climate change and infectious diseases. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:329-337.
54. Chandre, F., F. Darrier, L. Manga, M. Akogbeto, O. Faye, J. Mouchet, and P. Guillet. 1999. Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bull. W. H. O. 77:230-234.
55. Chatfield, C. 1995. Model uncertainty, data mining and statistical inference. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A 158:419-466.
56. Chitsulo, L., D. Engels, A. Montresor, and L. Savioli. 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop. 77:41-51.
57. Christie, M. 1954. A method for the study of larval populations of Anopheles gambiae and other pool-breeding mosquitoes. Annu. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 48:271-276.
58. Cleaver, H. 1997. Malaria and the political economy of public health. Int. J. Health Serv. 7:557-579.
59. Coetzee, M., D. W. K. Horne, B. D. Brooke, and R. H. Hunt. 1999. DDT, dieldrin and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in African malaria vector mosquitoes: an historical review and implications for future malaria control in southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 95:215-218.
60. Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski, and J. P. Myers. 1996. Our stolen future: are we threatening our fertility, intelligence and survival? A scientific detective story. Dutton, New York, N.Y.
61. Colwell, R., P. Epstein, D. Gubler, M. Hall, P. Reiter, J. Shukla, W. Sprigg, E. Takafuji, and J. Trtanj. 1998. Global climate change and infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:451-452.
62. Cook, G. C. 1992. Effect of global warming on the distribution of parasitic and other infectious diseases: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 85:688-690.
63. Coope, G. R. 1995. The effects of quarternary climate changes on insect populations: lessons from the past, p. 29-48. In R. Harrington and N. E. Stork (ed.), Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
64. Coosemans, M., and J. Mouchet. 1990. Consequences of rural development on vectors and their control. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 70:5-23.
65. Coosemans, M., and A. Van Gompel. 1998. Arthropods vectors of diseases. What is the risk for travellers of being bitten? Of being contaminated? Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 91:467-473.
66. Coosemans, M., M. Wery, B. Storme, L. Hendrix, and P. Mfisi. 1984. Epidémiologic du paludismo dans la plaine de la Ruzizi, Burundi. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 64:135-158.
67. Cox, C. B., and P. D. Moore. 2000. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. Blackwell Science, Malden, Mass.
68. Craig, M. H., R. W. Snow, and D. le Sueur. 1999. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol. Today 15:105-111.
69. Crisp, T. M., E. D. Clegg, R. L. Cooper, W. P. Wood, D. G. Anderson, K. P. Baetcke, J. L. Hoffmann, M. S. Morrow, D. J. Rodier, J. E. Schaeffer, L. W. Touart, M. G. Zeeman, and Y. L. Patel. 1998. Environmental endocrine disruption: an effects assessment and analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 106(Suppl. 1):11-56.
70. Cross, E. R., and K. C. Hyams. 1996. The potential effect of global warming on the geogiaphical and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in Southwest Asia. Environ. Health Perspect. 104:724-727.
71. Crowley, T. J. 2000. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289:270-277.
72. Curtis, C. F. 1996. Options for the control of malaria vectors. Pestic. Outlook 7:20-24.
73. Curtis, C. F., N. Hill, and S. H. Kasim. 1993. Are there effective resistance management strategies for vectors of human disease? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 48:3-18.
74. Curtis, C. F., J. E. Miller, M. H. Hodjati, J. H. Kolaczinski, I. Kasumha, and I. Denholm. 1998. Can anything be done to maintain the effectiveness of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets against malaria vectors? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 353:1769-1775.
75. Dai, A., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl. 1998. Global variations in droughts and wet spells - 1900-1995. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25:3367-3370.
76. Damstra, T., S. Barlow, A. Bergman, R. Kavlock, and G. Van Der Kraak. 2002. Global assessment of the state-of-the-science of endocrine disruptors. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
77. Dansgaard, W., S. J. Johnsen, H. B. Clausen, D. Dahijensen, N. S. Gundestrup, C. U. Hammer, C. S. Hvidberg, J. P. Stefrensen, A. E. Sveinbjornsdottir, J. Jouzel, and G. Bond. 1993. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 364:218-220.
78. Darriet, F., P. Guillet, R. N'Guessan, J. M. C. Doannio, A. Koffi, L. Y. Konan, and P. Carnevale. 1998. Impact of resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to permethrin and deltamethrin on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bednets. Med. Trop. 58:349-354.
79. Das, P. K., and D. D. Amalraj. 1997. Biological control of malaria vectors. Indian J. Med. Res. 106:174-197.
80. Defries, R. S., L. Bounoua, and G. J. Collatz. 2002. Human modification of the landscape and surface climate in the next fifty years. Global Change Biol. 8:438-458.
81. Deubel, V., and F. Rodhain. 1999. Climate variations and dengue fever: direct and indirect impacts. Med. Maladies Infect. 29:289-295.
82. Dhanapala, A. H. 1998. Sensitivity of malaria potential transmission to climate change in Sri Lanka. Asian Profile 26:283-292.
83. Diaz, H. F., and N. E. Graham. 1996. Recent changes in tropical freezing heights and the role of sea surface temperatures. Nature 383:152-155.
84. Dobson, A. 1992. Global warming and potential changes in host-parasite and disease-vector relationships, p. 201-217. In R. Carper, R. L. Peters, and T. E. Lovejoy (ed.), Global warming and biological diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven, Coon.
85. Douthwaite, R. J. 1992. Non-target effects of insecticides used in tsetse control operations. World Anim. Rev. 70-71:8-14.
86. Easton, A. 1999. Outbreak of Japanese encephalitis hits Malaysia. Br. Med. J. 318:893.
87. El-Rahim, I. H. A. A., U. A. El-Hakim, and M. Hussein. 1999. An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1997. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 18:741-748.
88. Epstein, P. R. 1998. Global warming and vector-borne disease. Lancet 351:137.
89. Epstein, P. R. 2000. Is global warming harmful to health? Sci. Am. 283:50-57.
90. Epstein, P. R., H. F. Diaz, S. Elias, G. Grabherr, N. E. Graham, W. J. M. Martens, E. Mosley-Thompson, and J. Susskind. 1998. Biological and physical signs of climate change: focus on mosquito-borne diseases. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 79:409-417.
91. Eskow, E., R. Vemkitesh, S. Rao, and E. Mordechai. 2001. Concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae. Evidence for a novel tick-borne disease complex. Arch. Neurol. 58:1357-1363.
92. Etya'Ale, D. E. 1998. Mectizan as a stimulus for development of novel partnerships: the international organization's perspective. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 92(Suppl. 1):S73-S77.
93. Failloux, A. B., M. Vazeille, and F. Rodhain. 2002. Geographic genetic variation in populations of the dengue virus vector Aedes aegypti. J. Mol. Evol. 55:653-663.
94. Falkenmark, M. 1997. Meeting water requirements of an expanding world population. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 352:929-36.
95. Farquhar, G. D. 1997. Carbon dioxide and vegetation. Science 278:1411.
96. Fischer, G., and G. K. Heilig. 1997. Population momentum and the demand on land and water resources. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 352:869-889.
97. Focks, D. A., R. J. Brenner, D. D. Chadee, and J. H. Trosper. 1999. The use of spatial analysis in the control and risk assessment of vector-borne discases. Am. Entomol. 45:173-183.
98. Focks, D. A., E. Daniels, D. G. Haile, and J. E. Keesling. 1995. A simulation model of the epidemiology of urban dengue fever: literature analysis, model development, preliminary validation, and samples of simulation results. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53:489-506.
99. Foo, L. C., T. W. Lim, and R. Fang. 1985. Rainfall, abundance of Aedes aegypti and dengue infection in Selangor, Malaysia. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 16:560-568.
100. French, J. B., W. L. Schell, J. J. Kazmierczak, and J. P. Davis. 1992. Changes in population density and distribution of Ixodes dammini Acarci: Ixodidae. J. Med. Entomol. 295:723-728.
101. Gaines, S. D., and M. W. Denny. 1993. The largest, smallest, highest, lowest, longest, and shortest: extremes in ecology. Ecology 74:1677-1092.
102. Gardon, J., N. Gardon-Wendel, D. Ngangue, J. Kamgno, J. P. Chippaux, and M. Boussinesq. 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa Ioa infection. Lancet 350:18-22.
103. Garfield, R. M. 1989. War-related changes in health and health services in Nicaragua. Soc. Sci. Med. 28:669-676.
104. Garfield, R. M., E. Prado, J. R. Gates, and S. H. Vermund. 1989. Malaria in Nicaragua: community-based control efforts and the impact of war. Int. J. Epidemiol. 18:434-439.
105. Garnham, P. C. C. 1948. The incidence of malaria at high altitudes. J. Natl. Malaria Soc. 7:275-284.
106. Garrett, L. 1996. The return of infectious disease. Foreign Affairs 75:66-79.
107. Georghiou, G. P. 1994. Principles of insecticide resistance management. Phytoprotection 75(Suppl.):51-59.
108. Ghebreyesus, T. A., M. Haile, K. H. Witten, A. Getachew, A. Medhin, A. Yohannes, S. W. Lindsay, and P. Byass. 2000. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian Highlands. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94:17-21.
109. Gillett, J. D. 1989. The maintenance and spread of insect-borne disease by the agency of man, p. 35-46. In M. H. Service (ed.), Demography and vector-borne diseases. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
110. Githeko, A. K., S. W. Lindsay, U. E. Confalonieri, and J. A. Patz. 2000. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull. W. H. O. 78:1136-1147.
111. Githeko, A. K., M. W. Service, C. M. Mbogo, and F. K. Atieli. 1996. Resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large-scale agricultural areas of western Kenya. Parassitologia 38:481-489.
112. Glantz, M. H. 1991. The use of analogies in forecasting ecological and societal responses to global warming. Environment 33:10-15.
113. Go, V., J. Garey, M. S. Wolff, and B. G. T. Pogo. 1999. Estrogenic potential of certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. Environ. Health Perspect. 1-7:173-177.
114. Gonidec, G., P. Fauran, and G. Le Gonidec. 1981. Arbovirus diseases of the south-western Pacific. Med. Trop. 41:85-92. (In French.)
115. Gossling, S. 2002. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environ. Change 12:283-302.
116. Gouteux, J., and M. Jarry. 1998. Tsetse flies, biodiversity and the control of sleeping sickness. Structure of a Glossina guild in southwest Cote d'Ivoire. Acta Oecol. 19:453-471.
117. Gratz, N. G. 1999. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44:51-75.
118. Greenland, D. J., P. J. Gregory, and P. H. Nye. 1998. Land resources and constraints to crop production, p. 39-55. In J. C. Waterlow, D. G. Armstrong, L. Fowden, and R. Riley (ed.), Feeding a world population of more than eight billion people: a challenge to science. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
119. Gregory, P. J., J. S. I. Ingram, B. Campbell, J. Goudriaan, L. A. Hunt, J. J. Landsberg, S. Linder, M. Stafford-Smith, R. W. Sutherst, and C. Valentin. 1999. Managed productions systems, p. 229-270. In B. Walker, W. Steffen, J. Carradell, and J. Ingram (ed.), The terrestrial biosphere and global change. Implications for natural and managed ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
120. Gryseels, B. 2000. Schistosomiasis vaccines: a devils' advocate view. Parasitol. Today 16:46-48.
121. Gubler, D. J. 1998. Climate change: implications for human health. Health Environ. Digest 12:54-56.
122. Gubler, D. J. 1998. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11:480-496.
123. Gubler, D. J. 1998. Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:442-450.
124. Guzman, M. G., and G. Kouri. 2002. Dengue: an update. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2:33-42.
125. Haines, A. 1998. Global warming and vector-borne diseases. Lancet 351:1737-1738.
126. Haines, A., A. J. McMichael, and P. R. Epstein. 2000. Environment and health. 2. Global climate change and health. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 16:729-734.
127. Hales, S., S. Kovats, and A. Woodward. 2000. What El Niño can tell us about human health and global climate change. Global Change Hum. Health 1:66-77.
128. Hales, S., P. Weinstein, Y. Souares, and A. Woodward. 1999. El Niño and the dynamics of vectorborne disease transmission. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:99-102.
129. Hales, S., P. Weinstein, and A. Woodward. 1996. Dengue fever epidemics in the South Pacific: driven by El Niño Southern Oscillation? Lancet 348:1664-1665.
130. Hancock, J., et al. 1996. The Macroeconomic impact of HIV/AIDS, p. 111-128. In S. Forsythe and B. Rau (ed.), AIDS in Kenya: socio-economic impact and policy implications. FHI/AIDSCAP, Washington, D.C.
131. Handman, E. 2001. Leishmaniasis: current status of vaccine development. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:229-243.
132. Hanna, J. N., S. A. Ritchie, D. A. Phillips, J. Shield, M. C. Bailey, J. S. Mackenzie, M. Poidinger, B. J. McCall, and P. Mills. 1996. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Med. J. Aust. 165:256-260.
133. Hargrove, J. W. 2000. A theoretical study of the invasion of cleared areas by tsetse flies Diptera: Glossinidae, Bull. Entomol. Res. 90:201-209.
134. Harvell, C. D., C. E. Mitchell, J. R. Ward, S. Altizer, A. P. Dobson, R. S. Ostfeld, and M. D. Samuel. 2002. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296:2158-2162.
135. Hawley, W. A. 1988, The biology of Aedes albopictus. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4:1-39.
136. Hay, S. I., J. Cox, D. J. Rogers, S. E. Randolph, D. I. Stern, G. D. Shanks, M. F. Myers, and R. W. Snow. 2002. Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature 415:905-909.
137. Reference deleted.
138. Hay, S. I., J. A. Omumbo, M. H. Craig, and R. W. Snow. 2000. Earth observation, geographic information systems and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in subSaharan Africa. Adv. Parasitol. 47:173-215.
139. Heilig, G. K., G. Fischer, and H. van Velthuizen. 2000. Can China feed itself? An analysis of China's food prospects with special reference to water resources. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 7:153-172.
140. Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell. 1996. Climate change 1995: the science of climate change, Contribution of working group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
141. Huang, C. H. 1982. Studies of Japanese encephalitis in China. Adv. Virus Res. 27:71-101.
142. Hughes, L. 2000. Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already. TREE 15:56-61.
143. Ijumba, J. N., and S. W. Lindsay. 2001. Impact of irrigation on malaria in Africa: paddies paradox. Med. Vet. Entomol. 15:1-11.
144. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Climate change 2001. Third Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
145. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001. Technical summary. Climate change 2001. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. A report of working group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, World Meteorological Office, Geneva, Switzerland.
146. International Plant Protection Convention. 1997. International Plant Protection Convention 1997: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention. [Online.] Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/pq/default.htm.
147. Jetten, T. H., and D. A. Focks. 1997. Potential changes in the distribution of dengue transmission under climate warming. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57:285-297.
148. Jetten, T. H., W. J. M. Martens, and W. Takken. 1996. Model simulations to estimate malaria risk under climate change. J. Med. Entomol. 33:361-371.
149. Jetten, T. H., and W. Takken. 1994. Anophelism without malaria in Europe. A review of the ecology and distribution of the genus Anopheles in Europe. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
150. Jobin, W. 1999. Dams and disease: ecological design and health impacts of large dams, canals and irrigation systems. E. and F. N. Spon Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
151. Jones, R. N. 2000. Analysing the risk of climate change using an irrigation demand model. Clim. Res. 14:89-100.
152. Kamimura, K. 1998. Studies on the population dynamics of the principal vector mosquito of Japanese encephalitis. Med. Entomol. Zool. 49:181-185.
153. Kanesa-thasan, N. 1998. Development of dengue vaccines: an overview. Indian Pediatr. 35:97-100.
154. Karl, T. R., P. D. Jones, and R. W. Knight. 1993. A new perspective on global warming: asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 74:1007-1023.
155. Karl, T. R., R. W. Knight, and N. Plummer. 1996. Trends in high-frequency climate variability in the twentieth century. Nature 377:217-220.
156. Kelly-Hope, L. A., B. H. Kay, D. M. Purdie, and G. M. Williams. 2002. The risk of Ross River and Barmah Forest virus disease in Queensland; implications for New Zealand. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 26:69-77.
157. Keoleian, G. A., and D. Menerey. 1994. Sustainable development by design: review of life cycle design and related approaches. Air Waste 44:645-668.
158. Kinley, D. H. 1998. Aerial assault on the tsetse fly. Environment 40:14-18, 40-41.
159. Kitron, U. 1998. Landscape ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases - tools for spatial analysis. J. Med. Entomol. 35:435-445.
160. Knols, B. G. J., and W. Takken. 1998. The wide-scale use of impregnated bednets for malaria control in Africa: impact on mosquitoes. Proc. Sect. Exp. Appl. Entomol. Neth. Entomol. Soc. 9:15-22.
161. Knudsen, A. B. 1995. Geographic spread of Aedes albopictus in Europe and the concern among public health authorities. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 11:345-348.
162. Kondrachine, A. V., and P. I. Trigg. 1997. Global overview of malaria. Indian J. Med. Res. 106:39-52.
163. Kovats, R. S. 2000. El Niño and human health. Bull. W. H. O. 78:1127-1135.
164. Kovats, R. S., D. H. Campbell-Lendrum, A. J. McMichael, A. Woodward, and J. S. Cox. 2001. Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 356:1057-1068.
165. Kovats, R. S., A. Haines, R. Stanwell-Smith, P. Martens, B. Menne, and R. Bertollini. 1999. Climate change and human health in Europe. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 318:1682-1685.
166. Kovats, S., and A. Haines. 1995. The potential health impacts of climate change: an overview. Med. War 11:168-178,
167. Krimsky, S. 2000. Hormonal chaos. The scientific and social origins of the environmental endocrine hypothesis. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.
168. Kriticos, D. J., and P. R. Randall. 2001. A comparison of systems to analyse potential weed distributions, p. 61-79. In R. H. Groves, F. D. Panetta, and J. G. Virtue (ed.), Weed risk assessment. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
169. Kuhn, K. G. 1999. Global warming and leishmaniasis in Italy. Bull. Trop. Med. Int. Health 7:1-2.
170. Kullman, L. 2002. Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. J. Ecol. 90:68-77.
171. Lacey, L. A., and C. M. Lacey. 1990. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2(Suppl.):1-93.
172. Lane, R. S., J. Piesman, and W. Burgdorfer. 1991. Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36:587-609.
173. Laurance, W. F. 2001. Future shock: forecasting a grim fate for the earth. TREE 6:531-533.
174. Laventure, S., J. Mouchet, S. Blanchy, L. Marrama, P. Rabarison, L. Andrianaivolambo, E. Rajaonarivelo, I. Rakotoarivony, and J. Roux. 1996. Rice, a source of life and death on the Madagascan plateaux. Cah. Etudes Rech. Francophones/Sante 6:79-86.
175. Lawton, J., and R. May. 1995. Extinction rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
176. Legner, E. F. 1995. Biological control of Diptera of medical and veterinary importance. J. Vector Ecol. 20:59-120.
177. Lenorman, T., D. Bourguet, T. Guillemaud, and M. Raymond. 1999. Tracking the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Nature 400:861-864.
178. Leveque, C. 1990. The impact of vector control on the aquatic environment. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 65(Suppl. 1):119-124.
179. Lewis, W. J., J. C. van Lenteren, S. C. Phatak, and J. H. I. Tumlinson. 1997. A total system approach to sustainable pest management. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12243-12248.
180. Li, Y. S., A. C. Sleigh, A. G. P. Ross, G. M. Williams, M. Tanner, and D. P. McManus. 2000. Epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in China: morbidity and strategies for control in the Dongting Lake region. Int. J. Parasitol. 30:273-281.
181. Lifson, A. R. 1996. Mosquitoes, models, and dengue. Lancet 347:1201-1202.
182. Lim, B. L. 1986. Filariasis in Indonesia: a summary of published information from 1970-1984. Trop. Biomed 3:193-210.
183. Linacre, E. 1992. Climate data and resources: a reference and guide. Routledge, London, United Kingdom.
184. Lindblade, K. A., E. D. Walker, A. W. Onapa, J. Katungu, and M. L. Wilson. 1999. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Niño. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93:480-487.
185. Lindblade, K. A., E. D. Walker, A. W. Onapa, J. Katungu, and M. L. Wilson. 2000. Land use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop. Med. Int. Health 5:263-274.
186. Lindgren, E. 1998. Climate change, tick-horne encephalitis and vaccination needs in Sweden - a prediction model. Ecol. Modelling 110:55-63.
187. Lindgren, E., and R. Gustafson. 1998. Climate and tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden. Conserv. Ecol. 21:5.
188. Lindgren, E., L. Talleklint, and T. Polfeldt. 2000. Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:119-123.
189. Lindsay, S. W., and M. H. Birley. 1996. Climate change and malaria transmission. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 90:573-588.
190. Lindsay, S. W., R. Bodker, R. Malima, H. A. Msangeni, and W. Kisinza. 2000. Effect of 1997-98 El Niño on highland malaria in Tanzania. Lancet 355:989-990.
191. Lindsay, S. W., and A. Joyce. 2000. Climate change and the disappearance of malaria from England. Global Change Hum. Health 1:184-187.
192. Lindsay, S. W., and W. J. M. Martens. 1998. Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future. Bull. W. H. O. 76:33-45.
193. Lindsay, S. W., L. Parson, and C. J. Thomas. 1998. Mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis, using climate data. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 265:847-853.
194. Lindsay, S. W., and C. J. Thomas. 2000. Mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94:37-45.
195. Linthicum, K. J., A. Anyamba, C. J. Tucker, P. W. Kelley, M. F. Myers, and C. J. Peters. 1999. Climate and satellite indicators to forecast Rift Valley fever epidemics in Kenya. Science 285:397-400.
196. Loder, N. 2000. Royal Society warns on hormone disruptors. Nature 406:4
197. Loevinsohn, M. E. 1994. Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda. Lancet 343:714-718.
198. Lortholary, O., J. Robert, and J. Le Bras. 1994. Epidemiology of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Ann. Med. Interne 145:429-432.
199. Maciel, A., A. Rocha, K. B. F. Marzochi, Z. Medeiros, A. B. Carvalho, L. Regis, W. Souza, T. Lapa, and A. Furtado. 1996. Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, northeastern Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 91:449-455.
200. Mackenzie, J., M. Lindsay, and P. Daniels. 2000. The effect of climate on the incidence of vector-borne viral diseases in Australia: the potential value of seasonal forecasting. p. 429-452. In G. L. Hammer, N. Nicholls, and C. Mitchell (ed.), Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The Australian experience. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
201. Maelzer, D., S. Hales, P. Weinstein, M. Zalucki, and A. Woodward. 1999. El Niño and arboviral disease prediction. Environ. Health Perspect. 107:817-818.
202. Maguire, T. 1994. Do Ross River and dengue viruses pose a threat to New Zealand? N. Z. Med. J. 107:448-450.
203. Malakooti, M. A., K. Biomndo, and G. D. Shanks. 1998. Re-emergence of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:671-676.
204. Marco, G. J., R. M. Hollingworth, and W. Durham. 1987. Silent spring revisited. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
205. Martens, P. 1998. Health and climate change: modelling the impacts of global warming and ozone depletion. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
206. Martens, P. 1999. How will climate change affect human health? Am. Sci. 87:534-541.
207. Martens, P., and L. Hall. 2000. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:7-13.
208. Martens, P., R. S. Kovats, S. Nijhof, P. de. Vries, M. T. J. Livermore, D. J. Bradley, J. Cox, and A. J. McMichael. 1999. Climate change and future populations at risk of malaria. Global Environ. Change 9:S89-S107.
209. Martens, W. J. M., T. H. Jetten, and D. A. Focks. 1997. Sensitivity of malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue to global warming. Climate Change 35:145-146.
210. Martens, W. J. M., T. H. Jetten, J. Rotmans, and L. W. Niessen. 1995. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a global modelling perspective. Global Environ. Change 5:195-209.
211. Martens, W. J. M., L. W. Niessen, J. Rotmans, T. H. Jetten, and A. J. McMichael. 1995. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ. Health Perspect. 103:458-464.
212. Martin, P. H., and M. G. Lefebvre. 1995. Malaria and climate: sensitivity of malaria potential transmission to climate. AMBIO XXIV:200-209.
213. Massad, E., and O. P. Forattini. 1998. Modelling the temperature sensitivity of some physiological parameters of epidemiologic significance. Ecosyst. Health 4:119-129.
214. Matola, Y. G., G. B. White, and S. A. Magayuka. 1987. The changed pattern of malaria endemicity and transmission at Amani in the eastern Usumbara mountains, northeastern Tanzania. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90:127-134.
215. Matsuoka, Y., and K. Kai. 1994. An estimation of climate change effects on malaria. J. Global Environ. Eng. 1:1-15.
216. Maxwell, C. A., C. F. Curtis, H. Haji, S. Kisumku, A. I. Thalib, and S. A. Yahya. 1990. Control of Bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 84:709-714.
217. Mayer, J. D. 2000. Geography, ecology and emerging infectious diseases. Soc. Sci. Med. 50:937-952.
218. McCarroll, L., M. G. Paton, S. H. P. P. Karunaratne, H. T. R. Jayasuryia, K. S. P. Kalpage, and J. Hemingway. 2000. Insecticides and mosquito-borne disease. Nature 407:961-962.
219. McCarty, J. P. 2001. Ecological consequences of recent climate change. Conserv. Biol. 15:320-331.
220. McMichael, A. J. 1997. Integrated assessment of potential health impact of global environmental change: prospects and limitations. Environ. Model. Assess. 2:129-137.
221. McMichael, A. J. 2000. The urban environment and health in a world of increasing globalization: issues for developing countries. Bull. W. H. O. 78:1117-1126.
222. McMichael, A. J., and A. Haines. 1997. Global climate change: the potential effects on health. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 315:805-809.
223. McMichael, A. J., A. Haines, R. Sloff, and S. Kovats. 1996. Climate change and human health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
224. McMichael, A. J., and R. S. Kovats. 2000. Climate change and climate variability: adaptations to reduce adverse health impacts. Environ. Monit. Assess. 61:49-64.
225. Mellor, P. S. 1998. Climate change and the distribution of vector borne diseases with special reference to African horse sickness virus, p. 439-454. Towards livestock disease diagnosis and control in the 21st century. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Diagnosis and Control of Livestock Diseases Using Nuclear and Related Techniques. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria.
226. Mockenhaupt, F. P., J. May, U. Bienzle, and C. G. Meyer. 1997. Drug-resistant malaria. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 122:1293-1297.
227. Modiano, D., V. Petrarca, B. S. Sirima, I. Nebie, G. Luoni, F. Esposito, and M. Coluzzi. 1998. Baseline immunity of the population and impact of insecticide-treated curtains on malaria infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:336-340.
228. Molyneux, D. H. 1997. Patterns of change in vector-borne diseases. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 91:827-839.
229. Mouchet, J., and J. Brengues. 1990. Vector-borne diseases and vector control at the public health-agriculture interface. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 83:376-393.
230. Mouchet, J., and P. Carnevale. 1997. Impact of environmental changes on vector-borne diseases. Cah. Etudes Rech. Francophones/Sante 7:263-269.
231. Mouchet, J., S. Manguin, J. Sircoulon, S. Laventure, O. Faye, A. W. Onapa, P. Carnevale, J. Julvez, and D. Fontenille. 1998. Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 14:121-130.
232. Mulla, M. S., G. Majori, and A. A. Arata. 1979. Impact of biological and chemical mosquito control agents on nontarget biota in aquatic ecosystems. Residue Rev. 71:121-173.
233. Murray-Smith, S., and P. Weinstein. 1993. A time bomb in north Queensland: a case report of introduced malaria south of the nineteenth parallel. Comm. Disease Intell. 17:211-213.
234. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1999. An experiment in the application of climate forecasts: NOAA-OGP activities related to the 1997-98 El Niño event. Office of Global Programs, United States Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colo.
235. New, M., M. Hulme, and P. Jones. 1999. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. I. Development of a 1961-90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Climate 12:829-856.
236. Newton, P., and N. White. 1999. Malaria: new developments in treatment and prevention. Annu. Rev. Med. Select. Top. Clin. Sci. 50:179-192.
237. Nicholls, N. 1986. A method for predicting Murray Valley encephalitis in southeast Australia using the Southern Oscillation. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 64:587-594.
238. Nicholls, N. 1993. El Niño-Southern Oscillation and vector-borne disease. Lancet 342:1284-1285.
239. Omumbo, J. A., S. I. Hay, S. J. Goetz, R. W. Snow, and D. J. Rogers. 2002. Updating historical maps of malaria transmission intensity in East Africa using remote sensing. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 68:161-166.
240. Ostfeld, R. S., and F. Keesing. 2000. Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. Conserv. Biol. 14:722-728.
241. Packard, R. M., and P. Gadelha. 1994. A land filled with mosquitoes: Fred L. Soper, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Anopheles gambiae invasion of Brazil. Parassitologia 36:197-213.
242. Pant, C. P., and N. G. Gratz. 1979. Malaria and agricultural development. Outlook Agric. 10:111-115.
243. Parmesan, C., and G. Yobe. 2003. A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature 421:37-42.
244. Parry, M., and T. Carter. 1998. Climate impact and adaptation assessment. Earthscan, London, United Kingdom.
245. Parry, M. L., and M. Livermore. 1999. A new assessment of the global effect of climate change. Global Environ. Change 9(Suppl. Issue).
246. Patz, J. A. 2001. Public health risk assessment linked to climatic and ecological change. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 7:1317-1327.
247. Patz, J. A., M. Hulme, C. Rosenzweig, T. D. Mitchell, R. A. Goldberg, A. K. Githeko, S. Lele, A. J. McMichael, and D. Le Sueur. 2002. Regional warming and malaria resurgence. Nature 420:627-628.
248. Patz, J. A., and S. W. Lindsay. 1999. New challenges, new tools: the impact of climate change on infectious diseases. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2:445-451.
249. Patz, J. A., M. A. McGeehin, S. M. Bernard, K. L. Ebi, P. R. Epstein, A. Grambsch, D. J. Gubler, P. Reiter, I. Romieu, J. B. Rose, J. M. Samet, and J. Trtanj. 2000. The potential health impacts of climate variability and change for the United States: executive summary of the report of the health sector of the US National Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 108:367-376.
250. Patz, J. A., K. Strzepek, S. Lele, M. Hedden, S. Greene, B. Noden, S. I. Hay, L. Kalkstein, and J. C. Beier. 1998. Predicting key malaria transmission factors, biting and entomological inoculation rates, using modelled soilq moisture in Kenya. Trop. Med. Int. Health 3:818-827.
251. Pearce, F. 1990. High and dry in the global greenhouse. New Sci. 128:34-37.
252. Peters, W. 1989. Changing pattern of antimalarial drug resistance. J. R. Soc. Med. 82(Suppl. 17):10-11.
253. Peyton, E. L., S. R. Campbell, T. M. Candeletti, M. Romanowski, and W. J. Crans. 1999. Aedes Finlaya japonicus japonicus Theobald, a new introduction into the United States. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 15:238-241.
254. Phillips, R. S. 2001. Current status of malaria and potential for control. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:208-226.
255. Porter W. P., J. W. Jaeger, and I. H. Carlson. 1999. Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarb (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizers) mixtures at groundwater concentrations. Toxicol. Ind. Health 15:133-150.
256. Poveda, G., W. Rojas, M. L. Quinones, I. D. Velez, R. I. Mantilla, D. Ruiz, J. S. Zuluaga, and G. L. Rua. 2001. Coupling between annual and ENSO timescales in the malaria-climate association in Colombia. Environ. Health Perspect. 109:489-493.
257. Prasittisuk, C., and C. F. Curtis. 1982. Absence of effects of insecticides on susceptibility of anophelines to Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 13:127-132.
258. Prothero, R. M. 1977. Disease and mobility: a neglected factor in epidemiology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 6:259-267.
259. Prothero, R. M. 2001. Migration and malaria risk. Health Risk Soc. 3:19-38.
260. Pépin, J. 1997. Zaire (Congo): resurgence of trypanosomiasis ("patients within borders"). Lancet 349(Suppl. 3):10-11.
261. 2 and temperature effects on evapotranspiration and irrigated agriculture. J. Irrigation Drainage Eng. 122:155-163.
262. Randolph, S. E., and D. J. Rogers. 1997. A generic population model for the African tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Parasitology 115:265-279.
263. Raymond, M., A. Callaghan, P. Fort, and N. Pasteur. 1991. Worldwide migration of amplified insecticide resistance genes in mosquitoes. Nature 350:151-153.
264. Reeves, W. C., J. L. Hardy, W. K. Reisen, and M. M. Milby. 1994. Potential effect of global warming on mosquito-borne arboviruses. J. Med. Entomol. 31:323-332.
265. Reiter, P. 1988. Weather, vector biology, and arboviral recrudescence, p. 245-255. In T. P. Monath (ed.), The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
266. Reiter, P. 1996. Global warming and mosquito-borne disease in USA. Lancet 348:622.
267. Reiter, P. 1998. Global-warming and vector-borne disease in temperature regions and at high altitude. Lancet 351:839-840.
268. Reiter, P. 2000. Biting back. New Sci. 167:41-43.
269. Reiter, P. 2000. From Shakespeare to Defoe: malaria in England in the little ice age. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:1-11.
270. Reiter, P. 2001. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 109(Suppl. 1):141-161.
271. Remme, J. H. F., F. Binka, and D. Nabarro. 2001. Toward a framework and indicators for monitoring Roll Back Malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64:76-84.
272. Richie, T. L., and A. Saul. 2002. Progress and challenges for malaria vaccines. Nature 415:694-701.
273. Ritchie, S. A., and W. Rochester. 2001. Wind-blown mosquitoes and introduction of Japanese encephalitis into Australia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:900-903.
274. Robbins A. H., M. D. Borden, B. S. Windmiller, M. Niezgoda, L. C. Marcus, S. M. O'Brien, S. M. Kreindel, M. W. McGuill, A. Jr. DeMaria, C. E. Rupprecht, and S. Rowell. 1998. Prevention of the spread of rabies to wildlife by oral vaccination of raccoons in Massachusetts. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 213:1407-1412.
275. Rocha e Silva, E. O., D. M. V. Wanderley, and V. L. C. C. Rodrigues. 1998. Triatoma infestans: importance, control and elimination of the species in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 31:73-88.
276. Rodhain, F. 1996. Worldwide situation of dengue. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 89:87-90.
277. Roger, P. A., I. Simpson, R. Oficial, S. Ardales, and R. Jimenez. 1994. Effects of pesticides on soil and water microflora and mesofauna in wetland ricefields: a summary of current knowledge and extrapolation to temperate environments. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 34:1057-1068.
278. Rogers, D. J. 1995. Remote sensing and the changing distribution of tsetse flies in Africa, p. 177-193. In R. Harrington and N. E. Stork (ed.), Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
279. Rogers, D. J., and S. E. Randolph. 1993. Distribution of tsetse and ticks in Africa: past, present and future. Parasitol. Today 9:266-271.
280. Rogers, D. J., and S. E. Randolph. 2000. The global spread of malaria in a future, warmer world. Science 289:1763-1766.
281. Rogers, D. J., and S. E. Randolph. 2002. A response to the aim of eradicating tsetse from Africa. Trends Parasitol. 18:534-536.
282. Root, T. L., J. T. Price, K. R. Hall, S. H. Schneider, C. Rosenzweig, and J. A. Pounds. 2003. Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57-60.
283. Rosatte, R. C., C. D. MacInnes, R. T. Williams, and O. Williams. 1997. A proactive prevention strategy for raccoon rabies in Ontario, Canada. Wild. Soc. Bull. 25:110-116.
284. Rosen, L., D. J. Gubler, and P. H. Bennett. 1981. Epidemic polyarthritis (Ross River) virus infection in the Cook Islands. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30:1294-1302.
285. Russell, B. M., L. E. Muir, P. Weinstein, and B. H. Kay. 1996. Surveillance of the mosquito Aedes aegypti and its biocontrol with the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis in Australian wells and gold mines. Med. Vet. Entomol. 10:155-160.
286. Russell, R. C. 1998. Mosquito-borne arboviruses in Australia: the current scene and implications of climate change for human health. Int. J. Parasitol. 28:955-969.
287. Sabatini, A., V. Raineri, G. Trovato, and M. Coluzzi. 1990. Aedes albopictus in Italy and the possible spread of this species in the Mediterranean area. Parassitologia 32:301-304.
288. Schapira, A., P. F. Beales, and M. R. Halloran. 1993. Malaria: living with drug resistance. Parasitol. Today 9:168-174.
289. Schofield, C. J. 1991. Vector population responses to control interventions. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 71(Suppl. 1):201-217.
290. Schoute, J. F. T., P. A. Finke, F. R. Veeneklaas, and H. P. Wolfert. 1995. Scenario studies for the rural environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
291. Serufo, J. C., A. M. Souza, V. A. Tavares, M. C. Jammal, and J. G. Silva. 1993. Dengue in the south-eastern region of Brazil: historical analysis and epidemiology. Rev. Saude Publica 27:157-167.
292. Service, M. H. 1989. Demography and vector-borne diseases. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
293. Shanks, G. D., and J. J. Karwacki. 1991. Malaria as a military factor in Southeast Asia. Mil. Med. 156:684-686.
294. Shanks, G. D., Kiomndo K., S. I. Hay, and R. W. Snow. 2000. Changing patterns of clinical malaria since 1965 among a tea estate population located in the Kenyan highlands. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94:253-255.
295. Snow, K. 1999. Malaria and mosquitoes in Britain: the effect of global climate change. Eur. Mosq. Bull. 4:17-25.
296. Snow, R. W. 2000. The burden of malaria: understanding the balance between immunity, public health and control. J. Med. Microbiol. 49:1053-1055.
297. Southgate, V. R., L. A. T. Tchuente, M. Sene, D. DeClercq, A. Theron, J. Jourdane, B. L. Webster, D. Rollinson, B. Gryseels, and J. Vercruysse. 2001. Studies on the biology of schistosomiasis with emphasis on the Senegal river basin. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 96:75-78.
298. Southwood, T. R. E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? J. Anim. Ecol. 46:337-365.
299. Spielman, A., U. Kitron, and R. J. Pollack. 1993. Time limitation and the role of research in the worldwide attempt to eradicate malaria. J. Med. Entomol. 30:6-19.
300. Stoute, J. A., and W. R. Ballou. 1998. The current status of malaria vaccines. Biodrugs 10:123-136.
301. Strobel M., and I. Lamaury. 2001. Dengue fever - a review. Rev. Med. Interne 22:638-647.
302. Sutherst, R. W. 1983. Variation in the numbers of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), in a moist habitat made marginal by low temperatures. J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 22:1-5.
303. Sutherst, R. W. 1993. Arthropods as disease vectors in a changing environment, p. 124-145. In J. V. Lake, G. R. Bock, and K. Ackrill (ed.), Environmental change and human health. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
304. Sutherst, R. W. 1998. Implications of global change and climate variability for vector-borne diseases: generic approaches to impact assessments. Int. J. Parasitol. 28:935-945.
305. Sutherst, R. W. 2000. Climate change and invasive species - a conceptual framework, p. 211-240. In H. A. Mooney and R. J. Hobbs (ed.), Invasive species in a changing world. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
306. Sutherst, R. W. 2000. Climate variability, seasonal forecasting and invertebrate pests-the need for a synoptic view, p. 381-397. In G. L. Hammer, N. Nicholls, and C. Mitchell (ed.), Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agricultural and natural ecosystems. The Australian experience. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
307. Sutherst, R. W. 2001. The vulnerability of animal and human health to parasites under global change. Int. J. Parasitol. 31:933-948.
308. Sutherst, R. W., and H. N. Comins. 1979. The management of acaricide resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), in Australia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 69:519-540.
309. Sutherst, R. W., J. Ingram, and H. Scherm. 1998. Global change and vector-borne diseases. Parasitol. Today 14:297-299.
310. Sutherst, R. W., J. Ingram, T. Yonow, H. Scherm, and K. Sutton (ed.). 1998. Global change impact assessment approaches for vectors and vector-borne diseases. GCTE Working Document no. 27. GCTE Office, Oxford, United Kingdom.
311. Sutherst, R. W., and G. F. Maywald. 1985. A computerised system for matching climates in ecology. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 13:281-299.
312. Sutherst, R. W., G. F. Maywald, and B. L. Russell. 2000. Estimating vulnerability under global change: modular modelling of pests. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82:303-319.
313. Sutherst, R. W., G. F. Maywald, and D. B. Skarratt. 1995. Predicting insect distributions in a changed climate, p. 59-91. In R. Harrington and N. E. Stork (ed.), Insects in a changing environment. Academic Press, Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
314. Sutherst, R. W., G. F. Maywald, T. Yonow, and P. M. Stevens. 1999. CLIMEX. Predicting the effects of climate on plants and animals. CD-ROM and user guide. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
315. Sutherst, R. W., T. Yonow, S. Chakraborty, C. O'Donnell, and N. White. 1996. A generic approach to defining impacts of climate change on pests, weeds and diseases in Australasia, p. 281-307. In W. J. Bouma, G. I. Pearman, and M. R. Manning (ed.), Greenhouse: coping with climate change. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
316. Tadei, W. P., B. D. Thatcher, J. M. M. Santos, V. M. Scarpassa, I. B. Rodri, and M. S. Rafael. 1998. Ecologic observations on anopheline vectors of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:325-335.
317. Tauber, M. J., C. A. Tauber, and S. Masaki. 1986. Seasonal adaptations of insects. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
318. Taubes, G. 1997. Apocalypse not. Science 278:1004-1006.
319. Tellier, X., J. Steffan, and A. Buhlmann. 1991. Mechanisms of resistance to insecticides and acaricides. Practical consequences. Rev. Med. Vet. 142:657-667.
320. Thakare, J. P., S. R. Shenoy, V. S. Padbidri, C. S. Rajput, D. P. Karmarkar, and S. S. Deo. 1999. Japanese encephalitis in Sangli district, Maharashtra. Indian J. Med. Res. 109:165-166.
321. Thompson, L. G. 1999. Ice core evidence for climate change in the tropics: implications for our future. Q. Sci. Rev. 19:19-35.
322. Tigertt, W. D., and D. F. Clyde. 1976. Drug resistance in the human malarias. Antibiot. Chemother. 20:246-272.
323. Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, and D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292:281-284.
324. Toole, M. J., and R. J. Waldman. 1997. The public health aspects of complex emergencies and refugee situations. Annu. Rev. Public Health 18:288-312.
325. Topouzis, D., and J. de Guerny. 1999. Sustainable agricultural/rural development and vulnerability to the AIDS epidemic. FAO and UNAIDS. UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, Geneva, Switzerland.
326. United Nations Environment Programme. 1999. Gobal environment outlook 2000. United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.
327. Utzinger, J., Y. Tozan, and B. H. Singer. 2001. Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of environmental management for malaria control. Trop. Med. Int. Health 6:677-687.
328. van den Hurk, A. F., S. A. Ritchie, A. Ingram, and R. D. Cooper. 1998. The first report of Anopheles farauti sensu stricto below the nineteenth parallel at Mackay, Queensland. Med. J. Aust. 169:89-90.
329. van der Hoek, W., Sakthivadivel, R., Renshaw, M., Silver, J. B., Birley, M. H., and Konradsen, F. 2001. Alternate wet/dry irrigation in rice cultivation: a practical way to save water and control malaria and Japanese encephalitis? IWMI research report no. 47. [Online.] International Management Institute, Silverton, South Africa. http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/pubs/pub047/RR047.htm.
330. Van Emden, H. F., and D. B. Peakall. 1996. Beyond silent spring: integrated pest management and chemical safety. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, United Kingdom.
331. Vulule, J. M., R. F. Beach, F. K. Atieli, J. M. Roberts, D. L. Mount, and R. W. Mwangi. 1994. Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Med. Vet. Entomol. 8:71-75.
332. Walker, J. 1998. Malaria in a changing world: an Australian perspective. Int. J. Parasitol. 28:947-953.
333. Watts, J. 1999. Malaysia-Japanese encephalitis outbreak leads to military intervention. Lancet 353:1075.
334. Weidhaas, D. E., and D. A. Focks. 2000. Management of arthropodborne diseases by vector control, p. 539-563. In B. F. Eldridge and J. D. Edman (ed.), Medical entomology: a textbook on public health and veterinary problems caused by arthropods. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
335. Weihe, W. H. 1991. Human well-being, diseases, and climate, p. 352-359. In J. Jager and H. L. Ferguson (ed.), Climate change: science, impacts and policy. Proceedings of the Second World Climate Conference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
336. Weintraub, P. 2001. The bitter feud over LYMErix. Big pharma takes on the wrong little osp. [Online.] http://news.bmn.com/hmsbeagle/106/notes /feature3.
337. Weintraub, P. 2001 Tick menagerie [Online.] http://news.bmn.com/hmsbeagle/115/notes/feature2.
338. Wellde, B. T., D. A. Chumo, D. Waema, and M. J. Reardon. 1989. A history of sleeping sickness in Kenya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 83(Suppl. 1):1-11.
339. Wernsdorfer, W. H. 1991. The development and spread of drug-resistant malaria. Parasitol. Today 7:297-303.
340. Wernsdorfer, W. H. 1994. Epidemiology of drug resistance in malaria. Acta Trop. 56:143-156.
341. Wernsdorfer, W. H., and D. Payne. 1991. The dynamics of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Pharmacol. Ther. 50:95-121.
342. Wery, M., and M. Coosemans. 1980. Drug resistance in malaria. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 60:137-162.
343. Whitby, M. 1997. Drug resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40:749-752.
344. White, G. B. 1989. Malaria p. 1-22. In Geographical distribution of arthropod-borne diseases and their principal vectors. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
345. White, N. J. 1998. Drug resistance in malaria. Br. Med. Bull. 54:703-715.
346. Wigley, T. M. L. 1985. Impact of extreme events. Nature 316:106-107.
347. Wilson, M. E. 1995. Travel and the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1:39-46.
348. Woodward, A., S. Hales, and P. Weinstein. 1998. Climate change and human health in the Asia Pacific region: who will be the most vulnerable? Climate Res. 11:31-38.
349. World Health Organization. 1986. Resistance of vectors and reservoirs of disease to pesticides. 10th report of the WHO Expert Committee on Vector Biology and Control. WHO Tech. Rep. Se. 737:1-87.
350. World Health Organization. 1990. Potential health effects of climatic change. WHO report WHO/PEP/90/10. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
351. World Health Organization. 2001. Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. 1. Water supply statistics. 2. Water resources development. 3. Sanitation statistics. I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. World Health Organization and UNICEF, Geneva, Switzerland.
352. World Resources Institute. 1996. World resources: a guide to the global environment. The urban environment. 1996-97. World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.
353. Reference deleted.
354. Wu, N., L. X. Qin, G. H. Liao, W. M. Zhou, W. K. Geng, Y. M. Shi, Y. Tan, and K. R. Zhao. 1993. Field evaluation of bednets impregnated with deltamethrin for malaria control. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 24:664-671.
355. Wu, Y. C., Y. S. Huang, L. J. Chien, T. L. Lin, Y. Y. Yueh, W. L. Tseng, K. J. Chang, and G. R. Wang. 1999. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis on Taiwan during 1966-1997. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61:78-84.
356. Ye-ebiyo, Y., R. J. Pollack, and A. Spielman. 2000. Enhanced development in nature of larval Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes feeding on maize pollen. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63:90-93.
357. Yu, Z. N., and L. S. Yu. 1990. Large-scale field evaluations of larvicidal preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 for mosquito control in town and rural environment in China. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 15:189-195.
358. Zulueta, D. J., C. D. Ramsdale, and M. Coluzzi. 1975. Receptivity to malaria in Europe. Bull. W. H. O. 52:109-111.