-
1
-
-
0003489339
-
-
Cambridge University Press, New York
-
Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., and Moss, R. H., Climate Change (1995); Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York (1996); McMichael, A. J., Int. J. Epidemiol. 22, 1 (1993); Haines, A. and Fuchs, C., J. Public Health. Med. 13, 69 (1991).
-
(1996)
Climate Change (1995); Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analysis
-
-
Watson, R.T.1
Zinyowera, M.C.2
Moss, R.H.3
-
2
-
-
0027394257
-
-
Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., and Moss, R. H., Climate Change (1995); Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York (1996); McMichael, A. J., Int. J. Epidemiol. 22, 1 (1993); Haines, A. and Fuchs, C., J. Public Health. Med. 13, 69 (1991).
-
(1993)
Int. J. Epidemiol.
, vol.22
, Issue.1
-
-
McMichael, A.J.1
-
3
-
-
0025801249
-
-
Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., and Moss, R. H., Climate Change (1995); Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York (1996); McMichael, A. J., Int. J. Epidemiol. 22, 1 (1993); Haines, A. and Fuchs, C., J. Public Health. Med. 13, 69 (1991).
-
(1991)
J. Public Health. Med.
, vol.13
, pp. 69
-
-
Haines, A.1
Fuchs, C.2
-
4
-
-
0027525630
-
-
Dobson, A. and Carper, R., Lancet 342, 1096 (1993); Morse, S., Emerging Infect. Dis. 1, 7 (1995).
-
(1993)
Lancet
, vol.342
, pp. 1096
-
-
Dobson, A.1
Carper, R.2
-
5
-
-
0029171434
-
-
Dobson, A. and Carper, R., Lancet 342, 1096 (1993); Morse, S., Emerging Infect. Dis. 1, 7 (1995).
-
(1995)
Emerging Infect. Dis.
, vol.1
, pp. 7
-
-
Morse, S.1
-
6
-
-
0025587429
-
-
Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J., Theor. Appl. Climatol. 41, 11 (1990); Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J., Int. J. Climatology 10(2), 111 (1990).
-
(1990)
Theor. Appl. Climatol.
, vol.41
, pp. 11
-
-
Legates, D.R.1
Willmott, C.J.2
-
7
-
-
0025206053
-
-
Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J., Theor. Appl. Climatol. 41, 11 (1990); Legates, D. R. and Willmott, C. J., Int. J. Climatology 10(2), 111 (1990).
-
(1990)
Int. J. Climatology
, vol.10
, Issue.2
, pp. 111
-
-
Legates, D.R.1
Willmott, C.J.2
-
8
-
-
0000814970
-
-
GFDL GCM (Manabe, S. M., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J., and Bryan, K., J. Climate 4, 785 (1991)), ECHAM1-A GCM (Cubasch, U. et al. Climate Dynamics 8, 55 (1992)) and UKTR GCM (Murphy, J. M., J. Climate 8, 36 (1995)).
-
(1991)
J. Climate
, vol.4
, pp. 785
-
-
Manabe, S.M.1
Stouffer, R.J.2
Spelman, M.J.3
Bryan, K.4
-
9
-
-
0027077209
-
-
GFDL GCM (Manabe, S. M., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J., and Bryan, K., J. Climate 4, 785 (1991)), ECHAM1-A GCM (Cubasch, U. et al. Climate Dynamics 8, 55 (1992)) and UKTR GCM (Murphy, J. M., J. Climate 8, 36 (1995)).
-
(1992)
Climate Dynamics
, vol.8
, pp. 55
-
-
Cubasch, U.1
-
10
-
-
0028895320
-
-
GFDL GCM (Manabe, S. M., Stouffer, R. J., Spelman, M. J., and Bryan, K., J. Climate 4, 785 (1991)), ECHAM1-A GCM (Cubasch, U. et al. Climate Dynamics 8, 55 (1992)) and UKTR GCM (Murphy, J. M., J. Climate 8, 36 (1995)).
-
(1995)
J. Climate
, vol.8
, pp. 36
-
-
Murphy, J.M.1
-
13
-
-
0003541671
-
-
RIVM Report no. 461502003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
-
Martens, W. J. M., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Climate Change and Malaria Risk: An Integrated Modelling Approach RIVM Report no. 461502003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1994); Martens, W. J. M., Modelling the Effect of Global Warming on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis, RIVM Report no. 461502010, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Niessen, L. W., Rotmans, J., Jetten, T. H., and McMichael, A. J., Environ. Health Persp. 103, 458 (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Jetten, T. H., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Global Environ. Change 5, 195 (1995).
-
(1994)
Climate Change and Malaria Risk: An Integrated Modelling Approach
-
-
Martens, W.J.M.1
Rotmans, J.2
Niessen, L.W.3
-
14
-
-
0003656296
-
-
RIVM Report no. 461502010, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
-
Martens, W. J. M., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Climate Change and Malaria Risk: An Integrated Modelling Approach RIVM Report no. 461502003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1994); Martens, W. J. M., Modelling the Effect of Global Warming on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis, RIVM Report no. 461502010, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Niessen, L. W., Rotmans, J., Jetten, T. H., and McMichael, A. J., Environ. Health Persp. 103, 458 (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Jetten, T. H., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Global Environ. Change 5, 195 (1995).
-
(1995)
Modelling the Effect of Global Warming on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis
-
-
Martens, W.J.M.1
-
15
-
-
0029060048
-
-
Martens, W. J. M., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Climate Change and Malaria Risk: An Integrated Modelling Approach RIVM Report no. 461502003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1994); Martens, W. J. M., Modelling the Effect of Global Warming on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis, RIVM Report no. 461502010, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Niessen, L. W., Rotmans, J., Jetten, T. H., and McMichael, A. J., Environ. Health Persp. 103, 458 (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Jetten, T. H., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Global Environ. Change 5, 195 (1995).
-
(1995)
Environ. Health Persp.
, vol.103
, pp. 458
-
-
Martens, W.J.M.1
Niessen, L.W.2
Rotmans, J.3
Jetten, T.H.4
McMichael, A.J.5
-
16
-
-
0028982122
-
-
Martens, W. J. M., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Climate Change and Malaria Risk: An Integrated Modelling Approach RIVM Report no. 461502003, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1994); Martens, W. J. M., Modelling the Effect of Global Warming on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis, RIVM Report no. 461502010, Bilthoven, the Netherlands (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Niessen, L. W., Rotmans, J., Jetten, T. H., and McMichael, A. J., Environ. Health Persp. 103, 458 (1995); Martens, W. J. M., Jetten, T. H., Rotmans, J., and Niessen, L. W., Global Environ. Change 5, 195 (1995).
-
(1995)
Global Environ. Change
, vol.5
, pp. 195
-
-
Martens, W.J.M.1
Jetten, T.H.2
Rotmans, J.3
Niessen, L.W.4
-
18
-
-
0024689717
-
-
Baptista, D. F., Vasconcelos, M. C., and Schall, V. T., Men. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 84, 325 (1989).
-
(1989)
Men. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz.
, vol.84
, pp. 325
-
-
Baptista, D.F.1
Vasconcelos, M.C.2
Schall, V.T.3
-
19
-
-
0003830990
-
-
World Health Organization, Monograph 47, Geneva, Switzerland
-
The time needed to complete the malarial or schistosome parasites extrinsic development and for the digestion of a blood meal by the malaria mosquito can be expressed in the term D/(T -Tmin), whereby 'degree days' (D) represent the accumulation of temperature units over time, and threshold temperatures (Tmin) are those below which the process does not occur. [Detinova, T. S., Age-Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance, World Health Organization, Monograph 47, Geneva, Switzerland, 1962; MacDonald, G., The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, London, Oxford University Press, 1957.]
-
(1962)
Age-Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance
-
-
Detinova, T.S.1
-
20
-
-
0003604553
-
-
London, Oxford University Press
-
The time needed to complete the malarial or schistosome parasites extrinsic development and for the digestion of a blood meal by the malaria mosquito can be expressed in the term D/(T -Tmin), whereby 'degree days' (D) represent the accumulation of temperature units over time, and threshold temperatures (Tmin) are those below which the process does not occur. [Detinova, T. S., Age-Grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance, World Health Organization, Monograph 47, Geneva, Switzerland, 1962; MacDonald, G., The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, London, Oxford University Press, 1957.]
-
(1957)
The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria
-
-
MacDonald, G.1
-
21
-
-
0004227945
-
-
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
-
Boyd, M. F. (ed.), Malariology, Vol 1, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1949); Horsfall, W. R., Mosquitoes: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, USA (1955); Clements, A. N. and Paterson, G. D., J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 373 (1981).
-
(1949)
Malariology
, vol.1
-
-
Boyd, M.F.1
-
22
-
-
0003853027
-
-
Hafner Publishing Company, New York, USA
-
Boyd, M. F. (ed.), Malariology, Vol 1, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1949); Horsfall, W. R., Mosquitoes: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, USA (1955); Clements, A. N. and Paterson, G. D., J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 373 (1981).
-
(1955)
Mosquitoes: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease
-
-
Horsfall, W.R.1
-
23
-
-
0001491422
-
-
Boyd, M. F. (ed.), Malariology, Vol 1, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1949); Horsfall, W. R., Mosquitoes: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, USA (1955); Clements, A. N. and Paterson, G. D., J. Appl. Ecol. 18, 373 (1981).
-
(1981)
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.18
, pp. 373
-
-
Clements, A.N.1
Paterson, G.D.2
-
24
-
-
0027688672
-
-
1/2H = -2.176E30 and 447.17 K, respectively. The incubation period is completed as soon as the cumulative development exceeds 1.0. The first gonotrophic cycle is completed when the cumulative development rate exceeds 1.0. Subsequent cycles are completed when the cumulative rate has increased by an additional 0.58.
-
(1993)
J. Med. Entomol.
, vol.30
, pp. 1003
-
-
Focks, D.A.1
Haile, E.2
Daniels, E.3
Mount, G.A.4
-
25
-
-
0015222078
-
-
McClelland, G. A. H. and Conway, G. R., Nature 232, 485 (1971); Scott, T. W. et al., J. Med. Entomol. 30, 922 (1993).
-
(1971)
Nature
, vol.232
, pp. 485
-
-
McClelland, G.A.H.1
Conway, G.R.2
-
26
-
-
0027655889
-
-
McClelland, G. A. H. and Conway, G. R., Nature 232, 485 (1971); Scott, T. W. et al., J. Med. Entomol. 30, 922 (1993).
-
(1993)
J. Med. Entomol.
, vol.30
, pp. 922
-
-
Scott, T.W.1
-
27
-
-
0025482409
-
-
The relationship between female weight and temperature is based on [Rueda, L. M., Patel, K. J., Axtell, R. C., and Stinner, R. E., Entomol. Soc. Am. 27, 892 (1990)]. The relation between feeding frequency and female weight is based on [Focks et al. (1993)].
-
(1990)
Entomol. Soc. Am.
, vol.27
, pp. 892
-
-
Rueda, L.M.1
Patel, K.J.2
Axtell, R.C.3
Stinner, R.E.4
-
28
-
-
8044240137
-
-
Relationship based on numerous sources and described in [Focks et al. (1993)]
-
Relationship based on numerous sources and described in [Focks et al. (1993)].
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
0018647559
-
-
Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M., Parasitology 79, 63 (1979); Woolhouse, M. E. J. and Chandiwana, S. K., Acta Trop. 47, 151 (1990).
-
(1979)
Parasitology
, vol.79
, pp. 63
-
-
Anderson, R.M.1
May, R.M.2
-
32
-
-
0025274371
-
-
Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M., Parasitology 79, 63 (1979); Woolhouse, M. E. J. and Chandiwana, S. K., Acta Trop. 47, 151 (1990).
-
(1990)
Acta Trop.
, vol.47
, pp. 151
-
-
Woolhouse, M.E.J.1
Chandiwana, S.K.2
-
34
-
-
0004017312
-
-
Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague
-
A value of 0.6 for the moisture index is used to describe savannas [Box, E. O., Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modelling in Phytogeography, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 1981]; below this moisture index transmission is assumed not to occur, [Martin, P. H. and Lefebvre, M. G., Ambio 24 (4), 200 (1995); Kloos, H. and Thompson, K., J. Trop. Geog. 48, 31 (1979)].
-
(1981)
Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modelling in Phytogeography
-
-
Box, E.O.1
-
35
-
-
0028883007
-
-
A value of 0.6 for the moisture index is used to describe savannas [Box, E. O., Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modelling in Phytogeography, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 1981]; below this moisture index transmission is assumed not to occur, [Martin, P. H. and Lefebvre, M. G., Ambio 24 (4), 200 (1995); Kloos, H. and Thompson, K., J. Trop. Geog. 48, 31 (1979)].
-
(1995)
Ambio
, vol.24
, Issue.4
, pp. 200
-
-
Martin, P.H.1
Lefebvre, M.G.2
-
36
-
-
0018615598
-
-
A value of 0.6 for the moisture index is used to describe savannas [Box, E. O., Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modelling in Phytogeography, Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 1981]; below this moisture index transmission is assumed not to occur, [Martin, P. H. and Lefebvre, M. G., Ambio 24 (4), 200 (1995); Kloos, H. and Thompson, K., J. Trop. Geog. 48, 31 (1979)].
-
(1979)
J. Trop. Geog.
, vol.48
, pp. 31
-
-
Kloos, H.1
Thompson, K.2
-
37
-
-
0002048389
-
-
1.514 [Thornthwaite, C. W., Geog. Rev. 38, 55 (1948); Mather, J. R., The Climatic Water Budget in Environmental Analysis, D. C. Heath and Company, Massachusetts (1978)].
-
(1948)
Geog. Rev.
, vol.38
, pp. 55
-
-
Thornthwaite, C.W.1
-
39
-
-
0001771622
-
-
Shiff, C. J., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 58, 94 (1964); Shiff, C. J., Coutts, W. C. C., Yiannakis, C., Holmes, R. W., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 375 (1979).
-
(1964)
Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit.
, vol.58
, pp. 94
-
-
Shiff, C.J.1
-
40
-
-
0018288759
-
-
Shiff, C. J., Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 58, 94 (1964); Shiff, C. J., Coutts, W. C. C., Yiannakis, C., Holmes, R. W., Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 375 (1979).
-
(1979)
Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.
, vol.73
, pp. 375
-
-
Shiff, C.J.1
Coutts, W.C.C.2
Yiannakis, C.3
Holmes, R.W.4
-
41
-
-
84967885639
-
-
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
-
Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J., and Ephraums, J. J., Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990).
-
(1990)
Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment
-
-
Houghton, J.T.1
Jenkins, G.J.2
Ephraums, J.J.3
-
42
-
-
0030138087
-
-
Jetten, T. H., Martens, W. J. M., and Takken, W., J. Med. Entomol. 33, 361; Jetten, T. H. and Focks, D. A., unpublished results.
-
J. Med. Entomol.
, vol.33
, pp. 361
-
-
Jetten, T.H.1
Martens, W.J.M.2
Takken, W.3
-
43
-
-
0030138087
-
-
unpublished results
-
Jetten, T. H., Martens, W. J. M., and Takken, W., J. Med. Entomol. 33, 361; Jetten, T. H. and Focks, D. A., unpublished results.
-
-
-
Jetten, T.H.1
Focks, D.A.2
-
44
-
-
0027298196
-
The Control of Schistosomiasis
-
World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
-
WHO, The Control of Schistosomiasis, WHO Technical Report Series, 830, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland (1993).
-
(1993)
WHO Technical Report Series
, vol.830
-
-
-
46
-
-
0028267558
-
-
Loevingsohn, M. E., Lancet 343, 714 (1994); Coluzzi, M., Parassitologia 36, 223 (1994); Bouma, M. J., Sondorp, I.I. E., and van der Kaay, J. H., Lancet 343, 1440 (1994); de Zulueta, J., Parassitologia 36, 7 (1994).
-
(1994)
Lancet
, vol.343
, pp. 714
-
-
Loevingsohn, M.E.1
-
47
-
-
0028492512
-
-
Loevingsohn, M. E., Lancet 343, 714 (1994); Coluzzi, M., Parassitologia 36, 223 (1994); Bouma, M. J., Sondorp, I.I. E., and van der Kaay, J. H., Lancet 343, 1440 (1994); de Zulueta, J., Parassitologia 36, 7 (1994).
-
(1994)
Parassitologia
, vol.36
, pp. 223
-
-
Coluzzi, M.1
-
48
-
-
0028291905
-
-
Loevingsohn, M. E., Lancet 343, 714 (1994); Coluzzi, M., Parassitologia 36, 223 (1994); Bouma, M. J., Sondorp, I.I. E., and van der Kaay, J. H., Lancet 343, 1440 (1994); de Zulueta, J., Parassitologia 36, 7 (1994).
-
(1994)
Lancet
, vol.343
, pp. 1440
-
-
Bouma, M.J.1
Sondorp, I.I.E.2
Van Der Kaay, J.H.3
-
49
-
-
0028492059
-
-
Loevingsohn, M. E., Lancet 343, 714 (1994); Coluzzi, M., Parassitologia 36, 223 (1994); Bouma, M. J., Sondorp, I.I. E., and van der Kaay, J. H., Lancet 343, 1440 (1994); de Zulueta, J., Parassitologia 36, 7 (1994).
-
(1994)
Parassitologia
, vol.36
, pp. 7
-
-
De Zulueta, J.1
-
51
-
-
0027926455
-
Schistosomiasis in the US Peace Corps Volunteers-Malawi 1992
-
Centers for Disease Control. Schistosomiasis in the US Peace Corps Volunteers-Malawi 1992, MMWR 42, 565 (1993).
-
(1993)
MMWR
, vol.42
, pp. 565
-
-
-
52
-
-
0030033409
-
-
Patz, J. A., Epstein, P. R., Thomas, A. B., Burke, A., and Balbus, J. M., J. Am. Med. Ass. 275, 217 (1996).
-
(1996)
J. Am. Med. Ass.
, vol.275
, pp. 217
-
-
Patz, J.A.1
Epstein, P.R.2
Thomas, A.B.3
Burke, A.4
Balbus, J.M.5
-
53
-
-
8044247680
-
-
note
-
Given the difference in minimum temperature for parasite development, we distinguished between the P. vivax and P.falciparum parasites; the various species of schistosomes and DEN viruses were considered as a group.
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
0013867397
-
-
Chu, K. Y., Sabbaghian, H., and Massoud, J., B. World Health Organ. 34, 131 (1966).
-
(1966)
B. World Health Organ.
, vol.34
, pp. 131
-
-
Chu, K.Y.1
Sabbaghian, H.2
Massoud, J.3
-
56
-
-
0001495389
-
-
Sheppard, P. M., Macdonald, W. W., Tonn, R. J., and Grabs, B., J. Anim. Ecol. 38, 661 (1969).
-
(1969)
J. Anim. Ecol.
, vol.38
, pp. 661
-
-
Sheppard, P.M.1
Macdonald, W.W.2
Tonn, R.J.3
Grabs, B.4
|