β-Catenin and Tcfs in Mammary Development and Cancer

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 145-158

  Hatsell, Sarah ^a   Rowlands, Tracey ^a   Hiremath, Minoti ^a   Cowin, Pamela ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Catenin; Cyclins; Lef; MUC; Tcf; Wnt

Indexed keywords

AXIN; BETA CATENIN; CADHERIN; CYCLIN D1; DNA; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; LYMPHOID ENHANCER FACTOR 1; MUCIN 1; MYC PROTEIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; T CELL FACTOR PROTEIN; UVOMORULIN; WNT PROTEIN;

BREAST TUMOR; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL FATE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CYTOSKELETON; DNA BINDING; DOWN REGULATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; HORMONAL REGULATION; HYPERPLASIA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MAMMARY GLAND; MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR ONCOVIRUS; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PREGNANCY; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STABILITY; PUBERTY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSGENICS; UPREGULATION;

ANIMALS; BETA CATENIN; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CA-15-3 ANTIGEN; CADHERINS; CELL ADHESION; CELL DIVISION; CELL SURVIVAL; CYCLIN D1; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPHOID ENHANCER-BINDING FACTOR 1; MAMMARY GLANDS, ANIMAL; MAMMARY GLANDS, HUMAN; MAMMARY NEOPLASMS, ANIMAL; MICE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHENOTYPE; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MYC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANS-ACTIVATORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; UP-REGULATION;

EID: 1642441774     PISSN: 10833021     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025944723047     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. M. Ozawa, H. Baribault, and R. Kemler (1989). The cytoplasmic domain of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin associates with three independent proteins structurally related in different species. EMBO J. 8:1711-1717.
2. G. Berx, A. M. Cleton-Jansen, F. Nollet, W. J. de Leeuw, M. van de Vijver, C. Cornelisse, et al. (1995). E-cadherin is a tumour/invasion suppressor gene mutated in human lobular breast cancers. EMBO J. 14:6107-6115.
3. O. Boussadia, S. Kutsch, A. Hierholzer, V. Delmas, and R. Kemler (2002). E-cadherin is a survival factor for the lactating mouse mammary gland. Mech. Dev. 115:53-62.
4. R. B. Hazan, G. R. Phillips, R. F. Qiao, L. Norton, and S. A. Aaronson (2000). Exogenous expression of N-cadherin in breast cancer cells induces cell migration, invasion and metastasis. J. Cell Biol. 148:779-790.
5. K. Suyama, I. Shapiro, M. Guttman, and R. B. Hazan (2002). A signaling pathway leading to metastasis is controlled by N-cadherin and the FGF receptor. Cancer Cell 2:301-314.
6. G. Radice, C. Ferreira-Cornwall, S. D. Robinson, H. Rayburn, L. A. Chodosh, M. Takeichi, and R. O. Hynes (1997). Precocious mammary gland development in P-cadherin-deficient mice. J. Cell Biol. 139:1025-1032.
7. V. Delmas, P. Pla, H. Feracci, J. P. Thiery, R. Kemler, and L. Larue (1999). Expression of the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin induces precocious mammary epithelial alveolar formation and affects cell polarity and cell-matrix integrity. Dev. Biol. 216:491-506.
8. Y. T. Chen, D. B. Stewart, and W. J. Nelson (1999). Coupling assembly of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to efficient endoplasmic reticulum exit and basal-lateral membrane targeting of E-cadherin in polarized MDCK cells. J. Cell Biol. 144:687-699.
9. V. Vasioukhin, C. Bauer, M. Yin, and E. Fuchs (2000). Directed actin polymerization is the driving force for epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Cell 100:209-219.
10. R. Eelkema and P. Cowin (2001). General themes in cell-cell junctions and adhesion. In M. Cereijido, and J. Anderson (eds.), Tight Junctions, Vol. 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 121-145.
11. S. Kuroda, M. Fukata, M. Nakagawa, K. Fujii, T. Nakamura, T. Ookubo, et al. (1998). Role of IQGAP1, a target of the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1, in regulation of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Science 281:832-835.
12. H. Hoschuetzky, H. Aberle, and R. Kemler (1994). B-catenin mediates the interaction of the cadherin-catenin complex with epidermal growth factor receptor. J. Cell Biol. 127:1375-1381.
13. Y. Kanai, A. Ochai, T. Shibata, T. Oyama, S. Ushijima, S. Akimoto, et al. (1995). c-erbB-2 gene product directly associates with β-catenin and plakoglobin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208:1067-1072.
14. L. Adam, R. K. Vadlamudi, P. McCrea, and R. Kumar (2001). Tiam1 overexpression potentiates heregulin-induced lymphoid enhancer factor-1/beta-catenin nuclear signaling in breast cancer cells by modulating the intercellular stability. J. Biol. Chem. 276:28443-28450.
15. J. A. Schroeder, M. C. Adriance, E. J. McConnell, M. C. Thompson, B. Pockaj, and S. J. Gendler (2002). ErbB-beta-catenin complexes are associated with human infiltrating ductal breast and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 and MMTV-c-Neu transgenic carcinomas. J. Biol. Chem. 277:22692-22698.
16. A. H. Huber, W. J. Nelson, W. I. Weis (1997). Three-dimensional structure of the armadillo repeat region of b-catenin. Cell 90:871-882.
17. S. Roura, S. Miravet, J. Piedra, A. Garcia de Herreros, and M. Dunach (1999). Regulation of E-cadherin/catenin association by tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:36734-36740.
18. H. Lickert, A. Bauer, R. Kemler, and J. Stappert (2000). Casein kinase II phosphorylation of E-cadherin increases E-cadherin/beta-catenin interaction and strengthens cell-cell adhesion. J. Biol. Chem. 275:5090-5095.
19. J. Sap Interactions between protein tyrosine phosphatases and cell adhesion molecules. In P. Cowin and M. Klymkowsky (eds.), Cytoskeletal-Membrane Interactions and Signal Transduction, Landes, Austin, (1997).
20. C. L. Sommers, E. L. Gelmann, R. Kemler, P. Cowin, and S. W. Byers (1994). Alterations in β-catenin phosphorylation and plakoglobin expression in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 54:3544-3552.
21. M. Yamamoto, A. Bharti, and D. Kufe (1997). Interaction of the DF3/MUC1 breast carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin in cell adhesion. J. Biol. Chem. 12492-12494.
22. K. L. Carraway, S. A. Price-Schiavi, M. Komatsu, S. Jepson, A. Perez, and C. A. Carraway (2001). Muc4/sialomucin complex in the mammary gland and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6:323-337.
23. K. L. Carraway, V. P. Ramsauer, B. Haq, and C. A. Carothers Carraway (2003). Cell signaling through membrane mucins. Bioessays 25:66-71.
24. Y. Li, A. Bharti, D. Chen, J. Gong, and D. Kufe (1998). Interaction of GSK3β with the DF3/MUC1 carcinoma-associated antigen and β-catenin. MCB 7216-7224.
25. Y. Li, H. Kuwahara, J. Ren, G. Wen, and D. Kufe (2001). The c-Src tyrosine kinase regulates signaling of the human DF3/MUC1 carcinoma-associated antigen with GSK3 beta and beta-catenin. J. Biol. Chem. 276:6061-6064.
26. S. Munemitsu, I. Albert, B. Rubinfeld, and P. Polakis (1996). Deletion of an amino-terminal sequence stabilizes β-catenin in vivo and promotes hyperphosphorylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4088-4094.
27. C. J. Gottardi, and B. M. Gumbiner (2001). Adhesion signaling: How beta-catenin interacts with its partners. Curr. Biol. 11:R792-R794.
28. T. Ishitani, J. Ninomiya-Tsuji, S. Nagai, M. Nishita, M. Meneghini, N. Barker, et al. (1999). The Tak1-NLK-MAPK-related pathway antagonizes signalling between β-catenin and transcription factor TCF. Nature 399:798-802.
29. C. E. Rocheleau, J. Yasuda, T. H. Shin, R. Lin, H. Sawa, H. Okano, et al. (1999). WRM-1 activates the Lit-1 protein kinase to transduce anterior/posterior polarity signals in C. Elegans. Cell 97:717-726.
30. D. Kang, S. Soriano, X. Xia, C. Eberhart, B. De Strooper, H. Zheng, et al. (2002). Presenilin couples the paired phosphory lation of beta-catenin independent of Axin. Implications for beta-catenin activation in tumorigenesis. Cell 110:751.
31. C. Lamberti, K. M. Lin, Y. Yamamoto, U. Verma, I. M. Verma, S. Byers, et al. (2001). Regulation of beta-catenin function by the IkappaB kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 276:42276-42286.
32. W. Holnthoner, M. Pillinger, M. Groger, K. Wolff, A. W. Ashton, C. Albanese, et al. (2002). Fibroblast growth factor-2 induces Lef/Tcf-dependent transcription in human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem.
33. S. I. Matsuzawa, and J. C. Reed (2001). Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol. Cell 7:915-926.
34. S. Persad, A. A. Troussard, T. R. McPhee, D. J. Mulholland, S. Dedhar (2001). Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and T cell/lymphoid enhancer factor 1-mediated transcriptional activation. J. Cell Biol. 153:1161-1174.
35. E. Sadot, B. Geiger, M. Oren, A. Ben-Ze'ev (2001). Down-regulation of beta-catenin by activated p53. Mol. Cell Biol. 21:6768-6781.
36. J. Liu, J. Stevens, C. A. Rote, H. J. Yost, Y. Hu, K. L. Neufeld, et al. (2001). Siah-1 mediates a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway linking p53 to the adenomatous polyposis coli protein. Mol. Cell 7:927-936.
37. S. Fukumoto, C. M. Hsieh, K. Maemura, M. D. Layne, S. F. Yet, K. H. Lee, et al. (2001). Akt participation in the Wnt signaling pathway through Dishevelled. J. Biol. Chem. 276:17479-17483.
38. F. Rijsewijk, M. Schuermann, E. Wagenaar, P. Parren, D. Weigel, and R. Nusse (1987). The Drosophila homolog of the mouse mammary oncogene int-1 is identical to the segment polarity gene wingless. Cell 50:649-657.
39. T. F. Lan and P. Leder (1997). Wnt10B directs hypermorphic development and transformation in mammary glands of male and female mice. Oncogene 15:2133-2144.
40. A. Tsukamoto, R. Grosschedl, R. Guzman, T. Parslow, H. Varmus (1988). Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. Cell 55:619-625.
41. H. Roelink, E. Wagenaar, S. Lopes da Silva, and R. Nusse (1990). Wnt-3, a gene activated by proviral insertion in mouse mammary tumors, is homologous to int-1/Wnt-1 and is normally expressed in mouse embryos and adult brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:4519-4523.
42. S. J. Weber-Hall, D. J. Phippard, C. C. Niemeyer, and T. C. Dale (1994). Developmental and hormonal regulation of Wnt gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. Differentiation 57:205-214.
43. T. A. Buhler, T. C. Dale, C. Kieback, R. C. Humphreys, and J. M. Rosen (1993). Localization and quantification of Wnt-2 gene expression in mouse mammary development. Dev. Biol. 155:87-96.
44. M. J. Smalley and T. C. Dale (2001). Wnt signaling and mammary tumorigenesis. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 6:37-52.
45. C. Brisken, S. Park, T. Vass, J. P. Lydon, B. W. O'Malley, and R. A. Weinberg (1998). A paracrine role for the epithelial progesterone receptor in mammary gland development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:5076-5081.
46. C. Brisken, A. Heineman, T. Chavarra, B. Elenbaas, J. Tan, S. K. Dey, et al. (2000). Essential function of Wnt-4 in mammary gland development downstream of progesterone signaling. Genes Dev. 14:650-654.
47. J. Huelsken and W. Birchmeier (2001). New aspects of Wnt signaling pathways in higher vertebrates. Curr Opin Genet Dev 11:547-553.
48. V. Korinek, N. Barker, P. J. Morin, D. van Wichen, R. de Weger, K. Kinzler, et al. (1997). Constitutive transcriptional activation by a β-catenin-tcf complex in APC-/-colon carcinoma. Science 275:1784-1787.
49. R. Cavallo, R. T. Cox, M. Moline, J. Roose, G. A. Ploevoy, H. Clevers, et al. (1998). Drosophila Tcf and Groucho interact to repress wingless signalling activity. Nature 395:604-608.
50. L. Waltzer and M. Bienz (1998). Drosophila CBP represses the transcription factor TCF to antagonize Wingless signalling. Nature 395:521-525.
51. S. K. Chan and G. Struhl (2002). Evidence that Armadillo transduces wingless by mediating nuclear export or cytosolic activation of Pangolin. Cell 111:265-280.
52. C. van Genderen, R. M. Okamura, I. Farinas, R.-G. Quo, T. G. Parslow, L. Bruhn, et al. (1994). Development of several organs that require inductive epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is impaired in Lef-1 deficient mice. Genes Dev. 8:2691-2704.
53. J. Foley, P. Dann, J. Hong, J. Cosgrove, B. Dreyer, D. Rimm, et al. (2001). Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development 128:513-525.
54. S. Millar (1997). The role of patterning genes in epidermal differentiation. In P. Cowin and M. Klymkowsky (eds.), Cytoskeletal-Membrane Interactions and Signal Transduction, Landes, Austin, pp. 87-103.
55. A. Imbert, R. Eelkema, S. Jordan, H. Feiner, P. Cowin (2001). ΔN89β-catenin induces precocious development, differentiation, and neoplasia in mammary gland. J. Cell Biol. 153:555-568.
56. R. C. Gallagher, T. Hay, V. Meniel, C. Naughton, T. J. Anderson, H. Shibata, et al. (2002). Inactivation of Ape perturbs mammary development, but only directly results in acanthoma in the context of Tcf-1 deficiency. Oncogene 21:6446-6457.
57. T. R. Rowlands, I. Pechenkina, R. G. Pestell, and P. Cowin (2003). Disecting the roles of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in mammary gland development and neoplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (in press).
58. J. S. Michaelson and P. Leder (2001). beta-catenin is a downstream effector of Wnt-mediated tumorigenesis in the mammary gland. Oncogene 20:5093-5099.
59. W. Hsu, R. Shakya, and F. Costantini (2001). Impaired mammary gland and lymphoid development caused by inducible expression of Axin in transgenic mice. J. Cell Biol. 155:1055-1064.
60. S. B. Tepera, P. D. McCrea, and J. M. Rosen (2003). A beta-catenin survival signal is required for normal lobular development in the mammary gland. J. Cell Sci. 116:1137-1149.
61. W. T. Montross, H. Ji, and P. D. McCrea (2000). A beta-catenin/engrailed chimera selectively suppresses Wnt signaling. J. Cell Sci. 113:1759-1770.
62. V. Fantl, A. W. Edwards, J. H. Steel, B. K. Vonderhaar, and D. Dickson (1999). Impaired mammary gland development in Cyc-/-mice during pregnancy and lactation is epithelial cell autonomous. Development 212:1-11.
63. P. Sicinski, J. L. Donaher, S. B. Parker, T. Li, A. Fazeli, H. Gardner, et al. (1995). Cyclin D1 provides a link between development and oncogenesis in the retina and breast. Cell 82:621-630.
64. V. Fantl, G. Stamp, A. Andrews, I. Rosewell, C. Dickson (1995). Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development. Genes Dev. 9:2364-2372.
65. K. Miyoshi, J. M. Shillingford, F. Le Provost, F. Gounari, R. Bronson, H. von Boehmer, et al. (2002). Activation of beta-catenin signaling in differentiated mammary secretory cells induces transdifferentiation into epidermis and squamous metaplasias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:219-224.
66. K. Miyoshi, A. Rosner, M. Nozawa, C. Byrd, F. Morgan, E. Landesman-Bollag, et al. (2002). Activation of different Wnt/beta-catenin signaling components in mammary epithelium induces transdifferentiation and the formation of pilar tumors. Oncogene 21:5548-5556.
67. A. R. Moser, C. Luongo, K. A. Gould, M. K. McNeley, A. R. Shoemaker, and W. F. Dove (1995). ApcMin: A mouse model for intestinal and mammary tumorigenesis. Eur. J. Cancer 31A:1061-1064.
68. U. Gat, R. Dasgupta, L. Degenstein, E. Fuchs (1998). De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated β-catenin in skin. Cell 95:605-614.
69. J. Huelsken, R. Vogel, B. Erdmann, G. Cotsarelis, and W. Birchmeier (2001). Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105:533-545.
70. R. DasGupta, H. Rhee, and E. Fuchs (2002). A developmental conundrum: A stabilized form of beta-catenin lacking the transcriptional activation domain triggers features of hair cell fate in epidermal cells and epidermal cell fate in hair follicle cells. J. Cell Biol. 158:331-344.
71. F. Ugolini, E. Charafe-Jauffret, V. J. Bardou, J. Geneix, J. Adelaide, F. Labat-Moleur, et al. (2001). WNT pathway and mammary carcinogenesis: Loss of expression of candidate tumor suppressor gene SFRP1 in most invasive carcinomas except of the medullary type. Oncogene 20:5810-5817.
72. S. C. Wong, S. F. Lo, K. C. Lee, J. W. Yam, J. K. Chan, and W. L. Wendy Hsiao (2002). Expression of frizzled-related protein and Wnt-signalling molecules in invasive human breast tumours. J. Pathol. 196:145-153.
73. E. L. Huguet, J. A. McMahon, A. P. McMahon, R. Bicknell, and A. L. Harris (1994). Differential expression of human Wnt genes 2, 3, 4, and 7B in human breast cell lines and normal and disease states of human breast tissue. Cancer Res. 54:2615-2621.
74. T. C. Dale, S. J. Weber-Hall, K. Smith, E. L. Huguet, H. Jayatilake, B. A. Gusterson, et al. (1996). Compartment switching of Wnt-2 expression in human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 56:4320-4323.
75. M. Jonsson, J. Dejmek, P. O. Bendahl, and T. Andersson (2002). Loss of Wnt-5a protein is associated with early relapse in invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Cancer Res. 62:409-416.
76. S. Lejeune, E. L. Huguet, A. Hamby, R. Poulsom, and A. L. Harris (1995). Wnt5a cloning, expression, and up-regulation in human primary breast cancers. Clin. Cancer Res. 1:215-222.
77. H. Kirikoshi, H. Sekihara, and M. Katoh (2001). Expression of WNT14 and WNT14B mRNAs in human cancer, up-regulation of WNT14 by IFNgamma and up-regulation of WNT14B by beta-estradiol. Int. J. Oncol. 19:1221-1225.
78. M. T. Webster, M. Rozycka, E. Sara, E. Davis, M. Smalley, N. Young, et al. (2000). Sequence variants of the axin gene in breast, colon, and other cancers: An analysis of mutations that interfere with GSK3 binding. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:443-453.
79. K. Furuuchi, M. Tada, H. Yamada, A. Kataoka, N. Furuuchi, J. Hamada, et al. (2000). Somatic mutations of the APC gene in primary breast cancers. Am. J. Pathol. 156:1997-2005.
80. S. C. Abraham, B. Nobukawa, F. M. Giardiello, S. R. Hamilton, T. T. Wu (2000). Fundic gland polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis: Neoplasms with frequent somatic adenomatous polyposis coli gene alterations. Am. J. Pathol. 157:747-754.
81. A. K. Virmani, A. Rathi, U. G. Sathyanarayana, A. Padar, C. X. Huang, H. T. Cunnigham, et al. (2001). Aberrant methylation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene promoter 1A in breast and lung carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 7:1998-2004.
82. E. J. Sawyer, A. M. Hanby, A. J. Rowan, C. E. Gillett, R. E. Thomas, R. Poulsom, et al. (2002). The Wnt pathway, epithelial-stromal interactions, and malignant progression in phyllodes tumours. J. Pathol. 196:437-444.
83. S. Y. Lin, W. Xia, J. C. Wang, K. Y. Kwong, B. Spohn, Y. Wen, et al. (2000). Beta-catenin, a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer: Its roles in cyclin D1 expression and cancer progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:4262-4266.
84. J. Roose and H. Clevers (1999). TCF transcription factors: Molecular switches in carcinogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1424:M23-M37.
85. J. Roose, G. Huls, M. van Beest, P. Moerer, K. van der Horn, R. Goldschmeding, et al. (1999). Synergy between tumor suppressor APC and the beta-catenin-Tcf4 target Tcf1. Science 285:1923-1926.
86. T. C. Wang, R. D. Cardiff, L. Zukerberg, E. Lees, A. Arnols, and E. V. Schmidt (1994). Mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice. Nature 369:669-671.
87. E. A. Musgrove, R. Hui, K. J. Sweeney, C. K. Watts, R. L. Sutherland (1996). Cyclins and breast cancer. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 1:153-162.
88. C. Gillett, V. Fantl, R. Smith, C. Fisher, J. Bartek, C. Dickson, et al. (1994). Amplification and overexpression of cyclin D1 in breast cancer detected by immunohistochemical staining. Cancer Res. 54:1812-1817.
89. E. Sinn, W. Muller, P. Pattengale, I. Tepler, R. Wallace, and P. Leder (1987). Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: Synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 49:465-475.
90. S. Aulmann, M. Bentz, H. P. Sinn (2002). C-myc oncogene amplification in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res. Treat 74:25-31.
91. M. Shtutman, J. Zhiurinsky, I. Simcha, C. Albanese, M. D'Amico, R. Pestell, et al. (1999). The cyclin D1 gene is a target of the beta-catenin LEF1 pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:5522-5527.
92. O. Tetsu and F. McCormick (1999). β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature 398:422-426.
93. T.-C. He, A. B. Sparks, C. Rago, H. Hermeking, L. Zawel, L. T. da Costa, et al. (1998). Identification of c-myc as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509-1512.
94. T. Ishitani, J. Ninomiya-Tsuji, and K. Matsumoto (2003). Regulation of lymphoid enhancer factor 1/T-cell factor by mitogen-activated protein kinase-related Nemo-like kinase-dependent phosphorylation in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Mol Cell Biol 23:1379-1389.
95. J. Deng, S. A. Miller, H. Y. Wang, W. Xia, Y. Wen, B. P. Zhou, et al. (2002). Beta-catenin interacts with and inhibits NF-kappa B in human colon and breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2:323-334.