Vitamins, Supplements, Herbal Medicines, and Arrhythmias

Cardiology in Review

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 73-84

  Chung, Mina K ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arrhythmias; Electrolytes; Herbal medicine; Supplements; Vitamins

Indexed keywords

ACETPHENOLISATIN; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMIODARONE; ASCORBIC ACID; ATROPINE; CAPTOPRIL; CARNITINE; CRATAEGUS EXTRACT; DIGITOXIN; DIGOXIN; DILTIAZEM; FISH OIL; GALLOPAMIL; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM; NITRATE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLANT EXTRACT; POTASSIUM; PROPIONYLCARNITINE; QUINIDINE; RAMIPRIL; SELENIUM; STEPHANIA TETRANDRA EXTRACT; TETRANDRINE; UBIDECARENONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN; WARFARIN;

ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; STEPHANIA TETRANDRA; TORSADE DES POINTES;

ARRHYTHMIA; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CARNITINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DIGOXIN; ELECTROLYTES; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; GLYCOSIDES; HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MEDICINE, HERBAL; UBIQUINONE; VITAMINS;

EID: 1542318498     PISSN: 10615377     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.crd.0000091839.22076.f4     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Wahr JA, Parks R, Boisvert D, et al. Preoperative serum potassium levels and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. JAMA. 1999;281:2203-2210.
2. Parra L, Fita G, Gomar C, et al. Plasma magnesium in patients submitted to cardiac surgery and its influence on perioperative morbidity. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2001;42:37-42.
3. Oladapo OO, Falase AO. Congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias in relation to serum magnesium. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000;29:265-268.
4. Maslow AD, Regan MM, Heindle S, et al. Postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass: a role for intraoperative magnesium supplementation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2000;14:524-530.
5. Speziale G, Ruvolo G, Fattouch K, et al. Arrhythmia prophylaxis after coronary artery bypass grafting: regimens of magnesium sulfate administration. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48:22-26.
6. Raghu C, Peddeswara Rao P, Seshagiri Rao D. Protective effect of intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction following thrombolytic therapy. Int J Cardiol. 1999;71:209-215.
7. Gyamlani G, Parikh C, Kulkami AG. Benefits of magnesium in acute myocardial infarction: timing is crucial. Am Heart J. 2000;139:703.
8. Singh RB, Singh NK, Niaz MA, et al. Effect of treatment with magnesium and potassium on mortality and reinfarction rate of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996;34:219-225.
9. Bhargava B, Chandra S, Agarwal VV, et al. Adjunctive magnesium infusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 1995;52:95-99.
10. Shechter M, Hod H, Chouraqui P, et al. Magnesium therapy in acute myocardial infarction when patients are not candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:321-323.
11. Ceremuzynski L, Gebalska J, Wolk R, et al. Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. J Intern Med. 2000;247:78-86.
12. Parikka H, Toivonen L, Naukkarinen V, et al. Decreases by magnesium of QT dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:111-120.
13. Bashir Y, Sneddon JF, Staunton HA, et al. Effects of long-term oral magnesium chloride replacement in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:1156-1162.
14. Steinberger HA, Hanson CW III. Outcome-based justification for implementing new point-of-care tests: there is no difference between magnesium replacement based on ionized magnesium and total magnesium as a predictor of development of arrhythmias in the postoperative cardiac surgical patient. Clin Lab Manage Rev. 1998;12:87-90.
15. Ziegelstein RC, Hilbe JM, French WJ, et al. Magnesium use in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the United States (observations from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction). Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:7-10.
16. Santoro GM, Antoniucci D, Bolognese L, et al. A randomized study of intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction treated with direct coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 2000;140:891-897.
17. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1995;345:669-685.
18. Antman EM. Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction: overview of available evidence. Am Heart J. 1996;132:487-495; discussion 496-502.
19. Shechter M, Hod H, Chouraqui P, et al. Acute myocardial infarction without thrombolytic therapy: beneficial effects of magnesium sulfate. Herz 1997;22(suppl 1):73-76.
20. Seelig MS, Elin RJ, Antman EM. Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction: still an open question. Can J Cardiol. 1998;14:745-749.
21. The Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial Investigators. Early administration of magnesium in acute myocardial infarction in the MAGIC Trial: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1189-1196.
22. Van Wagoner DR, Nerbonne JM. Molecular basis of electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2000;32:1101-1117.
23. Wijffels MC, Kirchhof CJ, Dorland R, et al. Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats. Circulation. 1995;92:1954-1968.
24. Mihm MJ, Yu F, Carnes CA, et al. Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001;104:174-180.
25. Carnes CA, Chung MK, Nakayama T, et al. Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Circ Res. 2001;89:E32-E38.
26. Pruthi S, Allison TG, Hensrud DD. Vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:1131-1136.
27. Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:668-675.
28. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet. 1996;347:781-786.
29. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354:447-455.
30. Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:154-160.
31. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Lancet. 2001;357:89-95.
32. Trankmann P, Thiele R, Winnefeld K, et al. [Effect of administration of selenium and vitamin E on heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarct. J Med Klin. 1999;94(suppl 3):78-80.
33. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Overview of the use of CoQ10 in cardiovascular disease. Biofactors. 1999;9:273-284.
34. Takamura T, Sugiyama S, Ozawa T. The effects of ubidecarenone derivatives on the action of phospholipase. Arzneimittelforschung. 1987;37:153-156.
35. Ajioka M, Nagai S, Ogawa K, et al. The role of phospholipase in the genesis of reperfusion arrhythmia. J Electrocardiol. 1986;19:165-172.
36. Singh RB, Wander GS, Rastogi A, et al. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998;12:347-353.
37. Baggio E, Gandini R, Plancher AC, et al. Italian multicenter study on the safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive therapy in heart failure. CoQ10 Drug Surveillance Investigators. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15:S287-S294.
38. Fujioka T, Sakamoto Y, Mimura G. Clinical study of cardiac arrhythmias using a 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic recorder (5th report) - antiarrhythmic action of coenzyme Q10 in diabetics. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1983;141(suppl):453-463.
39. Arsenian MA. Carnitine and its derivatives in cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1997;40:265-286.
40. Whitmer JT, Idell-Wenger JA, Rovetto MJ, et al. Control of fatty acid metabolism in ischemic and hypoxic hearts. J Biol Chem. 1978;253:4305-4309.
41. Lango R, Smolenski RT, Narkiewicz M, et al. Influence of L-carnitine and its derivatives on myocardial metabolism and function in ischemic heart disease and during cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;51:21-29.
42. Retter AS. Carnitine and its role in cardiovascular disease. Heart Dis. 1999;1:108-113.
43. Duan J, Moffat MP. Protective effects of D, L-carnitine against arrhythmias induced by lysophosphatidylcholine or reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991;192:355-363.
44. Barbieri M, Carbonin PU, Cerbai E, et al. Lack of correlation between the antiarrhythmic effect of L- propionylcarnitine on reoxygenation-induced arrhythmias and its electrophysiological properties. Br J Pharmacol. 1991;102:73-78.
45. Carbonin PU, Ramacci MT, Pahor M, et al. Antiarrhythmic effect of L-propionylcarnitine in isolated cardiac preparations. Cardioscience. 1991;2:109-114.
46. Broderick TL, Quinney HA, Barker CC, et al. Beneficial effect of carnitine on mechanical recovery of rat hearts reperfused after a transient period of global ischemia is accompanied by a stimulation of glucose oxidation. Circulation. 1993;87:972-981.
47. Cacciatore L, Cerio R, Ciarimboli M, et al. The therapeutic effect of L-carnitine in patients with exercise-induced stable angina: a controlled study. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991;17:225-235.
48. Rizzon P, Biasco G, Di Biase M, et al. High doses of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction: metabolic and antiarrhythmic effects. Eur Heart J. 1989;10:502-508.
49. Di Biase M, Tritto M, Pitzalis MV, et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of intravenous L-propionylcarnitine in man. Int J Cardiol. 1991;30:329-333.
50. Suzuki Y, Narita M, Yamazaki N. Effects of L-carnitine on arrhythmias during hemodialysis. Jpn Heart J. 1982;23:349-359.
51. DiPalma JR, Ritchie DM, McMichael RF. Cardiovascular and antiarrhythmic effects of carnitine. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1975;217:246-250.
52. Digiesi V, Cantini F, Bisi G, et al. L-carnitine adjuvant therapy in essential hypertension. Clin Ter. 1994;144:391-395.
53. Bonnet D, Martin D, Pascale De L, et al. Arrhythmias and conduction defects as presenting symptoms of fatty acid oxidation disorders in children. Circulation. 1999;100:2248-2253.
54. Leaf A. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death: the Paris Prospective Study. Circulation. 2001;104:744-745.
55. Li Y, Kang JX, Leaf A. Differential effects of various eicosanoids on the production or prevention of arrhythmias in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Prostaglandins. 1997;54:511-530.
56. Mumaghan MF. Effect of fatty acids on the ventricular arrhythmia threshold in the isolated heart of the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol. 1981;73:909-915.
57. McLennan PL, Abeywardena MY, Charnock JS. Dietary fish oil prevents ventricular fibrillation following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Am Heart J. 1988;116:709-717.
58. McLennan PL, Bridle TM, Abeywardena MY, et al. Dietary lipid modulation of ventricular fibrillation threshold in the marmoset monkey. Am Heart J. 1992;123:1555-1561.
59. Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced cardiac sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Lipids. 1997;32:1161-1168.
60. Billman GE, Kang JX, Leaf A. Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation. 1999;99:2452-2457.
61. Xiao YF, Kang JX, Morgan JP, et al. Blocking effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on Na+ channels of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:11000-11004.
62. Billman GE, Hallaq H, Leaf A. Prevention of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by omega 3 fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:4427-4430.
63. Kang JX, Xiao YF, Leaf A. Free, long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce membrane electrical excitability in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:3997-4001.
64. Kang JX, Leaf A. The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids. 1996;31(suppl):S41-S44.
65. Kang JX, Leaf A. Evidence that free polyunsaturated fatty acids modify Na+ channels by directly binding to the channel proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:3542-3546.
66. Leaf A. Omega-3 fatty acids and prevention of ventricular fibrillation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1995;52:197-198.
67. Sellmayer A, Witzgall H, Lorenz RL, et al. Effects of dietary fish oil on ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:974-977.
68. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet. 1989;2:757-761.
69. Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, et al. Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. JAMA. 1998;279:23-28.
70. Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, et al. Blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1113-1118.
71. de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1994;343:1454-1459.
72. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival-4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997;11:485-491.
73. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, King I, et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1995;274:1363-1367.
74. Christensen JH, Gustenhoff P, Korup E, et al. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1996;312:677-678.
75. Christensen JH, Korup E, Aaroe J, et al. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes, and heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:1670-1673.
76. Mashour NH, Lin GI, Frishman WH. Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: clinical considerations. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2225-2234.
77. The Review of Natural Products - Facts and Comparisons; St. Louis: 2001.
78. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2200-2211.
79. Sutter MC, Wang YX. Recent cardiovascular drugs from Chinese medicinal plants. Cardiovasc Res. 1993;27:1891-1901.
80. Yu XC, Wu S, Wang GY, et al. Cardiac effects of the extract and active components of radix stephaniae tetrandrae. II. Myocardial infarct, arrhythmias, coronary arterial flow and heart rate in the isolated perfused rat heart. Life Sci. 2001;68:2863-2872.
81. Vanherweghem JL. [A new form of nephropathy secondary to the absorption of Chinese herbs]. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg. 1994;149:128-135.
82. Tekol Y, Gogusten B. Comparative determination of the cardioselectivity of taxine and verapamil in the isolated aorta, atrium and jejunum preparations of rabbits. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49:673-678.
83. Ozaki Y. [Pharmacological studies of indole alkaloids obtained from domestic plants, Uncaria rhynchophylla Miq. and Amsonia elliptica Roem et Schult]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1989;94:17-26.
84. Masumiya H, Saitoh T, Tanaka Y, et al. Effects of hirsutine and dihydrocorynantheine on the action potentials of sino-atrial node, atrium and ventricle. Life Sci. 1999;65:2333-2341.
85. Kuramochi T, Chu J, Suga T. Gou-teng (from Uncaria rhynchophylla Miquel)-induced endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations in the isolated rat aorta. Life Sci. 1994;54:2061-2069.
86. Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, et al. Ca2+ channel blocking effects of hirsutine, an indole alkaloid from Uncaria genus, in the isolated rat aorta. Planta Med. 1991;57:403-405.
87. Wang XL, Zhang LM, Hua Z. Blocking effect of rhynchophylline on calcium channels in isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1994;15:115-118.
88. Vibes J, Lasserre B, Gleye J, et al. Inhibition of thromboxane A2 biosynthesis in vitro by the main components of Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn) flower heads. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1994;50:173-175.
89. Taskov M. On the coronary and cardiotonic action of crataemon. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1977;3:53-57.
90. Garjani A, Nazemiyeh H, Maleki N, et al. Effects of extracts from flowering tops of Crataegus meyeri A. Pojark on ischaemic arrhythmias in anaesthetized rats. Phytother Res. 2000;14:428-431.
91. al Makdessi S, Sweidan H, Dietz K, et al. Protective effect of Crataegus oxyacantha against reperfusion arrhythmias after global no-flow ischemia in the rat heart. Basic Res Cardiol. 1999;94:71-77.
92. Rothfuss MA, Pascht U, Kissling G. Effect of long-term application of Crataegus oxyacantha on ischemia and reperfusion induced arrhythmias in rats. Arzneimittelforschung. 2001;51:24-28.
93. Popping S, Rose H, Ionescu I, et al. Effect of a hawthorn extract on contraction and energy turnover of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45:1157-1161.
94. Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U. Myocardial effects of flavonoids from Crataegus species. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45:842-845.
95. Tauchert M, Gildor A, Lipinski J. [High-dose Crataegus extract WS 1442 in the treatment of NYHA stage II heart failure]. Herz. 1999;24:465-474; discussion 475.
96. Holubarsch CJ, Colucci WS, Meinertz T, et al. Survival and prognosis: investigation of Crataegus extract WS 1442 in congestive heart failure (SPICE) - rationale, study design and study protocol. Eur J Heart Fail. 2000;2:431-437.
97. Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, et al. Evaluation of hydroxyl radicalscavenging property of garlic. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996;154:55-63.
98. Rietz B, Belagyi J, Torok B, et al. The radical scavenging ability of garlic examined in various models. Boll Chim Farm. 1995;134:69-76.
99. Martin N, Bardisa L, Pantoja C, et al. Anti-arrhythmic profile of a garlic dialysate assayed in dogs and isolated atrial preparations. J Ethnopharmacol. 1994;43:1-8.
100. Lo HM, Lin FY, Tseng CD, et al. Effect of EGb 761, a ginkgo biloba extract, on early arrhythmia induced by coronary occlusion and reperfusion in dogs. J Formos Med Assoc. 1994;93:592-597.
101. Shen J, Wang J, Zhao B, et al. Effects of EGb 761 on nitric oxide and oxygen free radicals, myocardial damage and arrhythmia in ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998;1406:228-236.
102. Haramaki N, Aggarwal S, Kawabata T, et al. Effects of natural antioxidant ginkgo biloba extract (EGB 761) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 1994;16:789-794.
103. Dai S, Chan MY, Lee SS, et al. The antiarrhythmic effects of Sophora flavescens Ait in rats and mice. Am J Chin Med. 1986;14:119-123.
104. Zhang BF. [Effect of sophora alkaloids on experimental arrhythmia]. Zhong Yao Tong Bao. 1985;10:37-38.
105. Gorbunov NP, Sukhanov AA, Bolotova MF. [Pharmacological correction of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias in reversible coronary blood flow disorders and experimental myocardial infarct in dogs]. Kardiologiia. 1980;20:84-87.
106. Zhuang XX. [Protective effect of Angelica injection on arrhythmia during myocardial ischemia reperfusion in rat]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1991;11:360-361, 326.
107. Tsai SK, Huang SS, Hong CY. Myocardial protective effect of honokiol: an active component in Magnolia officinalis. Planta Med. 1996;62:503-506.
108. Hong CY, Huang SS, Tsai SK. Magnolol reduces infarct size and suppresses ventricular arrhythmia in rats subjected to coronary ligation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996;23:660-664.
109. Pu HL, Huang X, Zhao JH, et al. Bergenin is the antiarrhythmic principle of Fluggea virosa. Planta Med. 2002;68:372-374.
110. Wang X, Zhang J, Shi D, et al. Clinical observation on 84 cases of ventricular premature beat with deficiency syndrome treated by qi lu tang. J Tradit Chin Med. 1998;18:83-86.
111. Chen ZY. [Use of xin bao in the treatment of 87 patients with sick sinus syndrome]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1990;10:529-531, 516.
112. Wu W, Zhang XM, Liu PM, et al. Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin Rg1 on cardiac electrophysiological properties and ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1995;16:459-463.
113. Zhang W, Wojta J, Binder BR. Effect of notoginsenoside R1 on the synthesis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1994;14:1040-1046.
114. Lin SG, Zheng XL, Chen QY, et al. Effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on increased proliferation of cultured aortic smooth muscle cells stimulated by hypercholesterolemic serum. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1993;14:314-316.
115. Lei XL, Chiou GC. Cardiovascular pharmacology of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen and Salvia miltiorrhiza. Am J Chin Med. 1986;14:145-152.
116. Kwan CY. Vascular effects of selected antihypertensive drugs derived from traditional medicinal herbs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995;22(suppl 1):S297-S299.
117. Tian BJ, Gao TL, Song ZL. [Effects of ciwujia (Acanthopanax senticosus Harms) on reperfusion-induced arrhythmia and action potential alterations in the isolated rat heart]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1989;14:493-495, 508, 512.
118. Chen R, Yuan C. [Experimental anti-arrhythmic effects of zhigancao (prepared licorice) injection]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 1991;16:617-619, inside back cover.
119. Klepser TB, Klepser ME. Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56:125-138; quiz 139-141.
120. Bocker D, Breithardt G. [Induction of arrhythmia by licorice abuse]. Z Kardiol. 1991;80:389-391.
121. Heubach JF, Schule A. Cardiac effects of lappaconitine and N-deacetyllappaconitine, two diterpenoid alkaloids from plants of the Aconitum and Delphinium species. Planta Med. 1998;64:22-26.
122. Chang GJ, Wu MH, Wu YC, et al. Electrophysiological mechanisms for antiarrhythmic efficacy and positive inotropy of liriodenine, a natural aporphine alkaloid from Fissistigma glaucescens. Br J Pharmacol. 1996;118:1571-1583.
123. Lishmanov lu B, Maslova LV, Maslov LN, et al. [The anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea and its possible mechanism]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993;116:175-176.
124. De Smet PA. Herbal remedies. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2046-2056.
125. Marcus DM, Grollman AP. Botanical medicines - the need for new regulations. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:2073-2076.
126. Ernst E. Cardiovascular adverse effects of herbal medicines: a systematic review of the recent literature. Can J Cardiol. 2003;19:818-827.
127. Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1833-1838.
128. Samenuk D, Link MS, Homoud MK, et al. Adverse cardiovascular events temporally associated with ma huang, an herbal source of ephedrine. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:12-16.
129. Zahn KA, Li RL, Purssell RA. Cardiovascular toxicity after ingestion of 'herbal ecstasy'. J Emerg Med. 1999;17:289-291.
130. Yates KM, O'Connor A, Horsley CA. 'Herbal ecstasy': a case series of adverse reactions. N Z Med J. 2000;113:315-317.
131. Saliba W, Erdogan O, Niebauer M. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in a woman taking cesium chloride. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24:515-517.
132. Guha S, Dawn B, Dutta G, et al. Bradycardia, reversible panconduction defect and syncope following self-medication with a homeopathic medicine. Cardiology. 1999;91:268-271.
133. Jaffe AM, Gephardt D, Courtemanche L. Poisoning due to ingestion of Veratrum viride (false hellebore). J Emerg Med. 1990;8:161-167.
134. Quatrehomme G, Bertrand F, Chauvet C, et al. Intoxication from Veratrum album. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1993;12:111-115.
135. Slifman NR, Obermeyer WR, Aloi BK, et al. Contamination of botanical dietary supplements by Digitalis lanata. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:806-811.
136. Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet. 2000;355:134-138.
137. Szabuniewicz M, McCrady JD, Camp BJ. Treatment of experimentally induced oleander poisoning. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1971;189:12-21.
138. Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Sjostrom L, et al. Acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning: cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte disturbances, and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations on presentation to hospital. Heart. 2000;83:301-306.
139. de Nishioka SA, Resende ES. Transitory complete atrioventricular block associated to ingestion of Nerium oleander. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 1995;41:60-62.
140. Haynes BE, Bessen HA, Wightman WD. Oleander tea: herbal draught of death. Ann Emerg Med. 1985;14:350-353.
141. Osterloh J, Herold S, Pond S. Oleander interference in the digoxin radioimmunoassay in a fatal ingestion. JAMA. 1982;247:1596-1597.
142. Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57:1221-1227; quiz 1228-1230.
143. Page RL II, Lawrence JD. Potentiation of warfarin by dong quai. Pharmacotherapy. 1999;19:870-876.
144. Lambert JP, Cormier A. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:509-512.
145. Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA, et al. St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:7500-7502.