Iontophoretic drug delivery

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 56, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 619-658

  Kalia, Yogeshvar N ^a,b   Naik, Aarti ^a,b   Garrison, James ^c   Guy, Richard H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

^b Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement   (France)

^c Vyteris Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrically assisted delivery; Iontophoresis; Non invasive; Peptide and protein therapeutics; Skin; Topical; Transdermal; Transport mechanisms

Indexed keywords

HYDROPHILICITY; MOLECULES; PH EFFECTS; PROTEINS;

IONTOPHORETIC DRUG DELIVERY; THERAPEUTIC AGENTS;

DRUG THERAPY;

ALNIDITAN; APOMORPHINE; BUPRENORPHINE; CQA 206 291; DICLOFENAC; DICLOFENAC POTASSIUM; EMLA; FENTANYL; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROMORPHONE; HYDROXYPROPYLMETHYLCELLULOSE; KETOPROFEN; KETOROLAC; LIDOCAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; METHYLPHENIDATE; MORPHINE; N,N DIETHYL N' (1 ETHYL 6 METHYL 8ALPHA ERGOLINYL)SULFAMIDE; NAFARELIN; NALBUPHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORADRENALIN; PETHIDINE; PIROXICAM; PIRPROFEN; POVIDONE; QUININE; ROPINIROLE; SUFENTANIL; TOLAZOLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLEEDING; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TRANSPORT; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTROOSMOSIS; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; IONTOPHORESIS; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; MIGRAINE; MOLECULE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PAGET BONE DISEASE; PAIN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; STRATUM CORNEUM; ULCER; URTICARIA;

EID: 1542298892     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.026     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Naik A., Kalia Y.N., Guy R.H. Transdermal drug delivery: overcoming the skin's barrier function. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today. 3:2000;318-326.
2. Potts R.O., Francoeur M.L. The influence of stratum corneum morphology on water permeability. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96:1991;495-499.
3. Kalia Y.N., Merino V., Guy R.H. Transdermal drug delivery. Clinical aspects. Dermatol. Clin. 16:1998;289-299.
4. Cullander C., Rao G., Guy R.H. Why silver/silver chloride? Criteria for iontophoresis electrodes. Prediction Percutaneous Penetration. 3B:1993;381-390.
5. Phipps J.B., Padmanabhan R.V., Lattin G.A. Iontophoretic delivery of model inorganic and drug ions. J. Pharm. Sci. 78:1989;365-369.
6. Sage B.H., Riviere J.E. Model systems in iontophoresis - transport efficacy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 9:1992;265-287.
7. Burnette R.R. Iontophoresis. Hadgraft J., Guy R.H. Transdermal Drug Delivery: Developmental Issues and Research Initiatives. vol. 35:1989;247-291 Marcel Dekker, New York.
8. Kasting G.B. Theoretical models for iontophoretic delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 9:1992;177-199.
9. Phipps J.B., Gyory J.R. Transdermal ion migration. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 9:1992;137-176.
10. Pikal M.J. The role of electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 9:1992;201-237.
11. Yoshida N.H., Roberts M.S. Structure-transport relationships in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 9:1992;239-264.
12. Pikal M.J. Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis: I. A theoretical model for the effect of electroosmotic flow on flux enhancement in transdermal iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 7:1990;118-126.
13. Pikal M.J., Shah S. Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis.:II. Electroosmotic flow and transference number measurements for hairless mouse skin. Pharm. Res. 7:1990;213-221.
14. Pikal M.J., Shah S. Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis: III. An experimental study of the contributions of electroosmotic flow and permeability change in transport of low and high molecular weight solutes. Pharm. Res. 7:1990;222-229.
15. Marro D., Guy R.H., Delgado-Charro M.B. Characterization of the iontophoretic permselectivity properties of human and pig skin. J. Control. Release. 70:2001;213-217.
16. Guy R.H., Kalia Y.N., Delgado-Charro M.B., Merino V., Lopez A., Marro D. Iontophoresis: electrorepulsion and electroosmosis. J. Control. Release. 64:2000;129-132.
17. Marro D., Kalia Y.N., Delgado-Charro M.B., Guy R.H. Contributions of electromigration and electroosmosis to iontophoretic drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 18:2001;1701-1708.
18. van der Geest R., Danhof M., Bodde H.E. Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine: I. In vitro optimization and validation. Pharm. Res. 14:1997;1798-1803.
19. Kasting G.B., Keister J.C. Application of electrodiffusion theory for a homogeneous membrane to iontophoretic transport through skin. J. Control. Release. 8:1989;195-210.
20. Delgado-Charro M.B., Guy R.H. Characterization of convective solvent flow during iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 11:1994;929-935.
21. Delgado-Charro M.B., Guy R.H. Iontophoretic delivery of nafarelin across the skin. Int. J. Pharm. 117:1995;165-172.
22. Delgado-Charro M.B., Rodriguez-Bayon A.M., Guy R.H. Iontophoresis of nafarelin: effects of current density and concentration on electrotransport in vitro. J. Control. Release. 35:1995;35-40.
23. Hirvonen J., Guy R.H. Iontophoretic delivery across the skin: electroosmosis and its modulation by drug substances. Pharm. Res. 14:1997;1258-1263.
24. Hoogstraate A.J., Srinivasan V., Sims S.M., Higuchi W.I. Iontophoretic enhancement of peptides: behavior of leuprolide versus model permeants. J. Control. Release. 31:1994;41-47.
25. Lu M.F., Lee D., Carlson R., Rao G.S., Hui H.W., Adjei L., Herrin M., Sundberg D., Hsu L. The effects of formulation variables on iontophoretic transdermal delivery of leuprolide to humans. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 19:1993;1557-1571.
26. Rodriguez Bayon A.M., Guy R.H. Iontophoresis of nafarelin across human skin in vitro. Pharm. Res. 13:1996;798-800.
27. Hirvonen J., Kalia Y.N., Guy R.H. Transdermal delivery of peptides by iontophoresis: structure, mechanism and feasibility. Nat. Biotechnol. 14:1996;1710-1713.
28. Padmanabhan R.V., Phipps J.B., Lattin G.A., Sawchuk R.J. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of hydromorphone. J. Control. Release. 11:1990;123-135.
29. Singh P., Boniello S., Liu P., Dinh S. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of methylphenidate HCl in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 178:1999;121-128.
30. Lau D.T., Sharkey J.W., Petryk L., Mancuso F.A., Yu Z., Tse F.L. Effect of current magnitude and drug concentration on iontophoretic delivery of octreotide acetate (Sandostatin) in the rabbit. Pharm. Res. 11:1994;1742-1746.
31. Green P.G., Hinz R.S., Cullander C., Yamane G., Guy R.H. Iontophoretic delivery of amino acids and amino acid derivatives across the skin in vitro. Pharm. Res. 8:1991;1113-1120.
32. Burnette R.R., Marrero D. Comparison between the iontophoretic and passive transport of thyrotropin releasing hormone across excised nude mouse skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 75:1986;738-743.
33. Merino V., Lopez A., Kalia Y.N., Guy R.H. Electrorepulsion versus electroosmosis: effect of pH on the iontophoretic flux of 5-fluorouracil. Pharm. Res. 16:1999;758-761.
34. Ashburn M.A., Stephen R.L., Ackerman E., Petelenz T.J., Hare B., Pace N.L., Hofman A.A. Iontophoretic delivery of morphine for postoperative analgesia. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 7:1992;27-33.
35. Stephen R., Miotti D., Bettaglio R., Rossi C., Bonezzi C. Electromotive administration of a new morphine formulation: morphine citrate. Artif. Organs. 18:1994;461-465.
36. Thysman S., Tasset C., Preat V. Transdermal iontophoresis of fentanyl: delivery and mechanistic analysis. Int. J. Pharm. 101:1994;105-113.
37. Thysman S., Preat V. In vivo iontophoresis of fentanyl and sufentanil in rats: pharmacokinetics and acute antinociceptive effects. Anesth. Analg. 77:1993;61-66.
38. Ashburn M.A., Streisand J., Zhang J., Love G., Rowin M., Niu S., Kievit J.K., Kroep J.R., Mertens M.J. The iontophoresis of fentanyl citrate in humans. Anesthesiology. 82:1995;1146-1153.
39. Gupta S.K., Bernstein K.J., Noorduin H., Van Peer A., Sathyan G., Haak R. Fentanyl delivery from an electrotransport system: delivery is a function of total current, not duration of current. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38:1998;951-958.
40. Gupta S.K., Sathyan G., Phipps B., Klausner M., Southam M. Reproducible fentanyl doses delivered intermittently at different time intervals from an electrotransport system. J. Pharm. Sci. 88:1999;835-841.
41. Gupta S.K., Southam M., Sathyan G., Klausner M. Effect of current density on pharmacokinetics following continuous or intermittent input from a fentanyl electrotransport system. J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1998;976-981.
42. Bose S., Ravis W.R., Lin Y.J., Zhang L., Hofmann G.A., Banga A.K. Electrically-assisted transdermal delivery of buprenorphine. J. Control. Release. 73:2001;197-203.
43. Fang J.Y., Sung K.C., Wang J.J., Chu C.C., Chen K.T. The effects of iontophoresis and electroporation on transdermal delivery of buprenorphine from solutions and hydrogels. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54:2002;1329-1337.
44. Sung K.C., Fang J.Y., Hu O.Y. Delivery of nalbuphine and its prodrugs across skin by passive diffusion and iontophoresis. J. Control. Release. 67:2000;1-8.
45. Gay C.L., Green P.G., Guy R.H., Francoeur M.L. Ionotophoretic delivery of piroxicam across the skin in vitro. J. Control. Release. 22:1992;57-68.
46. Curdy C., Kalia Y.N., Naik A., Guy R.H. Piroxicam delivery into human stratum corneum in vivo: iontophoresis versus passive diffusion. J. Control. Release. 76:2001;73-79.
47. Fang J.Y., Sung K.C., Lin H.H., Fang C.L. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of diclofenac sodium from various polymer formulations: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int. J. Pharm. 178:1999;83-92.
48. Fang J.Y., Wang R.J., Huang Y.B., Wu P.C., Tsai Y.H. Influence of electrical and chemical factors on transdermal iontophoretic delivery of three diclofenac salts. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:2001;390-394.
49. Hui X., Anigbogu A., Singh P., Xiong G., Poblete N., Liu P., Maibach H.I. Pharmacokinetic and local tissue disposition of [(14)C]sodium diclofenac following iontophoresis and systemic administration in rabbits. J. Pharm. Sci. 90:2001;1269-1276.
50. Koizumi T., Kakemi M., Katayama K., Inada H., Sudeji K., Kawasaki M. Transfer of diclofenac sodium across excised guinea pig skin on high-frequency pulse iontophoresis: I. Equivalent circuit model. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 38:1990;1019-1021.
51. Koizumi T., Kakemi M., Katayama K., Inada H., Sudeji K., Kawasaki M. Transfer of diclofenac sodium across excised guinea pig skin on high-frequency pulse iontophoresis: II. Factors affecting steady-state transport rate. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo). 38:1990;1022-1023.
52. Sugibayashi K., Kagino M., Numajiri S., Inoue N., Kobayashi D., Kimura M., Yamaguchi M., Morimoto Y. Synergistic effects of iontophoresis and jet injector pretreatment on the in vitro skin permeation of diclofenac and angiotensin II. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 52:2000;1179-1186.
53. Varghese E., Khar R.K. Enhanced skin permeation of diclofenac by iontophoresis: in vitro and in vivo studies. J. Control. Release. 38:1996;21-27.
54. Garagiola U., Dacatra U., Braconaro F., Porretti E., Pisetti A., Azzolini V. Iontophoretic administration of pirprofen or lysine soluble aspirin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Clin. Ther. 10:1988;553-558.
55. Saggini R., Zoppi M., Vecchiet F., Gatteschi L., Obletter G., Giamberardino M.A. Comparison of electromotive drug administration with ketorolac or with placebo in patients with pain from rheumatic disease: a double-masked study. Clin. Ther. 18:1996;1169-1174.
56. Panus P.C., Campbell J., Kulkarni S.B., Herrick R.T., Ravis W.R., Banga A.K. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of ketoprofen through human cadaver skin and in humans. J. Control. Release. 44:1997;113-121.
57. Ashburn M.A., Gauthier M., Love G., Basta S., Gaylord B., Kessler K. Iontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCl and 1:100 000 epinephrine in humans. Clin. J. Pain. 13:1997;22-26.
58. Galinkin J.L., Rose J.B., Harris K., Watcha M.F. Lidocaine iontophoresis versus eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for IV placement in children. Anesth. Analg. 94:2002;1484-1488.
59. Greenbaum S.S., Bernstein E.F. Comparison of iontophoresis of lidocaine with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for topically administered local anesthesia. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 20:1994;579-583.
60. Irsfeld S., Klement W., Lipfert P. Dermal anaesthesia: comparison of EMLA cream with iontophoretic local anaesthesia. Br. J. Anaesth. 71:1993;375-378.
61. Maloney J.M., Bezzant J.L., Stephen R.L., Petelenz T.J. Iontophoretic administration of lidocaine anesthesia in office practice. An appraisal. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 18:1992;937-940.
62. Marro D., Kalia Y.N., Delgado-Charro M.B., Guy R.H. Optimizing iontophoretic drug delivery: identification and distribution of the charge-carrying species. Pharm. Res. 18:2001;1709-1713.
63. Riviere J.E., Monteiro-Riviere N.A., Inman A.O. Determination of lidocaine concentrations in skin after transdermal iontophoresis: effects of vasoactive drugs. Pharm. Res. 9:1992;211-214.
64. Riviere J.E., Sage B.H., Monteiro-Riviere N.A. Transdermal lidocaine iontophoresis in isolated perfused porcine skin. J. Toxicol.-Cut. Ocular Toxicol. 8:1989;493-504.
65. Rose J.B., Galinkin J.L., Jantzen E.C., Chiavacci R.M. A study of lidocaine iontophoresis for pediatric venipuncture. Anesth. Analg. 94:2002;867-871. (table of contents).
66. Russo J. Jr., Lipman A.G., Comstock T.J., Page B.C., Stephen R.L. Lidocaine anesthesia: comparison of iontophoresis, injection, and swabbing. Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 37:1980;843-847.
67. Gangarosa L.P. Iontophoresis for surface local anesthesia. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 88:1974;125-128.
68. Jadoul A., Mesens J., Caers W., de Beukelaar F., Crabbe R., Preat V. Transdermal permeation of alniditan by iontophoresis: in vitro optimization and human pharmacokinetic data. Pharm. Res. 13:1996;1348-1353.
69. Hager D.F., Laubach M.J., Sharkey J.W., Siverley J.R. In vitro iontophoretic delivery of CQA 206-291: influence of ethanol. J. Control. Release. 23:1993;175-182.
70. van der Geest R., van Laar T., Gubbens-Stibbe J.M., Bodde H.E., Danhof M. Iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine: II. An in vivo study in patients with Parkinson's disease. Pharm. Res. 14:1997;1804-1810.
71. Luzardo-Alvarez A., Delgado-Charro M.B., Blanco-Mendez J. Iontophoretic delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride: effect of current density and vehicle formulation. Pharm. Res. 18:2001;1714-1720.
72. Kankkunen T., Sulkava R., Vuorio M., Kontturi K., Hirvonen J. Transdermal iontophoresis of tacrine in vivo. Pharm. Res. 19:2002;704-707.
73. Chang B.K., Guthrie T.H., Hayakawa K., Gangarosa L.P. A pilot study of iontophoretic cisplatin chemotherapy of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 129:1993;425-427.
74. Smith K.J., Konzelman J.L., Lombardo F.A., Skelton H.G., Holland T.T., Yeager J., Wagner K.F., Oster C.N., Chung R. Iontophoresis of vinblastine into normal skin and for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The Military Medical Consortium for Applied Retroviral Research. Arch. Dermatol. 128:1992;1365-1370.
75. Alvarez-Figueroa M.J., Delgado-Charro M.B., Blanco-Mendez J. Passive and iontophoretic transdermal penetration of methotrexate. Int. J. Pharm. 212:2001;101-107.
76. Welch M.L., Grabski W.J., McCollough M.L., Skelton H.G., Smith K.J., Menon P.A., Anderson L.L. 5-Fluorouracil iontophoretic therapy for Bowen's disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 36:1997;956-958.
77. Marconi B., Mancini F., Colombo P., Allegra F., Giordano F., Gazzaniga A., Orecchia G., Santi P. Distribution of khellin in excised human skin following iontophoresis and passive dermal transport. J. Control. Release. 60:1999;261-268.
78. Gangarosa L.P. Sr., Ozawa A., Ohkido M., Shimomura Y., Hill J.M. Iontophoresis for enhancing penetration of dermatologic and antiviral drugs. J. Dermatol. 22:1995;865-875.
79. Park N.H., Gangarosa L.P., Hill J.M. Iontophoretic application of Ara-MP(9-beta-D-arabinofuranoysladenine-5′-monophosphate) into adult mouse skin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 156:1977;326-329.
80. Park N.H., Gangarosa L.P., Kwon B.S., Hill J.M. Iontophoretic application of adenine arabinoside monophosphate to herpes simplex virus type 1-infected hairless mouse skin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 14:1978;604-608.
81. Gangarosa L.P., Haines M., Qureshi S. Treatment of postherapeutic neuralgia by iontophoresis. Proceedings of Third International Dental Congress on Modern Pain Control. 1982;263-265.
82. Gangarosa L.P., Guthrie T., Chang B.K., Hayakawa K., Ozawa A., Ohkido M. Iontophoresis for pain relief in postherapeutic neuralgia (PHN) double-blind trials. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 181:1986;476.
83. Ozawa A. Clinical effects for 909 cases and the guideline. Nihon Iji Shinpou. 3648:1994;25-30.
84. Shigeki S., Murakami T., Yata N., Ikuta Y. Treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars by iontophoretic transdermal delivery of tranilast. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 31:1997;151-158.
85. Lopez R.F., Bentley M.V., Delgado-Charro M.B., Guy R.H. Iontophoretic delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): effect of pH. Pharm. Res. 18:2001;311-315.
86. Lopez R.F., Bentley M.V., Delgado-Charro M.B., Salomon D., van den Bergh H., Lange N., Guy R.H. Enhanced delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid esters by iontophoresis in vitro. Photochem. Photobiol. 77:2003;304-308.
87. Jadoul A., Preat V. Electrically enhanced transdermal delivery of domperidone. Int. J. Pharm. 154:1997;229-234.
88. Cormier M., Chao S.T., Gupta S.K., Haak R. Effect of transdermal iontophoresis codelivery of hydrocortisone on metoclopramide pharmacokinetics and skin-induced reactions in human subjects. J. Pharm. Sci. 88:1999;1030-1035.
89. Oh S.Y., Jeong S.Y., Park T.G., Lee J.H. Enhanced transdermal delivery of AZT (Zidovudine) using iontophoresis and penetration enhancer. J. Control. Release. 51:1998;161-168.
90. Wearley L., Chien Y.W. Enhancement of the in vitro skin permeability of azidothymidine (AZT) via iontophoresis and chemical enhancer. Pharm. Res. 7:1990;34-40.
91. Volpato N.M., Nicoli S., Laureri C., Colombo P., Santi P. In vitro acyclovir distribution in human skin layers after transdermal iontophoresis. J. Control. Release. 50:1998;291-296.
92. Volpato N.M., Santi P., Colombo P. Iontophoresis enhances the transport of acyclovir through nude mouse skin by electrorepulsion and electroosmosis. Pharm. Res. 12:1995;1623-1627.
93. Chesnoy S., Durand D., Doucet J., Couarraze G. Structural parameters involved in the permeation of propranolol HCl by iontophoresis and enhancers. J. Control. Release. 58:1999;163-175.
94. Ganga S., Ramarao P., Singh J. Effect of azone on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of metoprolol tartrate through human epidermis in vitro. J. Control. Release. 42:1996;57-64.
95. Gupta S.K., Kumar S., Bolton S., Behl C.R., Malick A.W. Optimization of iontophoretic transdermal delivery of a peptide and a non-peptide drug. J. Control. Release. 30:1994;253-261.
96. Hirvonen J., Kontturi K., Murtomaki L., Paronen P., Urtti A. Transdermal iontophoresis of sotalol and salicylate; the effect of skin charge and penetration enhancers. J. Control. Release. 26:1993;109-117.
97. Kanikkannan N., Singh J., Ramarao P. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of timolol maleate in albino rabbits. Int. J. Pharm. 197:2000;69-76.
98. Okabe K., Yamaguchi H., Kawai Y. New iontophoretic transdermal administration of the beta-blocker metoprolol. J. Control. Release. 4:1986;79-85.
99. Stagni G., O'Donnell D., Liu Y.J., Kellogg D.L., Morgan T., Shepherd A.M. Intradermal microdialysis: kinetics of iontophoretically delivered propranolol in forearm dermis. J. Control. Release. 63:2000;331-339.
100. Tashiro Y., Sami M., Shichibe S., Kato Y., Hayakawa E., Itoh K. Effect of lipophilicity on in vivo iontophoretic delivery: II. Beta-blockers. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:2001;671-677.
101. Thysman S., Preat V., Roland M. Factors affecting iontophoretic mobility of metoprolol. J. Pharm. Sci. 81:1992;670-675.
102. Wearley L., Liu J.-C., Chien Y.W. Iontophoresis-facilitated transdermal delivery of verapamil: II. Factors affecting the reversibility of skin permeability. J. Control. Release. 9:1989;231-242.
103. Wearley L., Liu J.-C., Chien Y.W. Iontophoresis-facilitated transdermal delivery of verapamil: I. In vitro evaluation and mechanistic studies. J. Control. Release. 8:1989;237-250.
104. Zakzewski C.A., Amory D.W., Jasaitis D.K., Li J.K. Iontophoretically enhanced transdermal delivery of an ACE inhibitor in induced hypertensive rabbits: preliminary report. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 6:1992;589-595.
105. Zakzewski C.A., Li J.K. Pulsed mode constant current iontophoretic transdermal metoprolol tartrate delivery in established acute hypertensive rabbits. J. Control. Release. 17:1991;157-162.
106. Riviere J.E., Williams P.L., Hillman R.S., Mishky L.M. Quantitative prediction of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of arbutamine in humans with the in vitro isolated perfused porcine skin flap. J. Pharm. Sci. 81:1992;504-507.
107. James M.P., Graham R.M., English J. Percutaneous iontophoresis of prednisolone - a pharmacokinetic study. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 11:1986;54-61.
108. Glass J.M., Stephen R.L., Jacobson S.C. The quantity and distribution of radiolabeled dexamethasone delivered to tissue by iontophoresis. Int. J. Dermatol. 19:1980;519-525.
109. Petelenz T.J., Buttke J.A., Bonds C., Lloyd L.B., Beck J.E., Stephen R.L., Jacobsen S.C., Rodriguez P. Iontophoresis of dexamethasone: laboratory studies. J. Control. Release. 20:1992;55-66.
110. Langkjaer L., Brange J., Grodsky G.M., Guy R.H. Iontophoresis of monomeric insulin analogues in vitro: effects of insulin charge and skin pretreatment. J. Control. Release. 51:1998;47-56.
111. Banga A.K., Chien Y.W. Characterization of in vitro transdermal iontophoretic delivery of insulin. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 19:1993;2069-2087.
112. Chien Y.W., Siddiqui O., Sun Y., Shi W.M., Liu J.C. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of therapeutic peptides/proteins: I. Insulin. Juliano R.L. Biological Approaches to the Controlled Delivery of Drugs. vol. 507:1987;32-51 New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY.
113. Pillai O., Borkute S.D., Sivaprasad N., Panchagnula R. Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin: II. Physicochemical considerations. Int. J. Pharm. 254:2003;271-280.
114. Pillai O., Panchagnula R. Transdermal iontophoresis of insulin: V. Effect of terpenes. J. Control. Release. 88:2003;287-296.
115. Kanikkannan N., Singh J., Ramarao P. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of bovine insulin and monomeric human insulin analogue. J. Control. Release. 59:1999;99-105.
116. Liu J.-C., Sun Y., Siddiqui O., Chien Y.W., Shi W.-M., Li J. Blood glucose control in diabetic rats by transdermal iontophoretic delivery of insulin. Int. J. Pharm. 44:1988;197-204.
117. Siddiqui O., Sun Y., Liu J.C., Chien Y.W. Facilitated transdermal transport of insulin. J. Pharm. Sci. 76:1987;341-345.
118. Kari B. Control of blood glucose levels in alloxan-diabetic rabbits by iontophoresis of insulin. Diabetes. 35:1986;217-221.
119. Green P.G., Hinz R.S., Kim A., Szoka F.C., Guy R.H. Iontophoretic delivery of a series of tripeptides across the skin in vitro. Pharm. Res. 8:1991;1121-1127.
120. B.H. Sage, R.A. Hoke, Molecules for iontophoretic delivery, United States Patent Number 5,494,679, 1996.
121. Burke B., Mulryan G., Foley D., Meehan E., McKenna B., Devane J., Hession P. Factors affecting transdermal delivery of salmon calcitonin. J. Control. Release. 46:1997;180.
122. Chang S.L., Hofmann G.A., Zhang L., Deftos L.J., Banga A.K. The effect of electroporation on iontophoretic transdermal delivery of calcium regulating hormones. J. Control. Release. 66:2000;127-133.
123. Chang S.L., Hofmann G.A., Zhang L., Deftos L.J., Banga A.K. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of salmon calcitonin. Int. J. Pharm. 200:2000;107-113.
124. Morimoto K., Iwakura Y., Nakatani E., Miyazaki M., Tojima H. Effects of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors as absorption enhancers on the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of calcitonin in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44:1992;216-218.
125. Nakamura K., Katagai K., Mori K., Higo N., Sato S., Yamamoto K. Transdermal administration of salmon calcitonin by pulse depolarization iontophoresis in rats. Int. J. Pharm. 218:2001;93-102.
126. Santi P., Colombo P., Bettini R., Catellani P.L., Minutello A., Volpato N.M. Drug reservoir composition and transport of salmon calcitonin in transdermal iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 14:1997;63-66.
127. Santi P., Volpato N.M., Bettini R., Catellani P.L., Massimo G., Colombo P. Transdermal iontophoresis of salmon calcitonin can reproduce the hypocalcemic effect of intravenous administration. Il Farmaco. 52:1997;445-448.
128. Thysman S., Hanchard C., Preat V. Human calcitonin delivery in rats by iontophoresis. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46:1994;725-730.
129. Tomohira Y., Machida Y., Onishi H., Nagai T. Iontophoretic transdermal absorption of insulin and calcitonin in rats with newly-devised switching technique and addition of urea. Int. J. Pharm. 155:1997;231-239.
130. Suzuki Y., Iga K., Yanai S., Matsumoto Y., Kawase M., Fukuda T., Adachi H., Higo N., Ogawa Y. Iontophoretic pulsatile transdermal delivery of human parathyroid hormone (1-34). J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53:2001;1227-1234.
131. Suzuki Y., Nagase Y., Iga K., Kawase M., Oka M., Yanai S., Matsumoto Y., Nakagawa S., Fukuda T., Adachi H., Higo N., Ogawa Y. Prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized rats by pulsatile transdermal iontophoretic administration of human PTH (1-34). J. Pharm. Sci. 91:2002;350-361.
132. Slough C.L., Spinelli M.J., Kasting G.B. Transdermal delivery of etidronate (EHDP) in the pig via iontophoresis. J. Membr. Sci. 35:1988;161-165.
133. Bhatia K.S., Gao S., Singh J. Effect of penetration enhancers and iontophoresis on the FT-IR spectroscopy and LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J. Control. Release. 47:1997;81-89.
134. Bhatia K.S., Singh J. Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and a series of fatty acids on LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1998;462-469.
135. Bhatia K.S., Singh J. Effect of linolenic acid/ethanol or limonene/ethanol and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of LHRH and ultrastructure of human epidermis. Int. J. Pharm. 180:1999;235-250.
136. Chen L.-L.H., Chien Y.W. Transdermal iontophoretic permeation of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone: characterization of electric parameters. J. Control. Release. 40:1996;187-198.
137. Heit M.C., Monteiro-Riviere N.A., Jayes F.L., Riviere J.E. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH): effect of repeated administration. Pharm. Res. 11:1994;1000-1003.
138. Heit M.C., Williams P.L., Jayes F.L., Chang S.K., Riviere J.E. Transdermal iontophoretic peptide delivery: in vitro and in vivo studies with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. J. Pharm. Sci. 82:1993;240-243.
139. Miller L.L., Kolaskie C.J., Smith G.A., Rivier J. Transdermal iontophoresis of gonadotropin releasing hormone (LHRH) and two analogues. J. Pharm. Sci. 79:1990;490-493.
140. Meyer B.R., Kreis W., Eschbach J., O'Mara V., Rosen S., Sibalis D. Successful transdermal administration of therapeutic doses of a polypeptide to normal human volunteers. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:1988;607-612.
141. Meyer B.R., Kreis W., Eschbach J., O'Mara V., Rosen S., Sibalis D. Transdermal versus subcutaneous leuprolide: a comparison of acute pharmacodynamic effect. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 48:1990;340-345.
142. Banga A.K., Katakam M., Mitra R. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery and degradation of vasopressin across human cadaver skin. Int. J. Pharm. 116:1995;211-216.
143. Craane-van Hinsberg W.H., Bax L., Flinterman N.H., Verhoef J., Junginger H.E., Bodde H.E. Iontophoresis of a model peptide across human skin in vitro: effects of iontophoresis protocol, pH, and ionic strength on peptide flux and skin impedance. Pharm. Res. 11:1994;1296-1300.
144. Nakakura M., Kato Y., Hayakawa E., Ito K., Kuroda T. Effect of pulse on iontophoretic delivery of desmopressin acetate in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 19:1996;738-740.
145. Kumar S., Char H., Patel S., Piemontese D., Iqbal K., Malick A.W., Neugroschel E., Behl C.R. Effect of iontophoresis on in vitro skin permeation of an analogue of growth hormone releasing factor in the hairless guinea pig model. J. Pharm. Sci. 81:1992;635-639.
146. Kumar S., Char H., Patel S., Piemontese D., Malick A.W., Iqbal K., Neugroschel E., Behl C.R. In vivo transdermal iontophoretic delivery of growth hormone releasing factor GRF (1-44) in hairless guinea pigs. J. Control. Release. 18:1992;213-220.
147. Ellens H., Lai Z., Marcello J., Davis C.B., Cheng H.Y., Oh C.K., Okabe K. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of (3H)GHRP in rats. Int. J. Pharm. 159:1997;1-11.
148. DeBell W.K., Pezzoli S.S., Thorner M.O. Growth hormone (GH) secretion during continuous infusion of GH-releasing peptide: partial response attenuation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72:1991;1312-1316.
149. Wahlgren C.F., Quiding H. Depth of cutaneous analgesia after application of a eutectic mixture of the local anesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA cream). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42:2000;584-588.