메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 3-11

The aldosterone antagonist and facultative diuretic eplerenone: A critical review

Author keywords

Heart failure; Hepatic edema; Hyperaldosteronism; Hyperkalemia; Hypertension; Spironolactone

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMILORIDE; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; CANRENOATE POTASSIUM; CHLORTALIDONE; DIGITALIS; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPLERENONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; LISINOPRIL; SAQUINAVIR; SPIRONOLACTONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRIAMTERENE; VERAPAMIL;

EID: 14144255193     PISSN: 09536205     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2004.10.007     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (134)
  • 1
    • 0036786124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone-a novel selective aldosterone blocker
    • A.J. Zillich, and B.L. Carter Eplerenone-a novel selective aldosterone blocker Ann. Pharmacother. 36 2002 1567 1576
    • (2002) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.36 , pp. 1567-1576
    • Zillich, A.J.1    Carter, B.L.2
  • 2
    • 0036330671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in hypertensive patients
    • H. Krum, H. Nolly, D. Workman, W. He, B. Roniker, and S. Krause Efficacy of eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in hypertensive patients Hypertension 40 2002 117 123
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 117-123
    • Krum, H.1    Nolly, H.2    Workman, D.3    He, W.4    Roniker, B.5    Krause, S.6
  • 3
    • 0035997359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension
    • M.H. Weinberger, B. Roniker, S.L. Krause, and R.J. Weiss Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension Am. J. Hypertens. 15 2002 709 716
    • (2002) Am. J. Hypertens. , vol.15 , pp. 709-716
    • Weinberger, M.H.1    Roniker, B.2    Krause, S.L.3    Weiss, R.J.4
  • 4
    • 0002147143 scopus 로고
    • The antialdosterone substance spironolactone is a facultative natriuretic, antikaliuretic and antimagnesiuretic in man
    • J.B. Puschett A. Greenberg Excerpta Medica Amsterdam
    • W.P. Leary, A.J. Reyes, and K. van der Byl The antialdosterone substance spironolactone is a facultative natriuretic, antikaliuretic and antimagnesiuretic in man J.B. Puschett A. Greenberg Diuretics IV: chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications 1993 Excerpta Medica Amsterdam 391 394
    • (1993) Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications , pp. 391-394
    • Leary, W.P.1    Reyes, A.J.2    Van Der Byl, K.3
  • 5
    • 14144254645 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone is a facultative diuretic and antimagnesiuretic in man
    • S. Golf D. Dralle L. Vecchiet John Libbey London
    • W.P. Leary, A.J. Reyes, and K. van der Byl Spironolactone is a facultative diuretic and antimagnesiuretic in man S. Golf D. Dralle L. Vecchiet Magnesium 1993 1994 John Libbey London 299 302
    • (1994) Magnesium 1993 , pp. 299-302
    • Leary, W.P.1    Reyes, A.J.2    Van Der Byl, K.3
  • 6
    • 0035120424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism
    • P.O. Lim, W.F. Young, and T.M. MacDonald A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism J. Hypertens. 19 2001 353 361
    • (2001) J. Hypertens. , vol.19 , pp. 353-361
    • Lim, P.O.1    Young, W.F.2    MacDonald, T.M.3
  • 7
    • 0037799888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minireview: Primary aldosteronism-changing concepts in diagnosis and treatment
    • W.F. Young Jr. Minireview: primary aldosteronism-changing concepts in diagnosis and treatment Endocrinology 144 2003 2208 2213
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 2208-2213
    • Young Jr., W.F.1
  • 9
    • 0346694511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients
    • M. Stowasser, R.D. Gordon, T.G. Gunasekera, D.C. Cowley, G. Ward, and C. Archibald High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients J. Hypertens. 21 2003 2149 2157
    • (2003) J. Hypertens. , vol.21 , pp. 2149-2157
    • Stowasser, M.1    Gordon, R.D.2    Gunasekera, T.G.3    Cowley, D.C.4    Ward, G.5    Archibald, C.6
  • 11
    • 0036110762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension
    • J. Ouzan, C. Perault, A.M. Lincoff, E. Carre, and M. Mertes The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension Am. J. Hypertens. 15 2002 333 339
    • (2002) Am. J. Hypertens. , vol.15 , pp. 333-339
    • Ouzan, J.1    Perault, C.2    Lincoff, A.M.3    Carre, E.4    Mertes, M.5
  • 12
    • 0036125662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is aldosterone the missing link in refractory hypertension?: Aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a marker of inappropriate aldosterone activity
    • P.O. Lim, R.T. Jung, and T.M. MacDonald Is aldosterone the missing link in refractory hypertension?: aldosterone-to-renin ratio as a marker of inappropriate aldosterone activity J. Hum. Hypertens. 16 2002 153 158
    • (2002) J. Hum. Hypertens. , vol.16 , pp. 153-158
    • Lim, P.O.1    Jung, R.T.2    MacDonald, T.M.3
  • 13
    • 0032708023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: A prospective cohort follow-up study
    • P.O. Lim, R.T. Jung, and T.M. MacDonald Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 48 1999 756 760
    • (1999) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.48 , pp. 756-760
    • Lim, P.O.1    Jung, R.T.2    MacDonald, T.M.3
  • 14
    • 0034069789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism
    • B.L. Rayner, L.H. Opie, and J.S. Davidson The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism S. Afr. Med. J. 90 2000 394 400
    • (2000) S. Afr. Med. J. , vol.90 , pp. 394-400
    • Rayner, B.L.1    Opie, L.H.2    Davidson, J.S.3
  • 16
    • 0037335151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldo is back: Recent advances and unresolved controversies in hyperaldosteronism
    • R.J. Auchus Aldo is back: recent advances and unresolved controversies in hyperaldosteronism Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 12 2003 153 158
    • (2003) Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. , vol.12 , pp. 153-158
    • Auchus, R.J.1
  • 17
    • 0141520270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary aldosteronism-treatment options
    • W.F. Young Primary aldosteronism-treatment options Growth Horm. IGF Res. 13 Suppl. A 2003 S102 S108
    • (2003) Growth Horm. IGF Res. , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Young, W.F.1
  • 18
    • 14144254126 scopus 로고
    • Reassessing the role of spironolactone in hypertension
    • B.J. Materson Reassessing the role of spironolactone in hypertension Adv. Ther. 3 1986 381 405
    • (1986) Adv. Ther. , vol.3 , pp. 381-405
    • Materson, B.J.1
  • 19
    • 0022512244 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone in the treatment of hypertension: A review
    • A.N. Brest Spironolactone in the treatment of hypertension: a review Clin. Ther. 8 1986 568 585
    • (1986) Clin. Ther. , vol.8 , pp. 568-585
    • Brest, A.N.1
  • 22
    • 0001847493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiproteinuric efficacy of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril combination therapy in diabetic hypertensives with microalbuminuria
    • N. Epstein, W. Buckalew Jr., F. Martinez, J. Altamirano, B. Ronicker, and J. Kleiman Antiproteinuric efficacy of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril combination therapy in diabetic hypertensives with microalbuminuria Am. J. Hypertens. 15 2002 24A
    • (2002) Am. J. Hypertens. , vol.15
    • Epstein, N.1    Buckalew Jr., W.2    Martinez, F.3    Altamirano, J.4    Ronicker, B.5    Kleiman, J.6
  • 24
    • 0037861923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension
    • W.B. White, D. Duprez, R. St. Hillaire, S. Krause, B. Roniker, and J. Kuse-Hamilton Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension Hypertension 92 2003 38 42
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.92 , pp. 38-42
    • White, W.B.1    Duprez, D.2    St. Hillaire, R.3    Krause, S.4    Roniker, B.5    Kuse-Hamilton, J.6
  • 25
    • 0142085752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: The 4E-left ventricular hypertrophy study
    • B. Pitt, N. Reichek, R. Willenbrock, F. Zannad, R.A. Phillips, and B. Roniker Effects of eplerenone, enalapril, and eplerenone/enalapril in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the 4E-left ventricular hypertrophy study Circulation 108 2003 1831 1838
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1831-1838
    • Pitt, B.1    Reichek, N.2    Willenbrock, R.3    Zannad, F.4    Phillips, R.A.5    Roniker, B.6
  • 26
    • 0037817776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptoms and the distress they cause: Comparison of an aldosterone antagonist and a calcium channel blocking agent in patients with systolic hypertension
    • N.K. Hollenberg, G.H. Williams, R. Anderson, K.S. Akhras, R.M. Bittman, and S.L. Krause Symptoms and the distress they cause: comparison of an aldosterone antagonist and a calcium channel blocking agent in patients with systolic hypertension Arch. Intern. Med. 163 2003 1543 1548
    • (2003) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.163 , pp. 1543-1548
    • Hollenberg, N.K.1    Williams, G.H.2    Anderson, R.3    Akhras, K.S.4    Bittman, R.M.5    Krause, S.L.6
  • 27
    • 0142043927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term safety and efficacy of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone in patients with essential hypertension
    • E.D. Burgess, Y. Lacourciere, L.M. Ruilope-Urioste, S. Oparil, J.H. Kleiman, and S. Krause Long-term safety and efficacy of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone in patients with essential hypertension Clin. Ther. 25 2003 2388 2404
    • (2003) Clin. Ther. , vol.25 , pp. 2388-2404
    • Burgess, E.D.1    Lacourciere, Y.2    Ruilope-Urioste, L.M.3    Oparil, S.4    Kleiman, J.H.5    Krause, S.6
  • 28
    • 85030805902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • October [11 screens].
    • Inspra (eplerenone USA approved prescribing information, October 2003) [11 screens]. Available from URL: http://www.pfizer.com/download/uspi_inspra. pdf. Accessed on the 26 October, 2003.
    • (2003) Inspra (Eplerenone USA Approved Prescribing Information)
  • 29
    • 0344373794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)
    • The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group
    • The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs. diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) JAMA 288 2002 2981 2997
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2981-2997
  • 30
    • 0031044480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • B.M. Psaty, N.L. Smith, D.S. Siscovick, T.D. Koepsell, N.S. Weiss, and S.R. Heckbert Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis JAMA 277 1997 739 745
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 739-745
    • Psaty, B.M.1    Smith, N.L.2    Siscovick, D.S.3    Koepsell, T.D.4    Weiss, N.S.5    Heckbert, S.R.6
  • 31
    • 0030858950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and orthostatic blood pressure responses to a low-sodium diet in elderly hypertensives
    • M.D. Fotherby, and J.F. Potter Metabolic and orthostatic blood pressure responses to a low-sodium diet in elderly hypertensives J. Hum. Hypertens. 11 1997 361 366
    • (1997) J. Hum. Hypertens. , vol.11 , pp. 361-366
    • Fotherby, M.D.1    Potter, J.F.2
  • 33
    • 0142231538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension
    • M.K. Nishizaka, M.A. Zaman, and D.A. Calhoun Efficacy of low-dose spironolactone in subjects with resistant hypertension Am. J. Hypertens. 16 2003 925 930
    • (2003) Am. J. Hypertens. , vol.16 , pp. 925-930
    • Nishizaka, M.K.1    Zaman, M.A.2    Calhoun, D.A.3
  • 34
    • 0027256707 scopus 로고
    • Ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension: A clinical trial of factorial design
    • Scholze J for the East Germany Collaborative Trial GroupBreitstadt A.*Cairns V.*Bauer B.*Bender N.*Priestley C.*et al.
    • Scholze J for the East Germany Collaborative Trial Group A. Breitstadt, V. Cairns, B. Bauer, N. Bender, and C. Priestley Ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy in hypertension: a clinical trial of factorial design J. Hypertens. 11 Suppl. 2 1993 S25 S33
    • (1993) J. Hypertens. , vol.11 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
  • 35
  • 36
    • 0019411694 scopus 로고
    • Low-dose chlorthalidone treatment in previously untreated hypertension
    • Y. Korduner, l. Käbin, and G. Hagbarth Low-dose chlorthalidone treatment in previously untreated hypertension Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 29 1981 208 215
    • (1981) Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. , vol.29 , pp. 208-215
    • Korduner, Y.1    Käbin, L.2    Hagbarth, G.3
  • 37
    • 0021738222 scopus 로고
    • Multicentre randomized cross-over double-blind comparison between chlorthalidone and slow-release oxprenolol in mild-to-moderate hypertension
    • G. Pollavini, D. Comi, C. Grillo, M. Lombardo, O. Mantero, and L. Minetti Multicentre randomized cross-over double-blind comparison between chlorthalidone and slow-release oxprenolol in mild-to-moderate hypertension Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 35 1984 465 475
    • (1984) Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. , vol.35 , pp. 465-475
    • Pollavini, G.1    Comi, D.2    Grillo, C.3    Lombardo, M.4    Mantero, O.5    Minetti, L.6
  • 38
    • 0025209782 scopus 로고
    • Relation between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects
    • J.E. Carlsen, L. Kober, C. Torp-Pedersen, and P. Johansen Relation between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects BMJ 300 1990 975 978
    • (1990) BMJ , vol.300 , pp. 975-978
    • Carlsen, J.E.1    Kober, L.2    Torp-Pedersen, C.3    Johansen, P.4
  • 39
    • 0031820658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized comparison of a conventional dose, a low dose and alternate-day dosing of bendrofluazide in hypertensive patients
    • B. Girvin, and G.D. Johnston A randomized comparison of a conventional dose, a low dose and alternate-day dosing of bendrofluazide in hypertensive patients J. Hypertens. 16 1998 1049 1054
    • (1998) J. Hypertens. , vol.16 , pp. 1049-1054
    • Girvin, B.1    Johnston, G.D.2
  • 40
    • 0036234456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diuretics in the therapy of hypertension
    • A.J. Reyes Diuretics in the therapy of hypertension J. Hum. Hypertens. 16 Suppl. 1 2002 S78 S83
    • (2002) J. Hum. Hypertens. , vol.16 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Reyes, A.J.1
  • 41
    • 0018342626 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone
    • C.J. Roberts, A.J. Marshall, S. Heaton, and D.W. Barritt Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone Br. Med. J. 1 1979 224 226
    • (1979) Br. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 224-226
    • Roberts, C.J.1    Marshall, A.J.2    Heaton, S.3    Barritt, D.W.4
  • 42
    • 0023700835 scopus 로고
    • Long-term metabolic effects of spironolactone and thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents for treatment of essential hypertension
    • X. Jeunemaitre, A. Charru, G. Chatellier, P. Degoulet, J. Julien, and P.F. Plouin Long-term metabolic effects of spironolactone and thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents for treatment of essential hypertension Am. J. Cardiol. 62 1988 1072 1077
    • (1988) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.62 , pp. 1072-1077
    • Jeunemaitre, X.1    Charru, A.2    Chatellier, G.3    Degoulet, P.4    Julien, J.5    Plouin, P.F.6
  • 43
    • 0034034398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
    • L.V. Franse, M. Pahor, M. Di Bari, G.W. Somes, W.C. Cushman, and W.B. Applegate Hypokalemia associated with diuretic use and cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Hypertension 35 2000 1025 1030
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.35 , pp. 1025-1030
    • Franse, L.V.1    Pahor, M.2    Di Bari, M.3    Somes, G.W.4    Cushman, W.C.5    Applegate, W.B.6
  • 45
    • 0029559449 scopus 로고
    • Non-potassium-sparing diuretics and risk of sudden cardiac death
    • D.E. Grobbee, and A.W. Hoes Non-potassium-sparing diuretics and risk of sudden cardiac death J. Hypertens. 13 1995 1539 1545
    • (1995) J. Hypertens. , vol.13 , pp. 1539-1545
    • Grobbee, D.E.1    Hoes, A.W.2
  • 47
    • 0033935122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure
    • C.G. Brilla Aldosterone and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure Herz 25 2000 299 306
    • (2000) Herz , vol.25 , pp. 299-306
    • Brilla, C.G.1
  • 48
    • 0033840926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of cardiac fibrosis by aldosterone
    • P. Lijnen, and V. Petrov Induction of cardiac fibrosis by aldosterone J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 32 2000 865 879
    • (2000) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , vol.32 , pp. 865-879
    • Lijnen, P.1    Petrov, V.2
  • 49
    • 0036668187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mineralocorticoid receptors and pathophysiological roles for aldosterone in the cardiovascular system
    • M.J. Young, and J.W. Funder Mineralocorticoid receptors and pathophysiological roles for aldosterone in the cardiovascular system J. Hypertens. 20 2002 1465 1468
    • (2002) J. Hypertens. , vol.20 , pp. 1465-1468
    • Young, M.J.1    Funder, J.W.2
  • 50
    • 0036791717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone improves angiotensin-induced vascular changes and oxidative stress
    • A. Virdis, M.F. Neves, F. Amiri, E. Viel, M.R. Touyz, and E.L. Schiffrin Spironolactone improves angiotensin-induced vascular changes and oxidative stress Hypertension 40 2002 504 510
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 504-510
    • Virdis, A.1    Neves, M.F.2    Amiri, F.3    Viel, E.4    Touyz, M.R.5    Schiffrin, E.L.6
  • 51
  • 52
    • 0037180412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased carotid wall elastic modulus and fibronectin in aldosterone-salt-treated rats: Effects of eplerenone
    • P. Lacolley, C. Labat, A. Pujol, C. Delcayre, A. Benetos, and M. Safar Increased carotid wall elastic modulus and fibronectin in aldosterone-salt- treated rats: effects of eplerenone Circulation 106 2002 2848 2853
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 2848-2853
    • Lacolley, P.1    Labat, C.2    Pujol, A.3    Delcayre, C.4    Benetos, A.5    Safar, M.6
  • 54
    • 0037024518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiology of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system
    • R. Rocha, and J.W. Funder The pathophysiology of aldosterone in the cardiovascular system Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 970 2002 89 100
    • (2002) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.970 , pp. 89-100
    • Rocha, R.1    Funder, J.W.2
  • 55
    • 0037465434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: Structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms
    • S. Hein, E. Arnon, S. Kostin, M. Schonburg, A. Elsasser, and V. Polyakova Progression from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the pressure-overloaded human heart: structural deterioration and compensatory mechanisms Circulation 107 2003 984 991
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 984-991
    • Hein, S.1    Arnon, E.2    Kostin, S.3    Schonburg, M.4    Elsasser, A.5    Polyakova, V.6
  • 57
    • 0029000078 scopus 로고
    • Diuretic therapy of hypertension in the United States: Low-dose becomes lower
    • B.J. Materson Diuretic therapy of hypertension in the United States: low-dose becomes lower Prog. Pharmacol. Clin. Pharmacol. 10/3 1995 33 45
    • (1995) Prog. Pharmacol. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 33-45
    • Materson, B.J.1
  • 58
    • 0030096265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure
    • A.D. Struthers Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure J. Card. Fail. 2 1996 47 54
    • (1996) J. Card. Fail. , vol.2 , pp. 47-54
    • Struthers, A.D.1
  • 59
    • 0642373665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAAS escape: A real clinical entity that may be important in the progression of cardiovascular and renal disease
    • J. Lakkis, W.X. Lu, and M.R. Weir RAAS escape: a real clinical entity that may be important in the progression of cardiovascular and renal disease Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5 2003 408 417
    • (2003) Curr. Hypertens. Rep. , vol.5 , pp. 408-417
    • Lakkis, J.1    Lu, W.X.2    Weir, M.R.3
  • 60
    • 0037183651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated plasma aldosterone levels despite complete inhibition of the vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme in chronic heart failure
    • U.P. Jorde, T. Vittorio, S.D. Katz, P.C. Colombo, F. Latif, and T.H. Le Jemtel Elevated plasma aldosterone levels despite complete inhibition of the vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme in chronic heart failure Circulation 106 2002 1055 1057
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 1055-1057
    • Jorde, U.P.1    Vittorio, T.2    Katz, S.D.3    Colombo, P.C.4    Latif, F.5    Le Jemtel, T.H.6
  • 61
    • 0036233598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diuretics in the treatment of patients who present congestive heart failure and hypertension
    • A.J. Reyes Diuretics in the treatment of patients who present congestive heart failure and hypertension J. Hum. Hypertens. 16 Suppl. 1 2002 S104 S113
    • (2002) J. Hum. Hypertens. , vol.16 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Reyes, A.J.1
  • 62
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure
    • B. Pitt, F. Zannad, W.J. Remme, R. Cody, A. Castaigne, and A. Perez The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure N. Engl. J. Med. 341 1999 709 717
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3    Cody, R.4    Castaigne, A.5    Perez, A.6
  • 63
    • 0037125404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure
    • M. Cicoira, L. Zanolla, A. Rossi, G. Golia, L. Franceschini, and G. Brighetti Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40 2002 304 310
    • (2002) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.40 , pp. 304-310
    • Cicoira, M.1    Zanolla, L.2    Rossi, A.3    Golia, G.4    Franceschini, L.5    Brighetti, G.6
  • 64
    • 0037032257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial neurohormonal profile of spironolactone in severe congestive heart failure: Results from the RALES neurohormonal substudy
    • M.F. Rousseau, O. Gurne, D. Duprez, W. Van Mieghem, A. Robert, and S. Ahn Beneficial neurohormonal profile of spironolactone in severe congestive heart failure: results from the RALES neurohormonal substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40 2002 1596 1601
    • (2002) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.40 , pp. 1596-1601
    • Rousseau, M.F.1    Gurne, O.2    Duprez, D.3    Van Mieghem, W.4    Robert, A.5    Ahn, S.6
  • 65
    • 0042354581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD)
    • M. Domanski, J. Norman, B. Pitt, M. Haigney, S. Hanlon, and E. Peyster Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42 2003 705 708
    • (2003) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.42 , pp. 705-708
    • Domanski, M.1    Norman, J.2    Pitt, B.3    Haigney, M.4    Hanlon, S.5    Peyster, E.6
  • 66
    • 0035724041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of congestive heart failure: Interfering the aldosterone-cardiac extracellular matrix relationship
    • F. Zannad, B. Dousset, and F. Alla Treatment of congestive heart failure: interfering the aldosterone-cardiac extracellular matrix relationship Hypertension 38 2001 1227 1232
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.38 , pp. 1227-1232
    • Zannad, F.1    Dousset, B.2    Alla, F.3
  • 67
    • 0036893647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective aldosterone blockade prevents angiotensin II/salt-induced vascular inflammation in the rat heart
    • R. Rocha, C.L. Martin-Berger, P. Yang, R. Scherrer, J. Delyani, and E. McMahon Selective aldosterone blockade prevents angiotensin II/salt-induced vascular inflammation in the rat heart Endocrinology 143 2002 4828 4836
    • (2002) Endocrinology , vol.143 , pp. 4828-4836
    • Rocha, R.1    Martin-Berger, C.L.2    Yang, P.3    Scherrer, R.4    Delyani, J.5    McMahon, E.6
  • 69
    • 0036193852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone and d-glucose stimulate the proliferation of human cardiac myofibroblasts in vivo
    • S. Neumann, K. Huse, R. Semrau, A. Diegeler, R. Gebhardt, and G.H. Buniatian Aldosterone and d-glucose stimulate the proliferation of human cardiac myofibroblasts in vivo Hypertension 39 2002 756 760
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.39 , pp. 756-760
    • Neumann, S.1    Huse, K.2    Semrau, R.3    Diegeler, A.4    Gebhardt, R.5    Buniatian, G.H.6
  • 70
    • 0038526268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immediate administration of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone prevents post-infarct left ventricular remodeling associated with suppression of a marker of myocardial collagen synthesis in patients with first anterior acute myocardial infarction
    • M. Hayashi, T. Tsutamoto, A. Wada, T. Tsutsui, C. Ishii, and K. Ohno Immediate administration of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone prevents post-infarct left ventricular remodeling associated with suppression of a marker of myocardial collagen synthesis in patients with first anterior acute myocardial infarction Circulation 107 2003 2559 2565
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 2559-2565
    • Hayashi, M.1    Tsutamoto, T.2    Wada, A.3    Tsutsui, T.4    Ishii, C.5    Ohno, K.6
  • 71
    • 0038410160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
    • T.Y. Chun, L.J. Bloem, and J.H. Pratt Aldosterone inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes Endocrinology 144 2003 1712 1717
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 1712-1717
    • Chun, T.Y.1    Bloem, L.J.2    Pratt, J.H.3
  • 72
    • 0037869353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosterone-receptor blockade improves left ventricular remodeling and increases ventricular fibrillation threshold in experimental heart failure
    • A. Cittadini, M.G. Monti, J. Isgaard, C. Casaburi, H. Stromer, and A. Di Gianni Aldosterone-receptor blockade improves left ventricular remodeling and increases ventricular fibrillation threshold in experimental heart failure Cardiovasc. Res. 58 2003 555 564
    • (2003) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 555-564
    • Cittadini, A.1    Monti, M.G.2    Isgaard, J.3    Casaburi, C.4    Stromer, H.5    Di Gianni, A.6
  • 73
    • 0037381621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of high salt diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by spironolactone
    • A. Lal, J.P. Veinot, and F.H. Leenen Prevention of high salt diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by spironolactone Am. J. Hypertens. 16 2003 319 323
    • (2003) Am. J. Hypertens. , vol.16 , pp. 319-323
    • Lal, A.1    Veinot, J.P.2    Leenen, F.H.3
  • 74
  • 75
    • 0242543981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additive improvement of left ventricular remodeling and neurohormonal activation by aldosterone-receptor blockade with eplerenone and ACE inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction
    • D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, S. Hildemann, M. Christ, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive improvement of left ventricular remodeling and neurohormonal activation by aldosterone-receptor blockade with eplerenone and ACE inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42 2003 1666 1673
    • (2003) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.42 , pp. 1666-1673
    • Fraccarollo, D.1    Galuppo, P.2    Hildemann, S.3    Christ, M.4    Ertl, G.5    Bauersachs, J.6
  • 76
    • 0038150601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of platelet activation in congestive heart failure by aldosterone-receptor antagonism and ACE inhibition
    • A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, S. Hildemann, M. Christ, M. Eigenthaler, and A. Kobsar Inhibition of platelet activation in congestive heart failure by aldosterone-receptor antagonism and ACE inhibition Thromb. Haemost. 89 2003 1024 1030
    • (2003) Thromb. Haemost. , vol.89 , pp. 1024-1030
    • Schafer, A.1    Fraccarollo, D.2    Hildemann, S.3    Christ, M.4    Eigenthaler, M.5    Kobsar, A.6
  • 77
    • 0038206805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of the selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist eplerenone to ACE inhibition in heart failure: Effect on endothelial dysfunction
    • A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, S.K. Hildemann, P. Tas, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Addition of the selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist eplerenone to ACE inhibition in heart failure: effect on endothelial dysfunction Cardiovasc. Res. 58 2003 655 662
    • (2003) Cardiovasc. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 655-662
    • Schafer, A.1    Fraccarollo, D.2    Hildemann, S.K.3    Tas, P.4    Ertl, G.5    Bauersachs, J.6
  • 78
    • 0037780685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on blood pressure, serum and macrophage oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice
    • S. Keidar, T. Hayek, M. Kaplan, E. Pavlotzky, S. Hamoud, and R. Coleman Effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on blood pressure, serum and macrophage oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 41 2003 955 963
    • (2003) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.41 , pp. 955-963
    • Keidar, S.1    Hayek, T.2    Kaplan, M.3    Pavlotzky, E.4    Hamoud, S.5    Coleman, R.6
  • 79
    • 0037454044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of spironolactone on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
    • S. Kasama, T. Toyama, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, S. Ichikawa, and T. Suzuki Effect of spironolactone on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41 2003 574 581
    • (2003) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.41 , pp. 574-581
    • Kasama, S.1    Toyama, T.2    Kumakura, H.3    Takayama, Y.4    Ichikawa, S.5    Suzuki, T.6
  • 80
    • 0036911129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. The role of aldosterone
    • C. Delcayre, and B. Swynghedauw Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. The role of aldosterone J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 34 2002 1577 1584
    • (2002) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. , vol.34 , pp. 1577-1584
    • Delcayre, C.1    Swynghedauw, B.2
  • 81
    • 0142090669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of intracardiac renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in extracellular matrix remodeling
    • P.J. Lijnen, and V.V. Petrov Role of intracardiac renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system in extracellular matrix remodeling Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 25 2003 541 564
    • (2003) Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.25 , pp. 541-564
    • Lijnen, P.J.1    Petrov, V.V.2
  • 84
    • 12244301592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcardiac gradient of aldosterone before and after spironolactone in patients with congestive heart failure
    • T. Tsutamoto, A. Wada, K. Maeda, M. Hayashi, T. Tsutsui, and M. Ohnishi Transcardiac gradient of aldosterone before and after spironolactone in patients with congestive heart failure J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 41 Suppl. 1 2003 S19 S22
    • (2003) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.41 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Tsutamoto, T.1    Wada, A.2    Maeda, K.3    Hayashi, M.4    Tsutsui, T.5    Ohnishi, M.6
  • 85
    • 0037417252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction
    • B. Pitt, W.J. Remme, F. Zannad, J. Neaton, F. Martinez, and B. Roniker Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction N. Engl. J. Med. 348 2003 1309 1321
    • (2003) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.348 , pp. 1309-1321
    • Pitt, B.1    Remme, W.J.2    Zannad, F.3    Neaton, J.4    Martinez, F.5    Roniker, B.6
  • 86
    • 0026710921 scopus 로고
    • Therapy with diuretics in hepatic disease with edema and management of refractory ascites
    • V. Arroyo, and P. Gines Therapy with diuretics in hepatic disease with edema and management of refractory ascites Prog. Pharmacol. Clin. Pharmacol. 9 1992 619 652
    • (1992) Prog. Pharmacol. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.9 , pp. 619-652
    • Arroyo, V.1    Gines, P.2
  • 87
    • 0033128378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of ascites and renal salt retention in cirrhosis
    • B.F. Palmer Pathogenesis of ascites and renal salt retention in cirrhosis J. Investig. Med. 47 1999 183 202
    • (1999) J. Investig. Med. , vol.47 , pp. 183-202
    • Palmer, B.F.1
  • 88
    • 0038461068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of ascites in cirrhosis: Report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club
    • K.P. Moore, F. Wong, P. Gines, M. Bernardi, A. Ochs, and F. Salerno The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club Hepatology 38 2003 258 266
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.38 , pp. 258-266
    • Moore, K.P.1    Wong, F.2    Gines, P.3    Bernardi, M.4    Ochs, A.5    Salerno, F.6
  • 89
    • 0030587794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES])
    • The RALES Investigators
    • The RALES Investigators Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]) Am. J. Cardiol. 78 1996 902 907
    • (1996) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.78 , pp. 902-907
  • 90
    • 0034656309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone and congestive heart failure
    • B. Georges, C. Beguin, and M. Jadoul Spironolactone and congestive heart failure Lancet 355 2000 1369 1370
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1369-1370
    • Georges, B.1    Beguin, C.2    Jadoul, M.3
  • 91
    • 0035870772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone: An analysis of 25 cases
    • H. Schepkens, R. Vanholder, J.M. Billiouw, and N. Lameire Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy with angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone: an analysis of 25 cases Am. J. Med. 110 2001 438 441
    • (2001) Am. J. Med. , vol.110 , pp. 438-441
    • Schepkens, H.1    Vanholder, R.2    Billiouw, J.M.3    Lameire, N.4
  • 92
    • 0036292362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-threatening hyperkalemia: A complication of spironolactone for heart failure in a patient with renal insufficiency
    • Y. Hu, J.P. Carpenter, and A.T. Cheung Life-threatening hyperkalemia: a complication of spironolactone for heart failure in a patient with renal insufficiency Anesth. Analg. 95 2002 39 41
    • (2002) Anesth. Analg. , vol.95 , pp. 39-41
    • Hu, Y.1    Carpenter, J.P.2    Cheung, A.T.3
  • 93
    • 84907038170 scopus 로고
    • Mental symptoms and electrolyte imbalance
    • J.W. Taylor Mental symptoms and electrolyte imbalance Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 13 1979 159 160
    • (1979) Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry , vol.13 , pp. 159-160
    • Taylor, J.W.1
  • 94
    • 0018237474 scopus 로고
    • Fatal hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic acidosis. Association with spironolactone in the absence of renal impairment
    • D.A. Feinfeld, and C.P. Carvounis Fatal hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic acidosis. Association with spironolactone in the absence of renal impairment JAMA 240 1978 1516
    • (1978) JAMA , vol.240 , pp. 1516
    • Feinfeld, D.A.1    Carvounis, C.P.2
  • 95
    • 0027427220 scopus 로고
    • Type IV renal tubular acidosis and spironolactone therapy in the elderly
    • J.E. O'Connell, and N.R. Colledge Type IV renal tubular acidosis and spironolactone therapy in the elderly Postgrad. Med. J. 69 1993 887 889
    • (1993) Postgrad. Med. J. , vol.69 , pp. 887-889
    • O'Connell, J.E.1    Colledge, N.R.2
  • 96
    • 0342376035 scopus 로고
    • Clinical expression of potassium disturbances
    • D.W. Seldin G. Giebisch Raven New York
    • J.P. Knochel Clinical expression of potassium disturbances D.W. Seldin G. Giebisch The regulation of potassium balance 1989 Raven New York 207 240
    • (1989) The Regulation of Potassium Balance , pp. 207-240
    • Knochel, J.P.1
  • 98
    • 0018910992 scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalaemic paralysis due to spironolactone
    • E.O. Udezue, and B.P. Harrold Hyperkalaemic paralysis due to spironolactone Postgrad. Med. J. 56 1980 254 255
    • (1980) Postgrad. Med. J. , vol.56 , pp. 254-255
    • Udezue, E.O.1    Harrold, B.P.2
  • 99
    • 0023888564 scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of hyperkalemic quadriplegia associated with spironolactone
    • J.P. Rado Successful treatment of hyperkalemic quadriplegia associated with spironolactone Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 26 1988 339 345
    • (1988) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. , vol.26 , pp. 339-345
    • Rado, J.P.1
  • 100
    • 0015734378 scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalemic cardiac arrhythmia secondary to spironolactone
    • C. Pongpaew, R.N. Songkhla, and R.L. Kozam Hyperkalemic cardiac arrhythmia secondary to spironolactone Chest 63 1973 1023 1025
    • (1973) Chest , vol.63 , pp. 1023-1025
    • Pongpaew, C.1    Songkhla, R.N.2    Kozam, R.L.3
  • 101
    • 0017060819 scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalemia with cardiac arrhythmia. Induction by salt substitutes, spironolactone, and azotemia
    • V. Yap, A. Patel, and J. Thomsen Hyperkalemia with cardiac arrhythmia. Induction by salt substitutes, spironolactone, and azotemia JAMA 236 1976 2775 2776
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.236 , pp. 2775-2776
    • Yap, V.1    Patel, A.2    Thomsen, J.3
  • 102
    • 0034948981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High and low serum potassium associated with cardiovascular events in diuretic-treated patients
    • H.W. Cohen, S. Madhavan, and M.H. Alderman High and low serum potassium associated with cardiovascular events in diuretic-treated patients J. Hypertens. 19 2001 1315 1323
    • (2001) J. Hypertens. , vol.19 , pp. 1315-1323
    • Cohen, H.W.1    Madhavan, S.2    Alderman, M.H.3
  • 103
    • 0023204699 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone and hyperkalaemia in patients with impaired renal failure
    • M.G. McGeown Spironolactone and hyperkalaemia in patients with impaired renal failure Lancet 2 1987 1207
    • (1987) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1207
    • McGeown, M.G.1
  • 104
    • 0037844483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency
    • M.G. Shlipak Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency Ann. Intern. Med. 138 2003 917 924
    • (2003) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.138 , pp. 917-924
    • Shlipak, M.G.1
  • 105
    • 0037107015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure patients aged 63 to 85 years with subclinical renal disease
    • C.I. Obialo, E.O. Ofili, and T. Mirza Hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure patients aged 63 to 85 years with subclinical renal disease Am. J. Cardiol. 90 2002 663 665
    • (2002) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.90 , pp. 663-665
    • Obialo, C.I.1    Ofili, E.O.2    Mirza, T.3
  • 106
    • 0017195779 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone-associated aggravation of renal functional impairment
    • T.J. Neale, K.L. Lynn, and R.R. Bailey Spironolactone-associated aggravation of renal functional impairment N. Z. Med. J. 83 1976 147 149
    • (1976) N. Z. Med. J. , vol.83 , pp. 147-149
    • Neale, T.J.1    Lynn, K.L.2    Bailey, R.R.3
  • 107
    • 0042881056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of spironolactone treatment in patients with heart failure
    • C. Anton, A.R. Cox, R.D. Watson, and R.E. Ferner The safety of spironolactone treatment in patients with heart failure J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 28 2003 285 287
    • (2003) J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. , vol.28 , pp. 285-287
    • Anton, C.1    Cox, A.R.2    Watson, R.D.3    Ferner, R.E.4
  • 108
    • 0024243281 scopus 로고
    • Potential adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly
    • P.P. Lamy Potential adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs in the elderly J. Hypertens. 6 Suppl. 1 1988 S81 S85
    • (1988) J. Hypertens. , vol.6 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Lamy, P.P.1
  • 109
    • 0024208696 scopus 로고
    • Clinical care of the aging hypertensive patient
    • M.R. Tuck Clinical care of the aging hypertensive patient J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 12 Suppl. 8 1988 S40 S48
    • (1988) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. , vol.12 , Issue.8 SUPPL.
    • Tuck, M.R.1
  • 110
    • 0024516019 scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in the aged: A pathophysiologic basis for treatment
    • M.A. Weber, J.M. Neutel, and D.G. Cheung Hypertension in the aged: a pathophysiologic basis for treatment Am. J. Cardiol. 63 1989 25H 32H
    • (1989) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.63
    • Weber, M.A.1    Neutel, J.M.2    Cheung, D.G.3
  • 112
    • 0031949074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Miami Division of Clinical Pharmacology therapeutic rounds: Drug-induced hyperkalemia
    • R.A. Preston, M.J. Hirsh, J.R. Oster, and H.R. Oster University of Miami Division of Clinical Pharmacology therapeutic rounds: drug-induced hyperkalemia Am. J. Ther. 5 1998 125 132
    • (1998) Am. J. Ther. , vol.5 , pp. 125-132
    • Preston, R.A.1    Hirsh, M.J.2    Oster, J.R.3    Oster, H.R.4
  • 113
    • 0037417607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danger of salt substitutes that contain potassium in patients with renal failure
    • C.J. Doorenbos, and C.G. Vermeij Danger of salt substitutes that contain potassium in patients with renal failure BMJ 326 2003 35 36
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 35-36
    • Doorenbos, C.J.1    Vermeij, C.G.2
  • 114
    • 0030864799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalaemia and diarrhoea in a patient with surreptitious ingestion of potassium sparing diuretics
    • V.M. Stepan, H.F. Hammer, and G.J. Krejs Hyperkalaemia and diarrhoea in a patient with surreptitious ingestion of potassium sparing diuretics Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9 1997 1001 1004
    • (1997) Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , vol.9 , pp. 1001-1004
    • Stepan, V.M.1    Hammer, H.F.2    Krejs, G.J.3
  • 115
    • 0035315810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serious adverse events experienced by patients with chronic heart failure taking spironolactone
    • C. Berry, and J.J. McMurray Serious adverse events experienced by patients with chronic heart failure taking spironolactone Heart 85 2001 E8
    • (2001) Heart , vol.85 , pp. 8
    • Berry, C.1    McMurray, J.J.2
  • 116
    • 0042885922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalaemia in congestive heart failure patients using ACE inhibitors and spironolactone
    • C.S. Cruz, A.A. Cruz, and C.A. Marcilio De Souza Hyperkalaemia in congestive heart failure patients using ACE inhibitors and spironolactone Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 18 2003 1814 1819
    • (2003) Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. , vol.18 , pp. 1814-1819
    • Cruz, C.S.1    Cruz, A.A.2    Marcilio De Souza, C.A.3
  • 117
    • 0038455748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: Analysis of 44 cases
    • E. Wrenger, R. Muller, M. Moesenthin, T. Welte, J.C. Frolich, and K.H. Neumann Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: analysis of 44 cases BMJ 327 2003 147 149
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 147-149
    • Wrenger, E.1    Muller, R.2    Moesenthin, M.3    Welte, T.4    Frolich, J.C.5    Neumann, K.H.6
  • 118
    • 0033728851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acid-base and endocrine effects of aldosterone and angiotensin II inhibition in metabolic acidosis in human patients
    • A. Henger, P. Tutt, W.F. Riesen, H.N. Hulter, and R. Krapf Acid-base and endocrine effects of aldosterone and angiotensin II inhibition in metabolic acidosis in human patients J. Lab. Clin. Med. 136 2000 379 389
    • (2000) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.136 , pp. 379-389
    • Henger, A.1    Tutt, P.2    Riesen, W.F.3    Hulter, H.N.4    Krapf, R.5
  • 120
    • 0037149248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and renal physiology
    • R.C. Harris Jr. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and renal physiology Am. J. Cardiol. 89 6A 2002 10D 17D
    • (2002) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.89 , Issue.6 A
    • Harris Jr., R.C.1
  • 121
  • 122
    • 0037438820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications of inappropriate use of spironolactone in heart failure: When an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines
    • B. Bozkurt, I. Agoston, and A.A. Knowlton Complications of inappropriate use of spironolactone in heart failure: when an old medicine spirals out of new guidelines J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 41 2003 211 214
    • (2003) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.41 , pp. 211-214
    • Bozkurt, B.1    Agoston, I.2    Knowlton, A.A.3
  • 123
    • 0242637043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperkalaemia and impaired renal function in patients taking spironolactone for congestive heart failure: Retrospective study
    • M. Svensson, F. Gustafsson, S. Galatius, P.R. Hildebrandt, and D. Atar Hyperkalaemia and impaired renal function in patients taking spironolactone for congestive heart failure: retrospective study BMJ 327 2003 1141 1142
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 1141-1142
    • Svensson, M.1    Gustafsson, F.2    Galatius, S.3    Hildebrandt, P.R.4    Atar, D.5
  • 124
  • 125
    • 0019571620 scopus 로고
    • Renal and systemic acid-base effects of chronic spironolactone administration
    • H.N. Hulter, E.L. Bonner Jr., R.D. Glynn, and A. Sebastian Renal and systemic acid-base effects of chronic spironolactone administration Am. J. Physiol. 240 1981 F381 F387
    • (1981) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.240
    • Hulter, H.N.1    Bonner Jr., E.L.2    Glynn, R.D.3    Sebastian, A.4
  • 126
    • 0030751886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Causes, diagnosis and management
    • T.Y. Chan Drug-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Causes, diagnosis and management Drugs Aging 11 1997 27 44
    • (1997) Drugs Aging , vol.11 , pp. 27-44
    • Chan, T.Y.1
  • 127
    • 0030630796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
    • M. Miller Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Curr. Ther. Endocrinol. Metab. 6 1997 206 209
    • (1997) Curr. Ther. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.6 , pp. 206-209
    • Miller, M.1
  • 128
    • 0028291129 scopus 로고
    • Spironolactone-associated hyponatremic coma
    • M.M. Hirschl, D. Seidler, and A.N. Laggner Spironolactone-associated hyponatremic coma Nephron 67 1994 503
    • (1994) Nephron , vol.67 , pp. 503
    • Hirschl, M.M.1    Seidler, D.2    Laggner, A.N.3
  • 129
    • 0021235751 scopus 로고
    • Hyponatremia in congestive heart failure treated with diuretics
    • E. Orinius Hyponatremia in congestive heart failure treated with diuretics Acta Pharm. Toxicol. 54 Suppl. 1 1984 115 118
    • (1984) Acta Pharm. Toxicol. , vol.54 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 115-118
    • Orinius, E.1
  • 130
    • 0027446945 scopus 로고
    • Renal excretory responses to single and repeated administration of diuretics in healthy subjects. Clinical connotations
    • A.J. Reyes, and W.P. Leary Renal excretory responses to single and repeated administration of diuretics in healthy subjects. Clinical connotations Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 7 1993 29 44
    • (1993) Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. , vol.7 , pp. 29-44
    • Reyes, A.J.1    Leary, W.P.2
  • 131
    • 0032799089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diuretic-induced hyponatremia
    • A. Spital Diuretic-induced hyponatremia Am. J. Nephrol. 19 1999 447 452
    • (1999) Am. J. Nephrol. , vol.19 , pp. 447-452
    • Spital, A.1
  • 132
    • 0022517134 scopus 로고
    • Severe diuretic-induced hyponatremia in the elderly
    • O.S. Ashouri Severe diuretic-induced hyponatremia in the elderly Arch. Intern. Med. 146 1986 1355 1357
    • (1986) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.146 , pp. 1355-1357
    • Ashouri, O.S.1
  • 134
    • 0141853855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldosteronism revisited: Perspectives on less well-recognized actions of aldosterone
    • K.T. Weber Aldosteronism revisited: perspectives on less well-recognized actions of aldosterone J. Lab. Clin. Med. 14 2003 71 82
    • (2003) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 71-82
    • Weber, K.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.