Atorvastatin: A review of its use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Drugs

Volumn 65, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 137-152

  Croom, Katherine F ^a   Plosker, Greg L ^a  

^a ADIS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ATORVASTATIN; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLACEBO; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISTRIBUTION VOLUME; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LIVER DISEASE; MYALGIA; MYOPATHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HEPTANOIC ACIDS; HUMANS; PYRROLES;

ANGINA;

EID: 12444324690     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200565010-00015     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Almdal T, Scharling H, Jensen JS, et al. The independent effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease, stroke, and death. Arch Intern Med 2004 Jul 12; 164: 1422-6
2. Ho JE, Paultre F, Mosca L. Is diabetes mellitus a cardiovascular disease risk equivalent for fatal stroke in women? Data from the Women's Pooling Project. Stroke 2003; 34: 2812-6
3. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 1993 Feb; 16 (2): 434-44
4. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. JAMA 1979 May 11; 241 (19): 2035-8
5. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003 Jun 14; 361: 2005-16
6. Goldberg RB, Mellies MJ, Sacks FM, et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels: subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Circulation 1998; 98: 2513-9
7. Pyörälä K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, et al. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 1997 Apr; 20 (4): 614-20
8. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, et al. Early benefit from structured care with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Angiology 2003; 54 (6): 679-90
9. Malhotra HS, Goa KL. Atorvastatin: an updated review of its pharmacological properties and use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 2001; 61 (12): 1835-81
10. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004 Aug 21; 364: 685-96
11. Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals. Lipitor® (atorvastatin calcium) tablets: prescribing information 2004 Jul [online]. Available from URL: http://www.lipitor.com [Accessed 2004 Sep 28]
12. Bocan TMA, Ferguson E, McNally W, et al. Hepatic and nonhepatic sterol synthesis and tissue distribution following administration of a liver selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, CI-981: comparison with selected HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1123: 133-44
13. Marais AD, Naoumova RP, Firth JC, et al. Decreased production of low density lipoprotein by atorvastatin after apheresis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2071-8
14. Naoumova RP, Dunn S, Rallidis L, et al. Prolonged inhibition of cholesterol synthesis explains the efficacy of atorvastatin. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 1496-500
15. Ness GC, Chambers CM, Lopez D. Atorvastatin action involves diminished recovery of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. J Lipid Res 1998; 39: 75-84
16. Cilla DD, Gibson DM, Whitfield LR, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin after administration to normocholesterolemic subjects in the morning and evening. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36: 604-9
17. Bakker-Arkema RG, Davidson MH, Goldstein RJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA 1996 Jan 10; 275 (2): 128-33
18. Winkler K, Weltzien P, Friedrich I, et al. Qualitative effect of fenofibrate and quantitative effect of atorvastatin on LDL profile in combined hyperlipidemia with dense LDL. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004; 112: 241-7
19. Diabetes Atorvastatin Lipid Intervention (DALI) Study Group. The effect of aggressive versus standard lipid lowering by atorvastatin on diabetic dyslipidemia: the DALI study. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2001 Aug; 24 (8): 1335-41
20. Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Posadas-Romero C, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic, type 2 diabetic patients: a 34-week, multicenter, open-label study. Atherosclerosis 2000 Oct; 152 (2): 489-96
21. Nawrocki JW, Shurzinske LJ, Black DM. Reducing the risk: efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with NIDDM [abstract no. 0851]. Diabetes 1997 May; 46 Suppl. 1: 222
22. Gomez-Perez FJ, Posadas C, Vázquez C, et al. A multicenter, open label study, evaluating the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with diabetes type II [abstract no. 3935]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 Apr; 31 (5 Suppl. C): 453-4
23. Frost RJA, Otto C, Geiss HC, et al. Effects of atorvastatin versus fenofibrate on lipoprotein profiles, low-density lipoprotein subfraction distribution, and hemorheologic parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus with mixed hyperlipoproteinemia. Am J Cardiol 2001 Jan 1; 87: 44-8
24. Best JD, Nicholson GC, O'Neal DN, et al. Atorvastatin and simvastatin reduce elevated cholesterol in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1996 Apr; 9 (2): 74-80
25. Gentile S, Turco S, Guarino G, et al. Comparative efficacy study of atorvastatin vs. simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and placebo in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab 2000 Nov; 2: 355-62
26. Insull W, Kafonek S, Goldner D, et al. Comparison of efficacy and safety of atorvastatin (10mg) with simvastatin (10mg) at six weeks. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 554-9
27. Best JD, O'Neal DN. Diabetic dyslipidaemia: current treatment recommendations. Drugs 2000 May; 59 (5): 1101-11
28. Bogaty P, Leiter L, Murray P, et al. The Can-ADA study: do lipid parameters respond differently to atorvastatin therapy in ischemic heart disease subjects with and without type 2 diabetes? [abstract no. 543]. Can J Cardiol 2000 Sep; 16 Suppl. F: 234
29. Pontrelli L, Parris W, Adeli K, et al. Atorvastatin treatment beneficially alters the lipoprotein profile and increases low-density lipoprotein particle diameter in patients with combined dyslipidemia and impaired fasting glucose/type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2002 Mar; 51 (3): 334-42
30. Reid J, Lawrence JM, Stirling C, et al. Effects of high dose atorvastatin on lipoprotein subfractions in type 2 diabetes [abstract no. 1840]. Diabetes Metab 2003 Aug; 29 (4S): 140
31. Soedamah-Muthu SS, Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, et al. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and NMR spectroscopy defined lipoprotein subclasses in type 2 diabetic patients with ischaemic heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2003 Apr; 167: 243-55
32. Schneider JG, Von Eynatten M, Parhofer KG, et al. Atorvastatin improves diabetic dyslipidemia and increases lipoprotein lipase activity in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2004 Aug; 175 (2): 325-31
33. Dallinga-Thie GM, Berk-Planken IIL, Bootsma AH, et al. Atorvastatin decreases apolipoprotein C-III in apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein and HDL in type 2 diabetes: a potential mechanism to lower plasma triglycerides. Diabetes Care 2004 Jun; 27 (6): 1358-64
34. Berk-Planken IIL, Hoogerbrugge N, Stolk RP, et al. Atorvastatin dose-dependently decreases hepatic lipase activity in type 2 diabetes: effect of sex and the LIPC promoter variant. Diabetes Care 2003 Feb; 26 (2): 427-32
35. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004 Mar 3; 291 (9): 1071-80
36. Mullen MJ, Wright D, Donald AE, et al. Atorvastatin but not L-arginine improves endothelial function in type I diabetes mellitus: a double-blind study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Aug; 36: 410-6
37. Tan KCB, Chow WS, Tam SCF, et al. Atorvastatin lowers C-reactive protein and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 Feb; 87: 563-8
38. Mercuro G, Zoncu S, Saiu F, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women with average serum cholesterol levels. Am J Cardiol 2002 Oct 1; 90: 747-50
39. Christ M, Bauersachs J, Liebetrau C, et al. Glucose increases endothelial-dependent superoxide formation in coronary arteries by NAD(P)H oxidase activation: attenuation by the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor atorvastatin. Diabetes 2002 Aug; 51 (8): 2648-52
40. van Tits LJH, Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on low-density lipoprotein subfraction profile, low-density lipoprotein oxidizability, and antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in relation to carotid intima media thickness in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Investig Med 2004 Apr; 52 (3): 177-84
41. Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, et al. Design of the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002 Mar; 19 (3): 201-11
42. Marchesi S, Lupattelli G, Siepi D, et al. Short-term atorvastatin treatment improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 36 (5): 617-21
43. Simons LA, Sullivan D, Simons J, et al. Effects of atorvastatin monotherapy and simvastatin plus cholestyramine on arterial endothelial function in patients with severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1998; 137; 197-203
44. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Maio R, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and vitamin C on endothelial function of hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2000; 152: 511-8
45. Economides PA, Caselli A, Tiani E, et al. The effects of atorvastatin on endothelial function in diabetic patients and subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb; 89 (2): 740-7
46. Negre-Aminou P, van Erck M, Cohen LH. Anti-proliferative potencies of 6 vastatins in cultured human cells; involvement of the RAS-mediated signalling pathway [abstract]. 66th EAS. Milan and Houston: Giovanni Lorenzi Medical Foundation, 1996: 120
47. Gómez-Gerique JA, Ros E, Oliván J, et al. Effect of atorvastatin and bezafibrate on plasma levels of C-reactive protein in combined (mixed) hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2002; 162: 245-51
48. Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, et al. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2001; 103: 1933-5
49. Karaca I, Ilkay E, Akbulut M, et al. Atorvastatin affects C-reactive protein levels in patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19 (3): 187-91
50. van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Princen HMG, et al. Strong decrease of high sensitivity C-reactive protein with high-dose atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2003 Jan; 166 (1): 129-35
51. Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH, et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 104: 387-92
52. Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Miyauchi K, et al. Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH study. Circulation 2004; 110: 1061-8
53. Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, et al. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol. A randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 2002; 106: 2055-60
54. Tekten T, Ceyhan C, Ercan E, et al. The effect of atorvastatin on platelet function in patients with coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 2004; 59 (3): 311-5
55. Dujovne CA, Harris WS, Altman R, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on hemorheologic-hemostatic parameters and serum fibrinogen levels in hyperlipidemic patients. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 350-3
56. van de Ree MA, De Maat MPM, Kluft C, et al. Decrease of hemostatic cardiovascular risk factors by aggressive vs. conventional atorvastatin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Thromb Haemost 2003 Aug; 1 (8): 1753-7
57. van Venrooij FV, van de Ree MA, Bots ML, et al. Aggressive lipid lowering does not improve endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atorvastatin Lipid Intervention (DALI) study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2002 Jul; 25 (7): 1211-6
58. van Etten RW, de Koning EJ, Honing ML, et al. Intensive lipid lowering by statin therapy does not improve vasoreactivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002 May 1; 22 (5): 799-804
59. Dalla Nora E, Passaro A, Zamboni PF, et al. Atorvastatin improves metabolic control and endothelial function in type 2 diabetic patients: a placebo-controlled study. J Endocrinol Invest 2003 Jan; 26: 73-8
60. 2+ signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation, and coronary artery disease in diabetic dyslipidemic swine are prevented by atorvastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 Jul; 306 (1): 132-40
61. Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SDM, et al. Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina. Lancet 1997 Feb 15; 349: 462-6
62. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, et al. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002 Nov 14; 347 (20): 1557-65
63. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New Engl J Med 2000 Mar 23; 342: 836-43
64. Schulze MB, Rimm EB, Li T, et al. C-reactive protein and incident cardiovascular events among men with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004 Apr; 27 (4): 889-94
65. Ford I, Singh TP, Kitchen S, et al. Activation of coagulation in diabetes mellitus in relation to the presence of vascular complications. Diabet Med 1991; 8: 322-9
66. Parke-Davis. Lipitor 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg tablets: prescribing information 2004 Jul [online]. Available from URL: http://www.emc.medicines.org. uk [Accessed 2004 Oct 26]
67. Hsyu P-H, Schultz-Smith MD, Lillibridge JH, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between nelfinavir and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors atorvastatin and simvastatin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001 Dec; 45 (12): 3445-50
68. Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG, Rosenkranz SL, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG study A5047. AIDS 2002; 16 (4): 569-77
69. Lennernäs H. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42 (13): 1141-60
70. Gibson DM, Stern RH, Abel RB, et al. Absolute bioavailability of atorvastatin in man [abstract no. 2107]. Pharm Res 1997 Nov; 14 (11 Suppl.): 253
71. Whitfield LR, Stern RH, Sedman AJ, et al. Effect of food on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2000; 25 (2): 97-101
72. Oishi S, Watanabe T, Higuchi S, et al. Atorvastatin (CI-981) clinical pharmacokinetic study (IV): pharmacokinetics of multiple dose atorvastatin in healthy male volunteers [in Japanese]. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1998; 26 (8): 105-19
73. Nemoto H, Oyama T, Karasawa Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies on CI-981 (3): in vitro and in vivo plasma protein binding [in Japanese]. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1998; 26 (8): 1229-40
74. Le Couteur DG, Martin PT, Bracs P, et al. Metabolism and excretion of [14C]-atorvastatin in patients with t-tube drainage [poster no. 169], Proc Aust Soc Clin Exp Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 3: 153
75. Gibson DM, Bron NJ, Richens A, et al. Effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 36: 242-6
76. Gibson DM, Yang B-B, Abel RB, et al. Effects of hepatic and renal impairment on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of atorvastatin [abstract no. PPDM 8144]. Pharm Res 1996 Sep; 13 Suppl.: 428
77. Lins RL, Matthys KE, Verpooten GA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin and its metabolites after single and multiple dosing in hypercholesterolaemic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 967-76
78. Stern RH, Gibson DM, Whitfield LR. Cimetidine does not alter atorvastatin pharmacokinetics or LDL-cholesterol reduction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 53: 475-8
79. Stern R, Abel R, Gibson GL, et al. Atorvastatin does not alter the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37: 1062-4
80. Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 Apr 5; 361: 1149-58
81. Sever P, Dählof B, Poulter N, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events and procedures with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial: lipid-lowering arm [abstract no. 2.3]. J Hum Hypertens 2003 Oct; 17 (10): 730-1
82. Sever PS, Dählof B, Poulter N, et al. Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): results in the subgroup of patients with diabetes [abstract no. 882-1]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004 Mar 3; 43 (5 Suppl. A): 529A
83. Vetter S, Ruf G, Regourd E, et al. The use of atorvastatin treatment in usual care environments: pooled analysis of six prospective, observational studies in 90,535 patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 Aug; 42 (8): 423-33
84. Palmer G, Silbershatz H, Newman C. Safety and tolerability of atorvastatin in a broad spectrum of patients with dyslipidemia [abstract no. 969-P]. Diabetes 2003 Jun; 52 Suppl. 1: 226
85. Graham DJ, Staff JA, Shatin D, et al. Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 2004 Dec 1; 292 (21): 2585-90
86. Duell PB, Connor WE, Illingworth DR. Rhabdomyolysis after taking atorvastatin with gemfibrozil. Am J Cardiol 1998 Feb 1; 81 (3): 368-9
87. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. NCEP report: implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 227-39
88. Solomon CG. Reducing cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2003 Jan 30; 348 (5): 457-9
89. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HAW, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ 1998 Mar 14; 316: 823-8
90. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 May 16; 285 (19): 2486-97
91. Vijan S, Hayward RA. Pharmacologic lipid-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: background paper for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 650-8
92. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemia, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 2002 Dec 18; 288 (23): 2998-3007
93. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart protection study of cholesterol-lowering therapy and of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a wide range of patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease death: early safety and efficacy experience. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 725-41
94. Haffner SM. Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004 Jan; 27 Suppl. 1: S68-71
95. De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1601-10
96. Hsia SH. Non-HDL cholesterol: into the spotlight. Diabetes Care 2003 Jan; 26 (1): 240-2
97. Garg A. Statins for all patients with type 2 diabetes: not so soon. Lancet 2004 Aug 21; 364: 641-2
98. Wanner C, Krane V, März W, et al. Randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis (4D Study): demographic and baseline characteristics. Kidney Blood Press Res 2004 Aug 16; 27 (4): 259-66
99. Prisant LM. Clinical trials and lipid guidelines for type II diabetes. J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 44: 423-30