메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 10, 1999, Pages 725-741

MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering therapy and of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a wide range of patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease death: Early safety and efficacy experience

Author keywords

Antioxidant vitamins; Cholesterol lowering; Coronary heart disease; Randomized trial; Simvastatin

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CHOLESTEROL; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; LIVER ENZYME; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MUSCLE ENZYME; SIMVASTATIN;

EID: 0033135795     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1350     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (257)

References (77)
  • 2
    • 0022980592 scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: Implications from a cohort of 361 662 men
    • Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure and mortality: Implications from a cohort of 361 662 men. Lancet 1986; ii: 933-6.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 933-936
    • Martin, M.J.1    Hulley, S.B.2    Browner, W.S.3    Kuller, L.H.4    Wentworth, D.5
  • 3
    • 0027406191 scopus 로고
    • Diabetes, other risk factors and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial
    • Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D, for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Diabetes, other risk factors and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434-4 4.
    • (1993) Diabetes Care , vol.16 , pp. 434-444
    • Stamler, J.1    Vaccaro, O.2    Neaton, J.D.3    Wentworth, D.4
  • 4
    • 0026795925 scopus 로고
    • Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: Mortality associations
    • Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M et al. Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: Mortality associations. Circulation 1992; 86: 1046-60.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.86 , pp. 1046-1060
    • Jacobs, D.1    Blackburn, H.2    Higgins, M.3
  • 6
    • 0025826596 scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations
    • Chen ZM, Peto R, Collins R et al. Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. Br Med J 1991; 303: 276-82.
    • (1991) Br Med J , vol.303 , pp. 276-282
    • Chen, Z.M.1    Peto, R.2    Collins, R.3
  • 7
    • 0021201284 scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol levels, other risk factors, and cardiovascular disease in a japanese cohort
    • Szatrowski TP, Peterson AV, Shimizu Y et al. Serum cholesterol levels, other risk factors, and cardiovascular disease in a japanese cohort. J Chron Dis 1984; 7: 569-84.
    • (1984) J Chron Dis , vol.7 , pp. 569-584
    • Szatrowski, T.P.1    Peterson, A.V.2    Shimizu, Y.3
  • 8
    • 0000452466 scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol lowering trials in their epidemiological context
    • Abstr.
    • Peto R, Yusuf S, Collins R. Cholesterol lowering trials in their epidemiological context (Abstr). Circulation 1985; 72: 451.
    • (1985) Circulation , vol.72 , pp. 451
    • Peto, R.1    Yusuf, S.2    Collins, R.3
  • 9
    • 0028181730 scopus 로고
    • By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? Br Med J 1994; 308: 367-73.
    • (1994) Br Med J , vol.308 , pp. 367-373
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 12
    • 0023876839 scopus 로고
    • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hypercholesterolemia
    • Grundy SM. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 24-33.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 24-33
    • Grundy, S.M.1
  • 13
    • 0026088892 scopus 로고
    • Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse effect profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia
    • Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN et al. Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse effect profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 43-9.
    • (1991) Arch Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 43-49
    • Bradford, R.H.1    Shear, C.L.2    Chremos, A.N.3
  • 14
    • 0028322993 scopus 로고
    • Three-year follow-up of the Oxford cholesterol study: Assessment of the efficacy and safety of simvastatin in preparation for a large mortality study
    • Keech A, Collins R, MacMahon S, Armitage J, Lawson A, et al for the Oxford Cholesterol Study Group. Three-year follow-up of the Oxford cholesterol study: Assessment of the efficacy and safety of simvastatin in preparation for a large mortality study. Eur Heart J 1994; 15: 255-69.
    • (1994) Eur Heart J , vol.15 , pp. 255-269
    • Keech, A.1    Collins, R.2    MacMahon, S.3    Armitage, J.4    Lawson, A.5
  • 15
    • 0027987849 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Study (4S)
    • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The scandinavian simvastatin study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1383-1389
  • 16
    • 0342981862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels
    • Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-9.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1001-1009
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Pfeffer, MA.2    Moye, L.A.3
  • 17
    • 0028883828 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia
    • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301-7.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Shepherd, J.1    Cobbe, S.M.2    Ford, I.3
  • 18
    • 0032572086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS
    • Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al for the AFCAPS/ TexCAPS Research Group. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998; 279: 1615-22.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1615-1622
    • Downs, J.R.1    Clearfield, M.2    Weis, S.3
  • 19
    • 0032487931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels
    • The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1349-1357
  • 20
    • 0026628830 scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol and total mortality: Need for larger trials
    • Collins R, Keech A, Peto R et al. Cholesterol and total mortality: Need for larger trials. Br Med J 1992; 304: 1689.
    • (1992) Br Med J , vol.304 , pp. 1689
    • Collins, R.1    Keech, A.2    Peto, R.3
  • 21
    • 0029047727 scopus 로고
    • Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Protocol for a prospective collaborative overview of all current and planned randomized trials of cholesterol treatment regimens. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 1130-4.
    • (1995) Am J Cardiol , vol.75 , pp. 1130-1134
  • 22
    • 0028875713 scopus 로고
    • Stalins prevent coronary heart disease
    • Oliver MF. Stalins prevent coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995; 346: 1378-9.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 1378-1379
    • Oliver, M.F.1
  • 23
    • 0025767962 scopus 로고
    • Might treatment of hypercholesterolaemia increase non-cardiac mortality?
    • Oliver MF. Might treatment of hypercholesterolaemia increase non-cardiac mortality? Lancet 1991; i: 1529-31.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1529-1531
    • Oliver, M.F.1
  • 24
    • 0025345588 scopus 로고
    • Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: A quantitative review of primary prevention trials
    • Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Matthews KA. Lowering cholesterol concentrations and mortality: A quantitative review of primary prevention trials. Br Med J 1990; 301: 309-14.
    • (1990) Br Med J , vol.301 , pp. 309-314
    • Muldoon, M.F.1    Manuck, S.B.2    Matthews, K.A.3
  • 25
    • 0026527178 scopus 로고
    • Should there be a moratorium on the use of cholesterol lowering drugs?
    • Davey Smith G, Pekkanen J. Should there be a moratorium on the use of cholesterol lowering drugs? Br Med J 1992; 304: 431-4.
    • (1992) Br Med J , vol.304 , pp. 431-434
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Pekkanen, J.2
  • 26
    • 0030024585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenicity of lipid-lowering drugs
    • Newman TH, Hulley SB. Carcinogenicity of lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 1996; 275: 55-60.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 55-60
    • Newman, T.H.1    Hulley, S.B.2
  • 27
    • 0024603895 scopus 로고
    • Beyond cholesterol. Modification of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity
    • Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modification of low-density lipoprotein that increases its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915-24.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 915-924
    • Steinberg, D.1    Parthasarathy, S.2    Carew, T.E.3    Khoo, J.C.4    Witztum, J.L.5
  • 28
    • 0026874975 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis
    • Summary of the proceedings of a National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute Workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland
    • Steinberg D, and Workshop Participants. Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Summary of the proceedings of a National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute Workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland. Circulation 1992; 85: 2338-44.
    • (1992) Circulation , vol.85 , pp. 2338-2344
    • Steinberg, D.1
  • 29
    • 0013693531 scopus 로고
    • Anti-atherogenic effects of probucol unrelated to its hypercholesterolemic effect: Evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit LDL degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit
    • Carew TE, Schwenke DC, Steinberg D. Anti-atherogenic effects of probucol unrelated to its hypercholesterolemic effect: Evidence that antioxidants in vivo can selectively inhibit LDL degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in the WHHL rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7725-9.
    • (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.84 , pp. 7725-7729
    • Carew, T.E.1    Schwenke, D.C.2    Steinberg, D.3
  • 30
    • 0026562523 scopus 로고
    • Effects of d-α-tocopherol supplementation on experimentally induced primate atherosclerosis
    • Verlangieri AJ, Bush MJ. Effects of d-α-tocopherol supplementation on experimentally induced primate atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr 1992; 11: 130-7.
    • (1992) J Am Coll Nutr , vol.11 , pp. 130-137
    • Verlangieri, A.J.1    Bush, M.J.2
  • 31
    • 0026717156 scopus 로고
    • Dietary vitamin E and the attenuation of early lesion development in modified watanabe rabbits
    • Williams RJ, Motteram JM, Sharp CH, Gallagher PJ. Dietary vitamin E and the attenuation of early lesion development in modified watanabe rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1992; 94: 153-9.
    • (1992) Atherosclerosis , vol.94 , pp. 153-159
    • Williams, R.J.1    Motteram, J.M.2    Sharp, C.H.3    Gallagher, P.J.4
  • 32
    • 0023198480 scopus 로고
    • Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes
    • Esterbauer H, Jürgens G, Quehenberger O, Koller E. Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 495-509.
    • (1987) J Lipid Res , vol.28 , pp. 495-509
    • Esterbauer, H.1    Jürgens, G.2    Quehenberger, O.3    Koller, E.4
  • 33
    • 0025737406 scopus 로고
    • Effect of oral supplementation with D-α-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation
    • Dieber-Rotheneder M, Puhl H, Waeg G, Striegl G, Esterbauer H. Effect of oral supplementation with D-α-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. J Lipid Res 1991; 32: 1325-32.
    • (1991) J Lipid Res , vol.32 , pp. 1325-1332
    • Dieber-Rotheneder, M.1    Puhl, H.2    Waeg, G.3    Striegl, G.4    Esterbauer, H.5
  • 34
    • 0002820534 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E supplementation inhibits LDL oxidation in patients at risk of coronary disease taking simvastatin or placebo
    • Keech A, Collins R, Peto R et al. Vitamin E supplementation inhibits LDL oxidation in patients at risk of coronary disease taking simvastatin or placebo. XI Int Symp Drugs Lip Met 1992; 59.
    • (1992) XI Int Symp Drugs Lip Met , pp. 59
    • Keech, A.1    Collins, R.2    Peto, R.3
  • 35
    • 0023901922 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supplementation in humans
    • Jandak JM, Steiner M, Richardson PD. Reduction of platelet adhesiveness by vitamin E supplementation in humans. Thromb Res 1988; 49: 393-404.
    • (1988) Thromb Res , vol.49 , pp. 393-404
    • Jandak, J.M.1    Steiner, M.2    Richardson, P.D.3
  • 36
    • 0023742699 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C activity
    • Mahoney CW, Azzi A. Vitamin E inhibits protein kinase C activity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1988; 154: 694-7.
    • (1988) Biochem Biophys Res Comm , vol.154 , pp. 694-697
    • Mahoney, C.W.1    Azzi, A.2
  • 37
    • 0024952081 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of tocopherol structure to tissue uptake and prostaglandin biosynthesis
    • Diplock A, Xu GL, Yeow CL, Okikola M. Relationship of tocopherol structure to tissue uptake and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989; 570: 72-84.
    • (1989) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.570 , pp. 72-84
    • Diplock, A.1    Xu, G.L.2    Yeow, C.L.3    Okikola, M.4
  • 38
    • 0025734671 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic potential of vitamin E against myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury
    • Janero DR. Therapeutic potential of vitamin E against myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury. Free Rad Biol Med 1991; 10: 315-24.
    • (1991) Free Rad Biol Med , vol.10 , pp. 315-324
    • Janero, D.R.1
  • 39
    • 0026090540 scopus 로고
    • Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants in low density lipoprotein by ascorbate but not probucol during oxidative modification
    • Jialal I, Grundy SM. Preservation of the endogenous antioxidants in low density lipoprotein by ascorbate but not probucol during oxidative modification. J Clin Invest 1991; 87: 597-601.
    • (1991) J Clin Invest , vol.87 , pp. 597-601
    • Jialal, I.1    Grundy, S.M.2
  • 40
    • 0026702295 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin antioxidants and cardiovascular disease
    • Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. Vitamin antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lip 1992; 3: 291-4.
    • (1992) Curr Opin Lip , vol.3 , pp. 291-294
    • Gaziano, J.M.1    Hennekens, C.H.2
  • 43
    • 0000601242 scopus 로고
    • Dietary beta carotene and decreased cardiovascular mortality in an elderly cohort
    • Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG et al. Dietary beta carotene and decreased cardiovascular mortality in an elderly cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 377A.
    • (1992) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.19
    • Gaziano, J.M.1    Manson, J.E.2    Branch, L.G.3
  • 44
    • 0026025851 scopus 로고
    • Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from IHD in cross-cultural epidemiology
    • Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P et al. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from IHD in cross-cultural epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 326S-34S.
    • (1991) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.53
    • Gey, K.F.1    Puska, P.2    Jordan, P.3
  • 46
    • 0026586813 scopus 로고
    • Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis
    • Salonen JT, Seppo Y-H, Yamamoto R et al. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 882-7.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 882-887
    • Salonen, J.T.1    Seppo, Y.-H.2    Yamamoto, R.3
  • 47
    • 0026511875 scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man
    • Regnström J, Nilsson J, Tornvall P, Landau C, Hamsten A. Susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation and coronary atherosclerosis in man. Lancet 1992; 339: 1183-6.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 1183-1186
    • Regnström, J.1    Nilsson, J.2    Tornvall, P.3    Landau, C.4    Hamsten, A.5
  • 48
    • 0026701521 scopus 로고
    • Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence
    • Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Canc 1992; 18: 1-29.
    • (1992) Nutr Canc , vol.18 , pp. 1-29
    • Block, G.1    Patterson, B.2    Subar, A.3
  • 49
    • 0026581158 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to oxidised LDL in atherosclerosis
    • Editorial. Antibodies to oxidised LDL in atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 899-900.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 899-900
  • 50
    • 0027285792 scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease
    • Steinberg D. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1487-9.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 1487-1489
    • Steinberg, D.1
  • 51
    • 0010607277 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers
    • The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029-35.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1029-1035
  • 52
    • 0030916162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction
    • Rapola JM, Virtama J, Ripatti S et al. Randomised trial of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997; 349: 1715-20.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1715-1720
    • Rapola, J.M.1    Virtama, J.2    Ripatti, S.3
  • 53
    • 0029925181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)
    • Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM et al. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996; 347: 781-6.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 781-786
    • Stephens, N.G.1    Parsons, A.2    Schofield, P.M.3
  • 54
    • 9244262406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease
    • Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-5.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1150-1155
    • Omenn, G.S.1    Goodman, G.E.2    Thornquist, M.D.3
  • 55
    • 0345157579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease
    • Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1145-9.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Hennekens, C.H.1    Buring, J.E.2    Manson, J.E.3
  • 56
    • 0030071655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation
    • Greenberg ER, Baron JA, Karagas MR et al. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996; 275: 699-703.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 699-703
    • Greenberg, E.R.1    Baron, J.A.2    Karagas, M.R.3
  • 57
    • 0017042882 scopus 로고
    • Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. Br J Cancer 1976; 34: 585-612 and 1977; 35: 1-39.
    • (1976) Br J Cancer , vol.34 , pp. 585-612
    • Peto, R.1    Pike, M.C.2    Armitage, P.3
  • 58
    • 0017042882 scopus 로고
    • Peto R, Pike MC, Armitage P et al. Design and analysis of randomized clinical trials requiring prolonged observation of each patient. Br J Cancer 1976; 34: 585-612 and 1977; 35: 1-39.
    • (1977) Br J Cancer , vol.35 , pp. 1-39
  • 59
    • 0026485080 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris
    • Juul-Möller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosén A, Sørensen S, Ömblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. Lancet 1992; 340: 1421-5.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 1421-1425
    • Juul-Möller, S.1    Edvardsson, N.2    Jahnmatz, B.3    Rosén, A.4    Sørensen, S.5    Ömblus, R.6
  • 60
    • 0026775578 scopus 로고
    • Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus
    • ETDRS Report 14
    • Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Investigators. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. ETDRS Report 14. JAMA 1992; 268: 1292-1300.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.268 , pp. 1292-1300
  • 61
    • 0018924181 scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction
    • Aspirin Myocardial Infarction Study Group. A randomized controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction. JAMA 1980; 243: 661-9.
    • (1980) JAMA , vol.243 , pp. 661-669
  • 62
    • 0023805341 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2
    • ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17 187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988; ii: 349-60.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 349-360
  • 63
    • 0023831892 scopus 로고
    • United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (TIA) aspirin trial: Interim results
    • UK-TIA Study Group. United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (TIA) aspirin trial: Interim results. Br Med J 1988; 296: 316-20.
    • (1988) Br Med J , vol.296 , pp. 316-320
  • 64
    • 0024499994 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of atherosclerotic complications: Controlled trial of ketanserin
    • Prevention of Atherosclerotic Complications with Ketanserin Trial Group. Prevention of atherosclerotic complications: Controlled trial of ketanserin. Br Med J 1989; 298: 424-30.
    • (1989) Br Med J , vol.298 , pp. 424-430
  • 65
    • 0021863832 scopus 로고
    • MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: Principal results
    • Medical Research Council Working Party. MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: Principal results. Br Med J 1985; 291: 97-104.
    • (1985) Br Med J , vol.291 , pp. 97-104
  • 66
    • 0002011848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale randomized evidence: Trials and overviews
    • Weatherall D, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Collins R, Peto R, Gray R, Parish S. Large-scale randomized evidence: Trials and overviews. In: Weatherall D, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford Textbook Of Medicine, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996: 21-32.
    • (1996) Oxford Textbook of Medicine , vol.1 , pp. 21-32
    • Collins, R.1    Peto, R.2    Gray, R.3    Parish, S.4
  • 67
    • 0025827072 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effect of the run-in on the power of the physicians' health study
    • Lang JM, Buring JE, Rosner B, COok C, Hennekens CH. Estimating the effect of the run-in on the power of the physicians' health study. Stat Med 1991; 10: 1585-93.
    • (1991) Stat Med , vol.10 , pp. 1585-1593
    • Lang, J.M.1    Buring, J.E.2    Rosner, B.3    Cook, C.4    Hennekens, C.H.5
  • 68
    • 0032554676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS)
    • West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Influence of pravastatin and plasma lipids on clinical events in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation 1998; 97: 1440-5.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1440-1445
  • 69
    • 0032554688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the cholesterol and recurrent events trial
    • Sacks FM, Moyé LA, Davis BR et al. Relationship between plasma LDL concentrations during treatment with pravastatin and recurrent coronary events in the cholesterol and recurrent events trial. Circulation 1998; 97: 1446-52.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1446-1452
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Moyé, L.A.2    Davis, B.R.3
  • 70
    • 0032554686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Færgeman O et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1998; 97: 1453-60.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1453-1460
    • Pedersen, T.R.1    Olsson, A.G.2    Færgeman, O.3
  • 71
    • 0018184826 scopus 로고
    • Allocation of patients to treatment groups in a controlled clinical study
    • White SJ, Freedman LS. Allocation of patients to treatment groups in a controlled clinical study. Br J Cancer 1978; 37: 849-57.
    • (1978) Br J Cancer , vol.37 , pp. 849-857
    • White, S.J.1    Freedman, L.S.2
  • 72
    • 16944366070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When to start cholesterol-lowering therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association task force on risk reduction
    • Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH et al. When to start cholesterol-lowering therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association task force on risk reduction. Circulation 1997; 95: 1683-5.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 1683-1685
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Balady, G.J.2    Criqui, M.H.3
  • 73
    • 0003641513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Department of Health. 11061 HCD August 97 (04)
    • Standing Medical Advisory Committee. The Use of Statins. London: Department of Health, 1997. (11061 HCD August 97 (04).
    • (1997) The Use of Statins
  • 74
    • 0032189666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the second joint task force of european and other societies on coronary prevention
    • Wood DA, DeBacker G, Faergeman O et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the second joint task force of european and other societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1434-503.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , pp. 1434-1503
    • Wood, D.A.1    DeBacker, G.2    Faergeman, O.3
  • 75
    • 0032437504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint british recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice
    • Wood D, Durrington P, Poulter N et al. Joint british recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart 1998; 80(Supple 2): S1-S29.
    • (1998) Heart , vol.80 , Issue.SUPPLE 2
    • Wood, D.1    Durrington, P.2    Poulter, N.3
  • 76
    • 85044706316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A european society of cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Principal results
    • EUROASPIRE Study Group. A european society of cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Principal results. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1569-1582.
    • (1997) Eur Heart J , vol.18 , pp. 1569-1582
  • 77
    • 0029889668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A british cardiac society survey of the potential for the secondary prevention of coronary disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events): Principal results
    • ASPIRE Steering Group. A british cardiac society survey of the potential for the secondary prevention of coronary disease: ASPIRE (Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events): Principal results. Heart 1996; 75: 334-42.
    • (1996) Heart , vol.75 , pp. 334-342


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.