Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Cancer, Mutagenesis, and Genotoxicity

Bioelectromagnetics

Volumn 24, Issue SUPPL. 6, 2003, Pages

  Heynick, Louis N ^a   Johnston, Shella A ^b   Mason, Patrick A ^c  

^a Independent Consultant   (United States)

^b Neuroscience Consultant   (United Kingdom)

^c AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Carcinogenesis; Electromagnetic field; Epidemiology; Genotoxicity; Mutagenesis

Indexed keywords

CELLULAR TELEPHONES; CORDLESS TELEPHONES; DISEASES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS; MAMMALS; MUTAGENESIS;

CANCER; CARCINOGENESES; CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC-STUDY; EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS; GENOTOXICITIES; HUMAN EXPOSURES; IN-VITRO; IN-VIVO; RADIOFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD;

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS;

BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER REGISTRY; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MOBILE PHONE; MUTAGENESIS; PEER REVIEW; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOFREQUENCY RADIATION; ANIMAL; CELL FUNCTION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; MICROWAVE RADIATION; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION RESPONSE; REVIEW; STATISTICS;

DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; MAMMALIA;

DNA;

ANIMALS; CELL PHYSIOLOGY; DNA; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; MICROWAVES; MUTAGENESIS; NEOPLASMS, RADIATION-INDUCED; RADIATION DOSAGE; RADIO WAVES;

EID: 1242269122     PISSN: 01978462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bem.10162     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Adey WR, Byus CV, Cain CD, Higgins RJ, Jones RA, Kean CJ, Kuster N, MacMurray A, Stagg RB, Zimmerman G, Phillips JL, Haggren W. 1999. Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats chronically exposed to 836 MHz modulated microwaves. Radiat Res 152:293-302.
2. Adey WR, Byus CV, Cain CD, Higgins RJ, Jones RA, Kean CJ, Kuster N, MacMurray A, Stagg RB, Zimmerman G. 2000. Spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced primary tumors of the central nervous system in Fischer 344 rats exposed to frequency-modulated microwave fields. Cancer Res 60: 1857-1863.
3. Anderstam B, Hamnerius Y, Hussain S, Ehrenberg L. 1983. Studies of possible genetic effects in bacteria of high frequency electromagnetic fields. Hereditas 98:11-32.
4. Archimbaud E. 1990. Acute myelogenous leukaemia following exposure to microwaves. Brit J Haematol 76:313.
5. Archimbaud E, Charrin C, Guyotat D, Viala J-J. 1989. Acute myelogenous leukaemia following exposure to microwaves. Brit J Haematol 73:272-273.
6. Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. 1985. Evidence for microwave carcinogenesis in vitro. Carcinogenesis 6:859-864.
7. Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. 1989. Induction of neoplastic transformation in C3H/10T[1/2] cells by 2.45-GHz microwaves and phorbol ester. Radiat Res 117:531-537.
8. Balcer-Kubiczek EK, Harrison GH. 1991. Neoplastic transformation of C3H/10T/[1/2] cells following exposure to 120-Hz modulated 2.45-GHz microwaves and phorbal ester tumor promoter. Radiat Res 126:65-72.
9. Bartsch H, Bartsch C, Seebald E, Deerberg F, Dietz K, Vollrath L, Mecke D. 2002. Chronic exposure to a GSM-like signal (mobile phone) does not stimulate the development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats: Results of three consecutive studies. Radiat Res 157:183-190.
10. Bini M, Checcucci A, Ignesti A, Millanta L, Olmi R, Rubino N, Vanni R. 1986. Exposure of workers to intense RF electric fields that leak from plastic sealers. J Microw Power 21: 33-40.
11. Blackman CF, Surles MC, Benane SG. 1976. The effect of microwave exposure on bacteria: Mutation induction. In: Johnson CC, Shore ML, editors. Biological effects of electromagnetic waves, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: HEW Publication (FDA) 77-8010. pp 406-413.
12. Brown RF, Marshall SV. 1986. Differentiation of murine erythroleukemic cells during exposure to microwave radiation. Radiat Res 108:12-22.
13. Cain CD, Thomas DL, Adey WR. 1997. Focus formation of C3H/ 10T1/2 cells and exposure to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics 18:237-243.
14. Cantor KP, Stewart PA, Brinton LA, Dosemeci M. 1995. Occupational exposures and female breast cancer mortality in the United States. J Environ Med 37:336-348.
15. Chagnaud J-L, Moreau JM, Veyret B. 1999. No effect of short-term exposure to GSM-modulated low-power benzo(α)pyrene-induced tumours in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 75:1251-1256.
16. Chen K-M, Samuel A, Hoopingarner R. 1974. Chromosomal aberrations of living cells induced by microwave radiation. Environ Lett 6:37-46.
17. Chou C-K, Guy AW, Kunz LL, Johnson RB, Crowley JJ, Krupp JH. 1992. Long-term, low-level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics 13:469-496.
18. Ciaravino V, Meltz M, Erwin DN. 1991. Absence of a synergistic effect between moderate-power radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation and adriamycin on cell-cycle progression and sister-chromatid exchange. Bioelectromagnetics 12: 289-298.
19. Cooper D, Saunders P. 2001. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter; II. All high power transmitters. Plus COMMENT by N. Cherry and RESPONSE by H. Dolk. Am J Epidemiol 153:202-206.
20. d'Ambrosio G, Massa R, Scarfi MR, Zeni O. 2002. Cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes following GMSK phase modulated microwave exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 23: 7-13.
21. Dardalhon M, Averbeck D, Berteaud AJ. 1979. Determination of a thermal equivalent of millimeter microwaves in living cells. J Microw Power 14:307-312.
22. Dardalhon M, Averbeck D, Berteaud AJ. 1981. Studies on possible genetic effects of microwaves in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Radiat Environ Biophys 20:37-51.
23. Davis RL, Mostofi FK. 1993. Cluster of testicular cancer in police officers exposed to hand-held radar. Am J Ind Med 24:231-233.
24. Dolk H, Shaddick G, Walls P, Grundy C, Thakrar B, Kleinschmidt L, Elliot P. 1997a. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter. Am J Epidemiol 145:1-9.
25. Dolk H, Elliot P, Shaddick G, Walls P, Thakrar B. 1997b. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. II. All high power transmitters. Am J Epidemiol 145: 10-17.
26. Dutta SK, Nelson WH, Blackman CF, Brusick DJ. 1979. Lack of microbial genetic response to 2.45-GHz CW and 8.5- to 9.6-GHz pulsed microwaves. J Microw Power 14:275-280.
27. Edgell CJS, McDonald CC, Graham JB. 1983. Permanent cell line expressing human factor VIII-related antigen established by hybridization. Proc Nat Acad Sci 80:3734-3737.
28. Edwards GS, Davis CC, Saffer JD, Swicord ML. 1984. Resonant microwave absorption of selected DNA molecules. Phys Rev Lett 53:1284-1287.
29. Foster KR, Epstein BR, Gealt MA. 1987. Resonances in the dielectric absorption of DNA. Biophys J 52:421-425.
30. Frei MR, Berger RE, Dusch SJ, Guel V, Jauchem JR, Merritt JH, Stedham MA. 1998a. Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 19:20-31.
31. Frei MR, Jauchem JR, Dusch SJ, Merritt JH, Berger RE, Stedham MA. 1998b. Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves. Radiat Res 150:568-576.
32. Gabriel C, Grant EH, Tata R, Brown PR, Gestblom B, Noreland E. 1987. Microwave absorption in aqueous solutions of DNA. Nature 328:145-146.
33. Garaj-Vrhovac V, Fučić A, Horvat D. 1992. The correlation between the frequency of micronuclei and specific chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to microwave radiation in vitro. Mutat Res 281:181-186.
34. Garland FC, Gorham ED, Garland CF. 1987. Hodgkin's disease in the US Navy. Int J Epidemiol 16:367-372.
35. Garland FC, Gorham ED, Garland CF, Ferns JA. 1988a. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in U.S. Navy personnel. Arch Environ Health 43:425-429.
36. Garland FC, Gorham ED, Garland CF, Ducatman AM. 1988b. Testicular cancer in U.S. Navy personnel. Am J Epidemiol 127:411-414.
37. Garland FC, Shaw E, Gorham ED, Garland CF, White MR, Sinsheimer PJ. 1990. Incidence of leukemia in occupations with potential electromagnetic field exposure in United States Navy personnel. Am J Epidemiol 132:293-303.
38. Garson OM, McRobert TL, Campbell LJ, Hocking BA, Gordon I. 1991. A chromosomal study of workers with long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Med J Australia 155: 289-292.
39. Guy AW, Chou CK, McDougall JA. 1999. A quarter century of in vitro research: A new look at exposure methods. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 4:21-39.
40. Hamnerius Y, Olofsson H, Rasmuson A, Rasmuson B. 1979. A negative test for mutagenic action of microwave radiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 68:217-223.
41. Hamnerius Y, Rasmuson A, Rasmuson B. 1985. Biological effects of high-frequency electromagnetic fields on Salmonella typhimurium and Drosophila melanogaster. Bioelectromagnetics 6:405-414.
42. Hardell L, Näsman Å, Ohlson CG, Fredrikson M. 1998. Case-control study on risk factors for testicular cancer. Int J Oncol 13:1299-1303.
43. Hardell L, Näsman Å, Påhlson A, Hallquist A, Mild KH. 1999. Use of cellular telephones and the risk for brain tumours: A case-control study. Int J Oncol 15:113-116.
44. Hardell L, Mild KH, Påhlson A, Hallquist A. 2001. Ionizing radiation, cellular telephones, and the risk for brain tumours. Eur J Cancer Prev 10:1-7.
45. Hardell L, Hallquist A, Mild KH, Carlberg M, Påhlson A, Lilja A. 2002a. Cellular and cordless telephones and the risk for brain tumors. Eur J Cancer Prev 11:377-386.
46. Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. 2002b. Case-control study on the use of cellular and cordless phones and the risk for malignant brain tumors. Int J Radiat Biol 78:931-936.
47. Hardell L, Mild KH, Carlberg M. 2003a. Further aspects on cellular and cordless telephones and brain tumours. Int J Oncol 22: 399-407.
48. Hardell L, Mild KH, Sandström M, Carlberg M, Hallquist A, Påhlson A. 2003b. Vestibular schwannoma, tinnitus, and cellular telephones. Neuroepidemiology 22:124-129.
49. Hayes RB, Brown LM, Pottern LM, Gomez M, Kardaun JWPF, Hoover RN, O'Connell KJ, Sutzman RE, Javadpour N. 1990. Occupation and risk for testicular cancer: A case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 19:825-831.
50. Heynick Louis. 1999. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RFEMF) and cancer: A comprehensive review of the literature pertinent to Air Force operations. Air Force Research Laboratory Technical Report (AFRL-HE-BR-TR-1999-0145). Available from: http://www.brooks.ef.mil/ AFRL/HED/hedr/reports/rfemf_cancer/can-cov.htm [last updated 26 July 1999].
51. Higashikubo R, Culbreth VO, Spitz DR, LaRegina MC, Pickard WF, Straube WL, Moros EG, Roti Roti JL. 1999. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have no effect on the in vivo proliferation of the 9L brain tumor. Radiat Res 152: 665-671.
52. Hocking B, Garson M. 1990. Letter on Archimbaud et al. (1989): Acute myelogenous leukaemia following exposure to microwaves. Brit J Haematol 76:313-314.
53. Hocking B, Gordon IR, Grain HL, Hatfield GE. 1996. Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Med J Australia 165:601-605.
54. Imaida K, Taki M, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Watanabi S-I, Wake K, Aimoto A, Kamimura Y, Ito N, Shirai T. 1998a. Lack of promoting effects of the electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones (929.2 MHz) on rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term liver bioassay. Carcinogenesis 19:311-314.
55. Imaida K, Taki M, Watanabe S, Kamimura Y, Ito T, Yamaguchi T, Ito N, Shirai T. 1998b. The 1.5 GHz electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phone does not promote rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term liver bioassay. Jpn J Cancer Res 89:995-1002.
56. Inskip PD, Tarone RE, Hatch EE, Wilcosky TC, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, Fine HA, Black PM, Loeffler JS, Linet MS. 2001. Cellular-telephone use and brain tumors. New Engl J Med 344:79-86.
57. Jauchem JR. 1990. Acute myelogenous leukaemia following exposure to microwaves. Brit J Haematol 76:312-313.
58. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. 2001. Cellular telephones and cancer. A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:203-206.
59. Johansen C, Boice JD Jr, McLaughlin JK, Christensen HC, Olsen JH. 2002. Mobile phones and malignant melanoma of the eye. Br J Cancer 86:348-349.
60. Lagorio S, Rossi S, Vecchia P, De Santis M, Bastianini L, Fusilli M, Ferrucci A, Desideri E, Comba P. 1997. Mortality of plastic-ware workers exposed to radiofrequencies. Bioelectromagnetics 18:418-421.
61. Lai H, Singh NP. 1995. Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 16:207-210.
62. Lai H, Singh NP. 1996a. Reply to "Comment on acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells." Bioelectromagnetics 17:166.
63. Lai H, Singh NP. 1996b. Single- and double-strand DNA breaks in rat brain cells after acute exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 69:513-521.
64. Lai H, Singh NP. 1997. Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18: 446-454.
65. Lalić H, Lekić A, Radošević-Staš ić B. 2001. Comparison of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from people occupationally exposed to ionizing and radiofrequency radiation. Acta Med Okayama 55:117-127.
66. Lester JR, Moore DF. 1982a. Cancer mortality and Air Force bases. J Bioelectricity 1:77-82.
67. Lester JR, Moore DF. 1982b. Cancer incidence and electromagnetic radiation. J Bioelectricity 1:59-76.
68. Leszczynski D, Joenväärä S, Reivinen J, Kuokka R. 2002. Non-thermal activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway by mobile phone radiation in human endotheliel cells: Molecular mechanism for cancer- and blood-brain barrier-related effects. Differentiation 70:120-129.
69. Li L, Bisht KS, LaGroye I, Zhang P, Straube W, Moros EG, Roti Roti JL. 2001. Measurement of DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed in vitro to radiofrequency fields at SARs of 3-5 W/kg. Radiat Res 156:328-332.
70. Lilienfeld AM, Lilienfeld DE. 1980. Foundations of epidemiol. 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, NY.
71. Maes A, Collier M, Van Gorp U, Vandoninck S, Verschaeve L. 1997. Cytogenetic effects of 935.2-MHz (GSM) microwaves alone and in combination with mitomycin C. Mutat Res 393:151-156.
72. Maes A, Collier M, Verschaeve L. 2001. Cytogenetic effects of 900 MHz (GSM) microwaves on human lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 22:91-96.
73. Malyapa RS, Ahern EW, Straube WL, Moros EG, Pickard WF, Roti Roti JL. 1997a. Measurement of DNA damage after exposure to 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Radiat Res 148: 608-617.
74. Malyapa RS, Ahern EW, Straube WL, Moros EG, Pickard WF, Roti Roti JL. 1997b. Measurement of DNA damage after exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the cellular phone communication frequency band (835.62 and 847.74 MHz). Radiat Res 148:618-627.
75. Malyapa RS, Ahern EW, Straube WL, LaRegina M, Pickard WF, Roti Roti JL. 1998a. DNA damage in rat brain cells after in vivo exposure to 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation and the various methods of euthanasia. Radiat Res 149:637-645.
76. Malyapa RS, Bi C, Ahern EW, Roti Roti JL. 1998b. Detection of DNA damage by the alkaline comet assay after exposure to low-dose gamma radiation. Radiat Res 149:396-400.
77. Maskarinec G, Cooper J, Swygert L. 1994. Investigation of increased incidence in childhood leukemia near radio towers in Hawaii: Preliminary observations. J Environ Pathol Oncol 13:33-37.
78. Mason PA, Walters TJ, DiGiovanni J, Beason C, Jauchem J, Dick E, Jr., Mahajan K, Dusch S, Shields B, Merritt JH, Murphy MR, Ryan KR. 2001. Lack of effect of 94 GHz radio frequency radiation exposure in an animal model of skin carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 22:1701-1708.
79. McNamee JP, Bellier PV, Gajda GB, Miller SM, Lemay EP, Lavallée BF, Marro L, Thansandote A. 2002a. DNA damage and micronucleus induction in human leukocytes after acute in vitro exposure to a 1.9 GHz continuous-wave radiofrequency field. Radiat Res 158:523-533.
80. McNamee JP, Bellier PV, Gajda GB, Lavallée BF, Lemay EP, Marro L, Thansandote A. 2002b. DNA damage in human leukocytes after acute in vitro exposure to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Radiat Res 158:534-537.
81. Meltz ML, Eagan P, Erwin DN. 1989. Absence of mutagenic interactions between microwaves and mitomycin C in mammalian cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 13:294-303.
82. Meltz ML, Eagan P, Erwin DN. 1990. Proflavin and microwave radiation: Absence of a mutagenic interaction. Bioelectromagnetics 11:149-157.
83. Milham S Jr. 1983. Occupational mortality in Washington state: 1950-1979DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 83-116, October 1983, Contract No. 210-80-0088. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
84. Milham S Jr. 1985. Silent keys: Leukaemia mortality in amateur radio operators. Lancet 6:812.
85. Milham S Jr. 1988a. Increased mortality in amateur radio operators due to lymphatic and hemopoietic malignancies. Am J Epidemiol 127:50-54.
86. Milham S Jr. 1988b. Mortality by license class in amateur radio operators. Am J Epidemiol 128:1175-1176.
87. Morgan RW, Kelsh MA, Zhao K, Exuzides KA, Heringer S, Negrete W. 2000. Radiofrequeney exposure and mortality from cancer of the brain and lymphatic/hematopoietic systems. Epidemiology 11:118-127.
88. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, Neugut AI, Wynder EL. 2000. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. JAMA 284:3001-3007.
89. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Shore RE, Thompson S, Neugut AI, Stellman SD, Bruce J. 2002. Handheld cellular telephones and risk of acoustic neuroma. Neurology 58:1304-1306.
90. Olive PL, Wlodek D, Durand RE, Banáth JP. 1992. Factors influencing DNA migration from individual cells subjected to gel electrophoresis. Exp Cell Res 198:259-267.
91. Pay TL, Beyer EC, Reichelderfer CF. 1972. Microwaves effects on reproductive capacity and genetic transmission in Drosophila melanogaster. J Microw Power 7:75-82.
92. Pearce NE. 1988. Leukemia in electrical workers in New Zealand: A correction. Lancet 2(8601):48.
93. Pearce NE, Sheppard RA, Howard JK, Fraser J, Lilley BM. 1985. Leukaemia in electrical workers in New Zealand. Lancet 6:811-812.
94. Pearce N, Reif J, Fraser J. 1989. Case-control studies of cancer in New Zealand electrical workers. Int J Epidemiol 18: 55-59.
95. Polson P, Merritt JH. 1985. Cancer mortality and Air Force bases: A reevaluation. J Bioelectricity 4:121-127.
96. Prausnitz S, Susskind C. 1962. Effects of chronic microwave irradiation on mice. IRE Trans Bio-Med Electron 104-108.
97. Reif JS, Pearce N, Fraser J. 1989. Occupational risks for brain cancer. A New Zealand cancer registry-based study. J Occup Med 31:863-867.
98. Repacholi MH, Basten A, Gebski V, Noonan D, Finnie J, Harris AW. 1997. Lymphomas in E-Pim1 transgenic mice exposed to pulsed 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Radiat Res 147: 631-640.
99. Robinette CD, Silverman C. 1977. Causes of death following occupational exposure to microwave radiation (RADAR) 1950-1974. In: Hazzard DG, editor. Symposium on Biological Effects and Measurement of Radiofrequency/Microwaves. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HEW Publication No. (FDA) 77-8026, 338-344.
100. Robinette CD, Silverman C, Jablon S. 1980. Effects upon health of occupational exposure to microwave radiation (RADAR). Am J Epidemiol 112:39-53.
101. Roti Roti JL, Malyapa RS, Bisht KS, Ahern EW, Moros EG, Pickard WF, Straube WL. 2001. Neoplastic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 cells after exposure to 835.62 MHz FDMA and 847.74 MHz CDMA radiations. Radiat Res 155:239-247.
102. Sagripanti JL, Swicord ML, Davis CC. 1987. Microwave effects on plasmid DNA. Radiat Res 110:219-231.
103. Salford LG, Brun A, Persson BRR, Eberhardt JL. 1993. Experimental studies of brain tumour development during exposure to continuous and pulsed 915 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 30:313-318.
104. Santini R, Hosni M, Deschaux D, Pacheco H. 1988. B16 melanoma development in black mice exposed to low-level microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 9:105-107.
105. Saunders RD, Kowalczuk CI. 1981. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation and heat on mouse spermatogenic epithelium. Int J Radiat Biol 40:623-632.
106. Saunders RD, Darby SC, Kowalczuk CI. 1983. Dominant lethal studies in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Mutat Res 117:345-356.
107. Scarfi MR, Lioi MB, d'Ambrosio G, Massa R, Zeni O, Petro R, Berardino D. 1996. Genotoxic effects of Mitomycin-C and microwave radiation on bovine lymphocytes. Electro- and Magnetobiology 15:99-107.
108. Schlehofer B, Kunze S, Sachsenheimer W, Blettner M, Niehoff D, Wahrendorf J. 1990. Occupational risk factors for brain tumors: Results from a population-based case-control study in Germany. Cancer Causes Control 1:209-215.
109. Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. 1988. A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Int J Radiat Biol (Exp Res) 175: 184-191.
110. Singh NP, Stephens RE, Schneider EL. 1994. Modifications of alkaline microgel electrophoresis for sensitive detection of DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 66:23-28.
111. Skidmore WD, Baum SJ. 1974. Biological effects in rodents exposed to 108 pulses of electromagnetic radiation. Health Phys 26:391-398.
112. Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR. 1997. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 glioma and primary cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics 18:230-236.
113. Stang A, Anastassiou G, Ahrens W, Bromen K, Bornfeld N, Jöekel K-H. 2001. The possible role of radiofrequency radiation in the development of uveal melanoma. Epidemiology 12: 7-12.
114. Stodolnik-Baranska W, Ostrowski K. 1974. The effects of microwaves on human lymphocyte cultures. In: Czerski P, Shore ML, Silverman C, Suess MJ, Waldeskog B, editors. Biologic effects and health hazards of microwave radiation. Warsaw: Polish Medical Publishers. pp 189-195.
115. Szmigielski S. 1996. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Sci Total Environ 180:9-17.
116. Szmigielski S, Szudzinski A, Pietraszek A, Bielec M, Janiak M, Wrembel JK. 1982. Accelerated development of spontaneous and benzopyrene-induced skin cancer in mice exposed to 2450-MHz microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics 3: 179-191.
117. Thomas TL, Stolley PD, Stemhagen A, Fontham ETH, Bleecker ML, Stewart PA, Hoover RN. 1987. Brain tumor mortality risk among men with electrical and electronics jobs; A case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:233-238.
118. Toler JC, Shelton WW, Frei MR, Merritt JH, Stedham MA. 1997. Long-term, low-level exposure of mice prone to mammary tumors to 435 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiat Res 148:227-234.
119. Tynes T, Andersen A, Langmark F. 1992. Incidence of cancer in Norwegian workers potentially exposed to electromagnetic fields. Am J Epidemiol 136:81-88.
120. Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes A, Haldorsen T. 1996. Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control 7:197-204.
121. Utteridge TD, Gebski V, Finnie JW, Vernon-Roberts B, Kuchel TR. 2002. Long-term exposure of Eμ-Pim1 transgenic mice to 898.4 MHz microwaves does not increase lymphoma incidence. Radiat Res 158:357-364.
122. Vijayalaxmi, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Guel V, Meltz ML, Jauchem JR. 1997a. Frequency of micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cancer-prone mice chronically exposed to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiat Res 147:495-500.
123. Vijayalaxmi, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Guel V, Meltz ML, Jauchem JR. 1998. Correction of an error in calculation in the article "frequency of micronuclei in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of cancer-prone mice chronically exposed to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation". Radiat Res 149:308.
124. Vijayalaxmi, Leal BZ, Szilagyi M, Prihoda TJ, Meltz ML. 2000. Primary DNA damage in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation. Radiat Res 153:479-486.
125. Vijayalaxmi, Pickard WF, Bisht KS, Leal BZ, Meltz ML, Roti Roti JL, Straube WL, Moros EG. 2001. Cytogenetic studies in human blood lymphocytes exposed in vitro to radiofrequency radiation at a cellular telephone frequency (835.62 MHz, FDMA). Radiat Res 155:113-121.
126. Wangler RB, Bradley PM, Clift WD, Davidson D, Higgins L, Sandstrom K, Stephens R. 1985. Leukaemia risk in amateur radio operators. Lancet 29:1516.
127. Webb SJ, Dodds DD. 1968. Inhibition of bacterial cell growth by 136 GC microwaves. Nature 218:374-375.
128. Williams GM. 1996. Comment on "acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells" by Lai H, Singh NP. Bioelectromagnetics 17:165-166.
129. Wingren G, Hallquist A, Degerman A, Hardell L. 1995. Occupation and female papillary cancer of the thyroid. J Occup Environ Med 37:294-297.
130. Wu RY, Chiang H, Shao BJ, Li NG, Fu YD. 1994. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate on dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 15: 531-538.
131. Zook BC, Simmens SJ. 2001. The effects of 860 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the induction or promotion of brain tumors and other neoplasms in rats. Radiat Res 155:572-583.