Animal models in gastrointestinal alcohol research - A short appraisal of the different models and their results

Bailliere's Best Practice and Research in Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 519-542

  Siegmund, Sören ^a,b   Haas, Stephan ^a   Schneider, Alexander ^a   Singer, Manfred V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Alcohol related diseases; Alcoholic beverages; Alcoholic liver disease; Alcoholic pancreatitis; Animal models; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal organs; Humans; Large intestine; Liver; Oesophagus; Pancreas; Review; Small intestine; Stomach

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CYTOKINE; DNA; ENDOTOXIN; RNA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS DISEASE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GENE TECHNOLOGY; HUMAN; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LARGE INTESTINE DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PANCREAS DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIMATE; RAT; REVIEW; SMALL INTESTINE DISEASE; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH DISEASE; TRANSGENIC MOUSE; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; CARCINOGENESIS; CAT; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; DIGESTIVE TRACT INTUBATION; ESOPHAGUS MUCOSA; INTESTINE INJURY; KNOCKOUT GENE; KUPFFER CELL; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RECTUM CANCER; STOMACH HEMORRHAGE; STOMACH MUCOSA; WITHDRAWAL REFLEX;

ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOL-RELATED DISORDERS; ANIMALS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ETHANOL; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MICE, TRANSGENIC; MODELS, ANIMAL; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 0347983823     PISSN: 15216918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00033-7     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Gerke P. Hapke U. Rumpf H.J. John U. Alcohol-related diseases in general hospital patients Alcohol and Alcoholism 32 1997 179-184
2. Hüllinghorst R. Alkohol-Zahlen und Fakten In Singer M.V. Teyssen S. (Eds) Alkohol und Alkoholfolgekrankheiten 1999 32-39 Springer Berlin, Heidelberg
3. Altshuler H.L. Animal models for alcohol research Currents in Alcoholism 8 1981 343-357
4. Spanagel R. Recent animal models of alcoholism Alcohol Research and Health 24 2000 124-131
5. Bor S. Caymaz-Bor C. Tobey N.A. et al. Effect of ethanol on the structure and function of rabbit esophageal epithelium American Journal of Physiology 274 1998 G819-G826
6. Bor S. Bor-Caymaz C. Tobey N.A. et al. Esophageal exposure to ethanol increases risk of acid damage in rabbit esophagus Digestive Diseases and Sciences 44 1999 290-300
7. Salo J.A. Ethanol-induced mucosal injury in rabbit oesophagus Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 18 1983 713-721
8. 6-methyldeoxyguanosine from concurrently administered N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in rats: a dose-response study Carcinogenesis 13 1992 1171-1175
9. Keshavarzian A. Urban G. Sedghi S. et al. Effect of acute ethanol on esophageal motility in cat Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 15 1991 116-121
10. Fields J.Z. Jacyno M. Wasyliw R. et al. Ethanol inhibits contractility of esophageal smooth muscle strips Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 19 1995 1403-1413
11. Simanowski U.A. Stickel F. Maier H. et al. Effect of alcohol on gastrointestinal cell regeneration as a possible mechanism in alcohol-associated carcinogenesis Alcohol 12 1995 111-115
12. Mirvish S.S. Weisenburger D.D. Hinrichs S.H. et al. Effect of catechol and ethanol with and without methylamylnitrosamine on esophageal carcinogenesis in the rat Carcinogenesis 15 1994 883-887
13. Keshavarzian A. Rizk G. Urban G. Willson C. Ethanol-induced esophageal motor disorder: development of an animal model Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 14 1990 76-81
14. Knoll M.R. Kölbel C.B. Teyssen S. Singer M.V. Action of pure ethanol and some alcoholic beverages on the gastric mucosa in healthy humans: a descriptive endoscopic study Endoscopy 30 1998 293-301
15. Siegmund S. Teyssen S. Singer M.V. Alkoholassoziierte Organschäden. Gesundheitliche Folgen durch moderaten Alkoholkonsum Internist 43 2002 287-293
16. Davenport H.W. Ethanol damage to canine oxyntic glandular mucosa Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 126 1967 657-662
17. Davenport H.W. Gastric mucosal hemorrhage in dogs. Effects of acid, aspirin, and alcohol Gastroenterology 56 1969 439-449
18. Kvietys P.R. Twohig B. Danzell J. Specian R.D. Ethanol-induced injury to the rat gastric mucosa. Role of neutrophils and xanthine oxidase-derived radicals Gastroenterology 98 1990 909-920
19. Szabo S. Trier J.S. Brown A. Schnoor J. Early vascular injury and increased vascular permeability in gastric mucosal injury caused by ethanol in the rat Gastroenterology 88 1985 228-236
20. Iwata F. Zhang X.Y. Leung F.W. Aggravation of gastric mucosal lesions in rat stomach by tobacco cigarette smoke Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40 1995 1118-1124
21. Chow J.Y. Ma L. Cho C.H. Involvement of free radicals and histamine in the potentiating action of cigarette smoke exposure on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats Free Radical Biology and Medicine 24 1998 1285-1293
22. Bode J.C. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde 45 1980 1-75
23. Teyssen S. Gonzalez-Calero G. Korn A. Singer M.V. Action of ethanol and some alcoholic beverages on gastric acid secretion in anaesthetized rats Alcohol and Alcoholism 32 1997 23-31
24. Teyssen S. Gonzalez-Calero G. Schimiczek M. Singer M.V. Maleic acid and succinic acid in fermented alcoholic beverages are the stimulants of gastric acid secretion Journal of Clinical Investigation 103 1999 707-713
25. Suzuki H. Mori M. Seto K. et al. Ethanol intake preceding Helicobacter pylori inoculation promotes gastric mucosal inflammation in Mongolian gerbils Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 14 1999 1062-1069
26. Lieber C.S. Jones D.P. DeCarli L.M. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: production of fatty liver despite adequate diet Journal of Clinical Investigation 44 1965 1009-1021
27. Al-Abadi H. Dumke K. Donhuijsen K. Morphometric studies on gastric border cells in rats during chronic alcohol administration Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie 59 1975 586
28. Seitz H.K. Czygan P. Kienapfel H. et al. Changes in gastrointestinal DNA synthesis produced by acute and chronic ethanol consumption in the rat: a biochemical study Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 21 1983 79-84
29. Tarnawski A. Lu S.Y. Stachura J. Sarfeh I.J. Adaptation of gastric mucosa to chronic alcohol administration is associated with increased mucosal expression of growth factors and their receptor Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 193 supplement 1992 59-63
30. Hernandez-Munoz R. Montiel-Ruiz C. Vazquez-Martinez O. Gastric mucosal cell proliferation in ethanol-induced chronic mucosal injury is related to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats Laboratory Investigation 80 2000 1161-1169
31. Jedrzejewska A. Staff-Zielinska E. Neuropathology of intramural autonomic innervation of mice stomach in chronic ethanol intoxication Zentralblatt für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie 136 1990 571-577
32. Beck I.T. Morris G.P. Buell M.G. Ethanol-induced vascular permeability changes in the jejunal mucosa of the dog Gastroenterology 90 1986 1137-1145
33. Dinda P.K. Buell M.G. Morris O. Beck I.T. Studies on ethanol-induced subepithelial fluid accumulation and jejunal villus bleb formation. An in vitro video microscopic approach Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72 1994 1186-1192
34. Dinda P.K. Kossev P. Beck I.T. Buell M.G. Role of xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants and leukocytes in ethanol-induced jejunal mucosal injury Digestive Diseases and Sciences 41 1996 2461-2470
35. Dinda P.K. Wasan S. Beck I.T. Kossev P. Adaptive cytoprotection against ethanol-induced small intestinal mucosal injury Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 74 1996 598-602
36. Tamai H. Kato S. Horie Y. et al. Effect of acute ethanol administration on the intestinal absorption of endotoxin in rats Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 24 2000 390-394
37. Marway J.S. Bateman C.J. Preedy V.R. The extraction of smooth muscle contractile and noncontractile proteins from the rat small intestine: measurement of protein synthesis and effects of ethanol toxicity Analytical Biochemistry 209 1993 95-103
38. Marway J.S. Siddiq T. Gibbs P. et al. Contractile and non-contractile protein synthesis in the small and large intestine and their response to acute ethanol dosage Biochemical Society Transactions 22 1994 194S
39. Rossi M.A. Zucoloto S. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestinal ultrastructure in rats Beiträge zur Pathologie 161 1977 50-61
40. Lansdown A.B. Dayan A.D. Alterations in crypt cell populations in the small intestine as an early toxic response to sub-acute ethanol administration Archives of Toxicology 59 1987 448-452
41. Bode C. Vollmer E. Hug J. Bode J.C. Increased permeability of the gut to polyethylene glycol and dextran in rats fed alcohol Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 625 1991 837-840
42. Palasciano G. Portincasa P. Di Ciaula A. Palmieri V. Prolonged consumption of moderate doses of alcohol and in vitro gastro-duodenal and ileal contractility in the rat European Journal of Clinical Investigation 25 1995 171-175
43. Salaspuro M. Bacteriocolonic pathway for ethanol oxidation: characteristics and implications Annals of Medicine 28 1996 195-200
44. Simanowski U.A. Suter P. Russell R.M. et al. Enhancement of ethanol induced rectal mucosal hyperregeneration with age in F344 rats Gut 35 1994 1102-1106
45. Seitz H.K. Simanowski U.A. Garzon F.T. et al. Possible role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-related rectal cocarcinogenesis in the rat Gastroenterology 98 1990 406-413
46. Parlesak A. Menzl I. Feuchter A. et al. Inhibition of retinol oxidation by ethanol in the rat liver and colon Gut 47 2000 825-831
47. Simanowski U.A. Seitz H.K. Baier B. et al. Chronic ethanol consumption selectively stimulates rectal cell proliferation in the rat Gut 27 1986 278-282
48. McGarrity T.J. Peiffer L.P. Colony P.C. Pegg A.E. The effects of chronic ethanol administration on polyamine content during dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in the rat Carcinogenesis 9 1988 2093-2098
49. Seitz H.K. Czygan P. Simanowski U. et al. Stimulation of chemically induced rectal carcinogenesis by chronic ethanol ingestion Alcohol and Alcoholism 20 1985 427-433
50. Hakkak R. Korourian S. Ronis M.J. et al. Effects of diet and ethanol on the expression and localization of cytochromes P450 2E1 and P450 2C7 in the colon of male rats Biochemical Pharmacology 51 1996 61-69
51. Choi S.W. Stickel F. Baik H.W. et al. Chronic alcohol consumption induces genomic but not p53-specific DNA hypomethylation in rat colon Journal of Nutrition 129 1999 1945-1950
52. Hamilton S.R. Hyland J. McAvinchey D. et al. Effects of chronic dietary beer and ethanol consumption on experimental colonic carcinogenesis by azoxymethane in rats Cancer Research 47 1987 1551-1559
53. Pitchumoni C.S. Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis: facts, perceptions, and misperceptions Surgical Clinics of North America 81 2001 379-390
54. Haber P. Wilson J. Apte M. et al. Individual susceptibility to alcoholic pancreatitis: still an enigma Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 125 1995 305-312
55. Schneider A. Whitcomb D.C. Singer M.V. Animal models in alcoholic pancreatitis-what can we learn? Pancreatology 2 2002 189-203
56. Boros L.G. Singer M.V. Animal models of chronic pancreatitis. A critical review of experimental studies In Sarles H. Johnson C.D. Sauniere J.F. (Eds) Pancreatitis-New Data and Geographical Distribution 1991 67-82 Arnette-Blackwell Paris
57. Singer M.V. Goebell H. Acute and chronic actions of alcohol on pancreatic exocrine secretion in humans and animals In Seitz H.K. Kommerell B. (Eds) Alcohol Related Diseases in Gastroenterology 1992 376-414 Springer Berlin
58. Niebergall-Roth E. Harder H. Singer M.V. A review: acute and chronic effects of ethanol and alcoholic beverages on the pancreatic exocrine secretion in vivo and in vitro Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 22 1998 1570-1583
59. Chari S.T. Teyssen S. Singer M.V. What controls should be used in studies of acute effects of alcohol and alcoholic beverages on the stomach and the pancreas? Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 28 1993 289-295
60. Sarles H. Chronic calcifying pancreatitis-chronic alcoholic pancreatitis Gastroenterology 66 1974 604-616
61. Siech M. Heinrich P. Letko G. Development of acute pancreatitis in rats after single ethanol administration and induction of a pancreatic juice edema International Journal of Pancreatology 8 1991 169-175
62. Foitzik T. Lewandrowski K.B. Fernandez-del Castillo C. et al. Exocrine hyperstimulation but not pancreatic duct obstruction increases the susceptibility to alcohol-related pancreatic injury Archives of Surgery 129 1994 1081-1085
63. Friedman H.S. Lowery R. Shaughnessy E. Scorza J. The effects of ethanol on pancreatic blood flow in awake and anesthetized dogs Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 174 1983 377-382
64. Widdison A.L. Alvarez C. Schwarz M. Reber H.A. The influence of ethanol on pancreatic blood flow in cats with chronic pancreatitis Surgery 112 1992 202-208
65. Foitzik T. Fernandez-del Castillo C. Rattner D.W. et al. Alcohol selectively impairs oxygenation of the pancreas Archives of Surgery 130 1995 357-360
66. Werner J. Laposata M. Fernandez-del Castillo C. et al. Pancreatic injury in rats induced by fatty acid ethyl ester, a nonoxidative metabolite of alcohol Gastroenterology 113 1997 286-294
67. Sarles H. Lebreuil G. Tasso F. et al. A comparison of alcoholic pancreatitis in rat and man Gut 12 1971 377-388
68. Sahel J. Sarles H. Lebreuil G. Tiscornia O.M. Alcoholic experimental pancreatitis in dog. Pathological study Biologie et Gastro-entérologie 8 1975 363 (abstract)
69. Darle N. Ekholm R. Edlund Y. Ultrastructure of the rat exocrine pancreas after long term intake of ethanol Gastroenterology 58 1970 62-72
70. Reber H.A. Johnson F.E. Montgomery C.K. et al. The effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on rat pancreas Gastroenterology 72 1977 A-94/1117 (Abstract)
71. Papp M. Fodor I. Varga G. Development of intraductal protein plugs in rats fed with ethanol for 18 months Acta Morphologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 32 1984 31-35
72. Sarles H. Chronic calcifying pancreatitis-chronic alcoholic pancreatitis Gastroenterology 66 1974 604-616
73. Kendrey G. Roe F.J. Histopathological changes in the pancreas of laboratory rats Laboratory Animals 3 1969 207-220
74. Singh M. La Sure M.M. Bockman D.E. Pancreatic acinar cell function and morphology in rats chronically fed an ethanol diet Gastroenterology 82 1982 425-434
75. Chariot J. Roze C. De LaTour J. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on pancreatic response to central vagal stimulation by 2-deoxy-d-glucose in the rat Digestion 15 1977 425-437
76. Tsukamoto H. Towner S.J. Yu G.S. French S.W. Potentiation of ethanol-induced pancreatic injury by dietary fat American Journal of Pathology 131 1988 246-257
77. Iimuro Y. Bradford B.U. Gao W. et al. Detection of alpha-hydroxyethyl free radical adducts in the pancreas after chronic exposure to alcohol in the rat Molecular Pharmacology 50 1996 656-661
78. Norton I.D. Apte M.V. Lux O. et al. Chronic ethanol administration causes oxidative stress in the rat pancreas Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 131 1998 442-446
79. Kono H. Nakagami M. Rusyn I. et al. Development of an animal model of chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis in the rat American Journal of Physiology 280 2001 G1178-G1186
80. Pfützer R.H. Tadic S.D. Li H.S. et al. Pancreatic cholesterol esterase, ES-10, and fatty acid ethyl ester synthase III gene expression are increased in the pancreas and liver but not in the brain or heart with long-term ethanol feeding in rats Pancreas 25 2002 101-106
81. Apte M.V. Wilson J.S. Korsten M.A. et al. Effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on pancreatic digestive and lysosomal enzymes Gut 36 1995 287-293
82. Scheele G.A. Regulation of pancreatic gene expression in response to hormones and nutritional substrates In Go V.L.W. DiMagno E.P. Gardner J.G. Libenthal E. (Eds) The Pancreas: Biology, Pathobiology and Disease 2nd edn 1993 103 120 Raven Press New York
83. Apte M.V. Norten I. Haber P. et al. The effect of ethanol on pancreatic enzymes-a dietary artefact? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1379 1998 314-324
84. Tanaka T. Miura Y. Matsugu Y. et al. Pancreatic duct obstruction is an aggravating factor in the canine model of chronic alcoholic pancreatitis Gastroenterology 115 1998 1248-1253
85. Pap A. Boros L. Alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis in rats after temporary occlusion of biliopancreatic ducts with ethibloc Pancreas 4 1989 249-255
86. Pandol S.J. Periskic S. Gukovsky I. et al. Ethanol diet increases the sensitivity of rats to pancreatitis induced by cholecystokinin octapeptide Gastroenterology 117 1999 706-716
87. Elmer O. Bengmark S. Goransson G. et al. Acute portal hypertension after gastric administration of ethanol in the pig European Surgical Research 14 1982 298-308
88. Takashimizu S. Watanabe N. Nishizaki Y. et al. Mechanisms of hepatic microcirculatory disturbances induced by acute ethanol administration in rats, with special reference to alterations of sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 23 1999 39S-46S
89. Eguchi H. McCuskey P.A. McCuskey R.S. Kupffer cell activity and hepatic microvascular events after acute ethanol ingestion in mice Hepatology 13 1991 751-757
90. Horie Y. Kato S. Ohki E. et al. Hepatic microvascular dysfunction in endotoxemic rats after acute ethanol administration Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 24 2000 691-698
91. Thurman R.G. Mechanisms of hepatic toxicity. II. Alcoholic liver injury involves activation of Kupffer cells by endotoxin American Journal of Physiology 275 1998 G605-G611
92. Bautista A.P. Spitzer J.J. Acute ethanol intoxication stimulates superoxide anion production by in situ perfused rat liver Hepatology 15 1992 892-898
93. Yokoyama H. Fukuda M. Okamura Y. et al. Superoxide anion release into the hepatic sinusoid after an acute ethanol challenge and its attenuation by Kupffer cell depletion Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 23 1999 71S-75S
94. Mansouri A. Gaou I. De Kerguenec C. et al. An alcoholic binge causes massive degradation of hepatic mitochondrial DNA in mice Gastroenterology 117 1999 181-190
95. Navasumrit P. Ward T.H. Dodd N.J. O'Connor P.J. Ethanol-induced free radicals and hepatic DNA strand breaks are prevented in vivo by antioxidants: effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure Carcinogenesis 21 2000 93-99
96. Trenti T. Sternieri E. Ceccarelli D. et al. Production of lipid hydroperoxides and depletion of reduced glutathione in liver mitochondria after acute ethanol administration to rats Toxicology Letters 64-65 1992 Special No: 571-575
97. Lieber C.S. DeCarli L.M. An experimental model of alcohol feeding and liver injury in the baboon Journal of Medical Primatology 3 1974 153-163
98. Tsukamoto H. Reidelberger R.D. French S.W. Largman C. Long-term cannulation model for blood sampling and intragastric infusion in the rat American Journal of Physiology 247 1984 R595-R599
99. Tsukamoto H. French S.W. Benson N. et al. Severe and progressive steatosis and focal necrosis in rat liver induced by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and low fat diet Hepatology 5 1985 224-232
100. French S.W. Intragastric ethanol infusion model for cellular and molecular studies of alcoholic liver disease Journal of Biomedical Science 8 2001 20-27
101. Bautista A.P. Impact of alcohol on the ability of Kupffer cells to produce chemokines and its role in alcoholic liver disease Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15 2000 349-356
102. Iimuro Y. Gallucci R.M. Luster M.I. et al. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat Hepatology 26 1997 1530-1537
103. Nanji A.A. Jokelainen K. Rahemtulla A. et al. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and cytokine imbalance in experimental alcoholic liver disease in the rat Hepatology 30 1999 934-943
104. Kono H. Wheeler M.D. Rusyn I.et al. Gender differences in early alcohol-induced liver injury: role of CD14, NF-kappaB, and TNF-alpha American Journal of Physiology 278 2000 G652-G661
105. Hoek J.B. Pastorino J.G. Ethanol, oxidative stress, and cytokine-induced liver cell injury Alcohol 27 2002 63-68
106. Adachi Y. Moore L.E. Bradford B.U. et al. Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol Gastroenterology 108 1995 218-224
107. Adachi Y. Bradford B.U. Gao W. et al. Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury Hepatology 20 1994 453-460
108. Koop D.R. Klopfenstein B. Iimuro Y. Thurman R.G. Gadolinium chloride blocks alcohol-dependent liver toxicity in rats treated chronically with intragastric alcohol despite the induction of CYP2E1 Molecular Pharmacology 51 1997 944-950
109. Niemelä O. Aldehyde-protein adducts in the liver as a result of ethanol-induced oxidative stress Frontiers in Bioscience 4 1999 D506-D513
110. Kono H. Bradford B.U. Rusyn I. et al. Development of an intragastric enteral model in the mouse: studies of alcohol-induced liver disease using knockout technology Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery 7 2000 395-400
111. Kono H. Rusyn I. Yin M. et al. NADPH oxidase-derived free radicals are key oxidants in alcohol-induced liver disease Journal of Clinical Investigation 106 2000 867-872
112. Kono H. Bradford B.U. Yin M. et al. CYP2E1 is not involved in early alcohol-induced liver injury American Journal of Physiology 277 1999 G1259-G1267
113. Morgan K. French S.W. Morgan T.R. Production of a cytochrome P450 2E1 transgenic mouse and initial evaluation of alcoholic liver damage Hepatology 36 2002 122-134
114. Yin M. Wheeler M.D. Kono H. et al. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice Gastroenterology 117 1999 942-952