The Mitochondrial Genomics of Parasitic Nematodes of Socio-Economic Importance: Recent Progress, and Implications for Population Genetics and Systematics

Advances in Parasitology

Volumn 56, Issue , 2003, Pages 133-212

  Hu, Min ^a   Chilton, Neil B ^a   Gasser, Robin B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL ORGANELLE; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOMICS; MARKER GENE; METAZOON; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NEMATODE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIOECONOMICS; TAXONOMY;

INVERTEBRATA; METAZOA; NEMATODA; VERMES;

EID: 0346122788     PISSN: 0065308X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-308X(03)56003-1     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Adamson, M.L. (1987). Phylogenetic analysis of the higher classification of the Nematoda. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, 1478-1482.
2. Albonico, M., Crompton, D.W. and Savioli, L. (1999). Control strategies for human intestinal nematode infections. Advances in Parasitology 42, 277-341.
3. Allan, D. and Johnson, A.W. (1960). A short history of husk. Veterinary Record 72, 42-44.
4. Anderson, R.C. (2000). Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission. Wallingford: CAB International.
5. Anderson, R.C., Chabaud, A.G. and Willmott, S. (1974). CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
6. Anderson, S., Bankier, A.T., Barrell, B.G., de Bruijn, M.H.L., Coulson, A.R., Drouin, J., Eperon, I.C., Nierlich, D.P., Roe, B.A., Sanger, F., Schreier, P.H., Smith, A.J.H., Staden, R. and Young, I.G. (1981). Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290, 457-465.
7. Anderson, T.J.C. (1995). Ascaris infection in humans from North America: molecular evidence for cross-infection. Parasitology 110, 215-219.
8. Anderson, T.J.C. (2001). The dangers of using single locus markers in parasite epidemiology: Ascaris as a case study. Trends in Parasitology 17, 183-188.
9. Anderson, T.J.C., Blouin, M.S. and Beech, R.N. (1998). Population biology of parasitic nematodes: applications of genetic markers. Advances in Parasitology 41, 219-283.
10. Anderson, T.J.C., Romero-Abal, M.E. and Jaenike, J. (1993). Genetic structure and epidemiology of Ascaris populations: patterns of host affiliation in Guatemala. Parasitology 107, 319-334.
11. Anderson, T.J.C. and Jaenike, J. (1997). Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and macrogeographic differentiation among Ascaris populations from humans and pigs. Parasitology 115, 325-342.
12. Andrews, R.H. and Beveridge, I. (1990). Apparent absence of genetic differences among species of Teladorsagia (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Journal of Helminthology 64, 290-294.
13. Andrews, R.H. and Chilton, N.B. (1999). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: a valuable technique for providing answers to problems in parasite systematics. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 213-253.
14. Armstrong, M.R., Blok, V.C. and Phillips, M.S. (2000). A multipartite mitochondrial genome in the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Genetics 154, 181-192.
15. Arndt, A. and Smith, M.J. (1998). Mitochondrial gene rearrangement in the sea cucumber genus Cucumaria. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 1009-1016.
16. Avise, J.C. (1991). Ten unorthodox perspectives on evolution prompted by comparative population genetic findings on mitochondrial DNA. Annual Review of Genetics 25, 45-69.
17. Avise, J.C. (1994). Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution, pp. 1-511. New York and London: Chapman and Hall.
18. Avise, J.C. (1998). The history and purview of phylogeography: a personal reflection. Molecular Ecology 7, 371-379.
19. Avise, J.C., Arnold, J., Ball, R.M., Berminham, E., Lamb, T., Neigel, J.E., Carol, A.R. and Saunder, N.C. (1987). Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 489-522.
20. Avise, J.C. and Walker, D. (1999). Species realities and numbers in sexual vertebrates: perspectives from an asexually transmitted genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 992-995.
21. Bandi, C., Anderson, T.J.C., Genchi, C. and Blaxter, M.L. (1998). Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 265, 2407-2413.
22. Barnes, W.M. (1994). PCR amplification of up to 35-kb DNA with high fidelity and high yield from bacteriophage templates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 2216-2220.
23. Beck Azevedo, J.L. and Hyman, B.C. (1993). Molecular characterization for length mitochondrial DNA duplications from the parasitic nematode Romanomermis culicivorax. Genetics 133, 933-942.
24. Behnke, J.M., De Clercq, D., Sacko, M., Gilbert, F.S., Quattara, D.B. and Vercruysse, J. (2000). The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Tropical Medicine & International Health 5, 343-354.
25. Beveridge, I. (1979). Hypodontus macropi Mönnig, 1929, a hookworm-like parasite of macropodid marsupials. Journal of Helminthology 53, 229-244.
26. Beveridge, I. (2002). Australian hookworms (Ancylostomatoidea): a review of the species present, their distributions and biogeographical origins. Parassitologia 44, 83-88.
27. Bibb, M.J., van Etten, R.A., Wright, C.T., Walberg, M.W. and Clayton, D.A. (1981). Sequence and gene organisation of mouse mitochondrial DNA. Cell 26, 167-180.
28. Bird, A.F. (1986). Moulting of parasitic nematodes. In: Parasitology-Quo Vadit? Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Parasitology, pp. 233-239. Canberra: Australian Academy of Sciences.
29. Black, W.C. and Roehrdanz, R.L. (1998). Mitochondrial gene order is not conserved in arthropods: prostriate and metastriate tick mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 1772-1785.
30. Blair, D., Le, T.H., Després, L. and McManus, D.P. (1999). Mitochondrial genes of Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 119, 303-313.
31. Blaxter, M.L. (1998). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode. Science 282, 2041-2046.
32. Blaxter, M.L. and Bird, D.M. (1997). Parasites. In: C. elegans II (D. Riddle, T. Blumenthal, B. Meyer and J.R. Priers, eds.), New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
33. Blaxter, M.L., De Ley, P., Garey, J.R., Liu, L.X., Scheldeman, P., Vierstraete, A., Vanfleteren, J.R., Mackey, L.Y., Dorris, M., Frisse, L.M., Vida, J.T. and Thomas, W.K. (1998). A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392, 71-75.
34. Blouin, M.S. (1998). Mitochondrial DNA diversity in nematodes. Journal of Helminthology 72, 285-289.
35. Blouin, M.S. (2002). Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 527- 531.
36. Blouin, M.S., Dame, J.B., Tarrant, C.A. and Courtney, C.H. (1992). Unusual population genetics of a parasitic nematode: mtDNA variation within and among populations. Evolution 46, 470-476.
37. Blouin, M.S., Liu, J.C. and Berry, R.E. (1999). Life variation and the genetic structure of nematode populations. Heredity 83, 253-259.
38. Blouin, M.S., Yowell, C.A., Courtney, C.H. and Dame, J.B. (1995). Host movement and the genetic structure of populations of parasitic nematodes. Genetics 141, 1007-1014.
39. Blouin, M.S., Yowell, C.A., Courtney, C.H. and Dame, J.B. (1997). Haemonchus placei and Haemonchus contortus are distinct species based on mtDNA evidence. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 1383-1387.
40. Blouin, M.S., Yowell, C.A., Courtney, C.H. and Dame, J.B. (1998). Substitution bias, rapid saturation, and the use of mtDNA for nematode systematics. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 1719-1727.
41. Bogh, H.O., Zhu, X.Q., Qian, B.-Z. and Gasser, R.B. (1999). Scanning for nucleotide variations in mitochondrial DNA fragments of Schistosoma japonicum by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Parasitology 118, 73-82.
42. Boag, P.R., Ren, P., Newton, S.E. and Gasser, R.B. (2003). A serine/ threonine phosphatase of Oesophagostomum dentatum, and functional analysis of homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 313-325.
43. Boore, J.L. (1999). Animal mitochondrial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research 27, 1767-1780.
44. Boore, J.L. (2000). The duplication/random loss model for gene rearrangement exemplified by mitochondrial genomics of deuterostome animals. In: Comparative Genomics: Empirical and Analytical Approaches to Gene Order Dynamics, Map Alignment and the Evolution of Gene Families (D. Sankoff and J.H. Nadeau, eds.), pp. 133-147. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
45. Boore, J.L. (2001). Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 1413-1416.
46. Boore, J.L. and Brown, W.M. (1994). Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the black chiton, Katharina tunicata. Genetics 138, 423-443.
47. Boore, J.L. and Brown, W.M. (1995). Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the annelid worm Lumbricus terrestris. Genetics 141, 305-319.
48. Boore, J.L. and Brown, W.M. (1998). Big trees from little genomes: mitochondrial gene order as a phylogenetic tool. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 8, 668-674.
49. Boore, J.L., Collins, T.M., Stanton, D., Daehler, L.L. and Brown, W.M. (1995). Deducing the pattern of arthropod phylogeny from mitochondrial DNA rearrangements. Nature 376, 163-165.
50. Boore, J.L., Lavrov, D.V. and Brown, W.M. (1998). Gene translocation links insects and crustaceans. Nature 392, 667-668.
51. Börner, G.V., Yokobori, S., Mörl, M., Dörner, M. and Pääbo, S. (1997). RNA editing metazoan mitochondria: staying fit without sex. FEBS Letters 409, 320-324.
52. Bridge, D., Cunningham, C.W., Schierwater, B., De Salle, R. and Buss, L.W. (1992). Class-level relationships in the phylum Cnidaria: evidence from mitochondrial genome structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89, 8750-8753.
53. Brown, W.M. (1983). In: Evolution of Genes and Proteins (M. Nei and R.K. Koehn, eds.), pp. 62-88. Sunderland: Sinauer.
54. Bürglin, T.R., Lobos, E. and Blaxter, M.L. (1998). Caenorhaboditis elegans as a model for parasitic nematodes. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 395-411.
55. Campbell, A.J.D., Gasser, R.B. and Chilton, N.B. (1995). Differences in a ribosomal sequence of Strongylus species allows identification of single eggs. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 359-365.
56. Campbell, N.J.H. and Barker, S.C. (1998). An unprecedented major rearrangement in an arthropod mitochondrial genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 1786-1787.
57. Campbell, N.J.H. and Barker, S.C. (1999). The novel mitochondrial gene arrangement of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus: fivefold tandem repetition of a coding region. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16, 732-740.
58. Casiraghi, M., Anderson, T.J.C., Bandi, C., Bazzocchi, C. and Genchi, C. (2001). A phylogenetic analysis of filarial nematodes: comparison with the phylogeny of Wolbachia endosymbionts. Parasitology 122, 93-103.
59. Chan, M.S., Medley, G.F., Jamison, D. and Bundy, D.A.P. (1994). The evaluation of potential global morbidity attributable to intestinal nematode infections. Parasitology 109, 373-387.
60. Chan, M.S. (1997). The global burden of intestinal nematode infections-fifty years on. Parasitology Today 13, 438-443.
61. Chang, D.D. and Clayton, D.A. (1984). Precise identification of individual promotors for transcription of each strand of human mitochondrial DNA. Cell 36, 635-643.
62. Cheng, S., Fockler, C., Barnes, W.M. and Higuchi, R. (1994). Effective amplification of long targets from cloned inserts and human genomic DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 5695-5699.
63. Chimery, P.F. and Turnbull, D.M. (2001). Epidemiology and treatment of mitochondrial disorders. The American Journal of Medicine 106, 94-101.
64. Chilton, N.B., Beveridge, I. and Andrews, R.H. (1992). Detection by allozyme electrophoresis of cryptic species of Hypodontus macropi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from macropodid marsupials. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 271-279.
65. Chilton, N.B., Beveridge, I. and Andrews, R.H. (1993). Electrophoretic and morphological analysis of Paramacropostrongylus typicus (Nematoda: Strongyloidea), with the description of a new species, Paramacropostrongylus iugalis, from the eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus. Systematic Parasitology 24, 35-44.
66. Chilton, N.B., Beveridge, I., Hoste, H. and Gasser, R.B. (1997). Evidence of hybridisation between Paramacropostrongylus iugalis and P. typicus (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) in grey kangaroos, Macropus filiginosus and M. giganteus, in a zone of sympatry in eastern Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 475-482.
67. Chilton, N.B., Gasser, R.B. and Beveridge, I. (1995). Differences in a ribosomal DNA sequence of morphologically indistinguishable species within the Hypodontus macropi complex (Nematoda: Strongyloidea). International Journal for Parasitology 25, 647-651.
68. Clary, D.O. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1985). The mitochondrial DNA molecule of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organisation, and genetic code. Journal of Molecular Evolution 22, 252-271.
69. Clayton, D.A. (1982). Replication of animal mitochondrial DNA. Cell 28, 693-705.
70. Clayton, D.A. (1984). Transcription of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. Annual Review of Biochemistry 53, 573-594.
71. Clayton, D.A. (1991). Replication and transcription of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA. Annual Review of Cell Biology 7, 453-478.
72. Clayton, D.A. (1992). Transcription and replication of animal mitochondrial DNAs. International Review of Cytology 141, 217-233.
73. Clayton, D.A., Doda, J.N. and Friedberg, E.C. (1974). The absence of a pyrimidine dimer repair mechanism in mammalian mitochondria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71, 2777-2781.
74. Cotton, R.G.H. (1993). Current methods of mutation detection. Mutation Research 285, 125-144.
75. Cotton, R.G.H. (1997). Mutation Detection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
76. Corwin, R.M. (1997). Economics of gastrointestinal parasitism of cattle. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 451-460.
77. Crick, F.H.C. (1966). Codon-anticodon pairing: the wobble hypothesis. Journal of Molecular Biology 19, 548-555.
78. Crompton, D.W.T. (2000). The public health importance of hookworm disease. Parasitology 121, S39-S50.
79. Cummings, M.P., Otto, S.P. and Wakeley, J. (1995). Sampling properties of DNA sequence data in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12, 814-822.
80. Curole, J.P. and Kocher, T.D. (1999). Mitogenomics: digging deeper with complete mitochondrial genomes. Tree 14, 394-398.
81. Dadzie, K.Y., Remme, J., Baker, R.H.A., Rolland, A. and Thylefors, B. (1989a). Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community, III. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium sanctipauli. Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 41, 376-382.
82. Dadzie, K.Y., Remme, J., Rolland, A. and Thylefors, B. (1989b). Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community, II. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium yahense. Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 40, 348-354.
83. Dame, J.B., Blouin, M.S. and Courtney, C.H. (1993). Genetic structure of populations of Ostertagia ostertagi. Veterinary Parasitology 46, 55-62.
84. de Bruijn, M.H.L. (1983). Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA: a novel organisation and genetic code. Nature 304, 234-241.
85. Desagher, S. and Martinou, J. (2000). Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis. Trends in Cell Biology 10, 369-377.
86. Desjardins, P. and Morais, R. (1990). Sequence and gene organization of the chicken mitochondrial genome. A novel gene order in higher vertebrates. Journal of Molecular Evolution 212, 599-634.
87. Dick, T.A. (1983). Species, and intraspecific variation. In: Trichinella and Trichinosis (W.C. Campbell, ed.), pp. 31-73. New York: Plenum Press.
88. Dirheimer, G., Keith, G., Dumas, P. and Westhof, E. (1995). In: tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function (D. Söll and U. Rajbhandary, eds.), pp. 93-126. Washington DC: American Society of Microbiology.
89. Dorris, M., De Ley, P. and Blaxter, M.L. (1999). Molecular analysis of nematode diversity and the evolution of parasitism. Parasitology Today 15, 188-193.
90. Dowton, M. and Campbell, N.J.H. (2001). Intramitochondrial recombination-is it why some mitochondrial genes sleep around? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 269-271.
91. Dowton, M., Castro, L.R. and Austin, A.D. (2002). Mitochondrial gene rearrangements as phylogenetic characters in the invertebrates: the examination of genome 'morphology'. Invertebrate Systematics 16, 345-356.
92. Eddi, C.S., Williams, J.C. and Swalley, R.A. (1989). Epidemiology of Dictyocaulus viviparus in Louisiana (U.S.A.). Veterinary Parasitology 31, 37-48.
93. Eisenback, J.D. and Triantaphyllou, H.H. (1991). Root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne species and races. In: Manual of Agricultural Nematology (W.R. Nickel, ed.), pp. 191-274. New York: Marcel Dekker.
94. Eysker, M. and van Miltenburg, L. (1988). Epidemiological patterns of gastrointestinal and lung helminth infections in grazing calves in the Netherlands. Veterinary Parasitology 29, 29-39.
95. Fisher, R.P. and Clayton, D.A. (1985). A transcription factor required for promotor recognition by human mitochondrial RNA polymerase, accurate initiation at the heavy- and light-strand promotors dissected and reconstructed in vitro. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 11330-11338.
96. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. and Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294-299.
97. Gandhi, N.S., Chen, J., Khoshnood, K., Xing, F., Li, S., Liu, Y., Zhan, B., Xue, H., Tong, C., Wang, Y., Wang, W., He, D., Chen, C., Xiao, S., Hawdon, J.M. and Hotez, P.J. (2001). Epidemiology of Necator americanus hookworm infections in Xiulongkan village, Hainan province, China: high prevalence and intensity among middle aged and elderly residents. Journal of Parasitology 84, 739-743.
98. Gasser, R.B. (1997). Mutation scanning methods for the analysis of parasite genes. International Journal for Parasitology 27, 1449-1463.
99. Gasser, R.B. (1998). What's in that band? International Journal for Parasitology 28, 989-996.
100. Gasser, R.B. (1999). PCR-based technology in veterinary parasitology. Veterinary Parasitology 84, 229-258.
101. Gasser, R.B. and Chilton, N.B. (1995). Characterisation of taeniid cestode species by PCR-RFLP of ITS2 ribosomal DNA. Acta Tropica 59, 31-40.
102. Gasser, R.B. and Chilton, N.B. (2001). Applications of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) to taxonomy, diagnosis, population genetics and molecular evolution of parasitic nematodes. Veterinary Parasitology 101, 201-213.
103. Gasser, R.B., Chilton, N.B., Hoste, H. and Beveridge, I. (1993). Rapid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminths. Nucleic Acids Research 21, 2525-2526.
104. Gasser, R.B., Monti, J.R., Qian, B.-Z., Polderman, A.M., Nansen, P. and Chilton, N.B. (1998a). A mutation scanning approach for the identification of hookworm species and analysis of population variation. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 92, 303-312.
105. Gasser, R.B. and Newton, S.E. (2000). Genomic and genetic research on bursate nematodes: significance, implications and prospects. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 509-534.
106. Gasser, R.B. and Zhu, X.Q. (1999). Sequence-based analysis of DNA fragments by mutation detection techniques. Parasitology Today 15, 427-468.
107. Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q., Beveridge, I. and Chilton, N.B. (2001). Mutation scanning analysis of sequence heterogeneity in the second internal transcribed spacer (rDNA) within some members of the Hypodontus macropi (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) complex. Electrophoresis 22, 1076-1085.
108. Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q., Chilton, N.B., Newton, L.A., Nedergaard, T. and Guldberg, P. (1998b). Analysis of sequence homogenisation in rDNA arrays of Haemonchus contortus by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 19, 2391-2395.
109. Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q. and Chilton, N.B. (2002). The value of mutation scanning approaches for detecting genetic variation-implications for studying intestinal nematodes of humans. In: World Class, Parasites: Volume 2. The Geohelminths: Ascaris, Trichuris and Hookworm (C.V. Holland and M.W. Kennedy, editors; Series Editors S. Black and J. Richard Seed), (Chapter 13), pp. 219-233. Boston: Kluwer Academic Press.
110. Gasser, R.B., Zhu, X.Q. and McManus, D.P. (1998c). Display of sequence variation in PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA regions of Echinococcus by single-strand conformation polymorphism. Acta Tropica 71, 107-115.
111. Gaugler, R., Lewis, E. and Stuart, R.J. (1997). Ecology in the service of biological control: the case of entomopathogenic nematodes. Oecologia 109, 483-489.
112. Geary, T.G., Sangster, N.C. and Thompson, D.P. (1999). Frontiers in anthelmintic pharmacology. Veterinary Parasitology 84, 275-295.
113. Gilham, N.W. (1994). Transcription and mRNA processing in organelles. In: Organelle Gene and Genomes (N.W. Gillham, ed.), pp. 271-291. London: Oxford University Press.
114. Grande, C., Templado, J., Cervera, J.L. and Zardoya, R. (2002). The complete mitochondrial genome of the nudibranch Roboastra europaea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) supports the monophyly of opisthobranchs. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 1672-1685.
115. Grant, W.N. (1994). Genetic variation in parasitic nematodes and its implications. International Journal for Parasitology 24, 821-830.
116. Grompe, M. (1993). The rapid detection of unknown mutations in nucleic acids. Nature Genetics 5, 111-117.
117. Gutell, R.R., Weiser, B., Woese, C.R. and Noller, H.F. (1985). Comparative anatomy of 16S-like ribosomal RNA. Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology 32, 155-160.
118. Gutell, R.R. and Fox, G.E. (1988). A compilation of large subunit RNA sequences presented in a structural format. Nucleic Acids Research 16s, r175-r269.
119. Haddrath, O. and Barker, A.J. (2001). Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 268, 939-945.
120. Hafner, M.S. and Nadler, S.A. (1988). Phylogenetic trees support the coevolution of parasites and their hosts. Nature, London 332, 258-259.
121. Hanazawa, M., Mochii, M., Ueno, N., Kohara, Y. and Iino, Y. (2001). Use of cDNA subtraction and RNA interference screens in combination reveals genes required for germ-line development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 8686-8691.
122. Hatzoglou, E., Rodakis, G.C. and Lecanidou, R. (1995). Complete sequence and gene organisation of the mitochondrial genome of the land snail Albinaria coerulea. Genetics 140, 1353-1366.
123. Hawdon, J.M., Li, T., Zhan, B. and Blouin, M.S. (2001). Genetic structure of populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, in China. Molecular Ecology 10, 1433-1437.
124. Hayashi, K. (1991). PCR-SSCP: a simple and sensitive method for detection of mutations in the genomic DNA. PCR Methods and Applications 1, 34-38.
125. Hayashi, J., Tagashira, Y. and Yoshida, M.C. (1985). Absence of extensive recombination between inter- and intra-species mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells. Experimental Cell Research 160, 387-395.
126. Herd, R.P. (1990). The changing world of worms, the rise of cysthostomes and the decline of Strongylus vulgaris. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 12, 732-734.
127. Hickerson, M.J. and Cunningham, C.W. (2000). Dramatic mitochondrial gene rearrangements in the hermit crab Pagurus loryicarpus (Crustacea, Anomura). Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 639-644.
128. Hillis, D.M., Moritz, C. and Mable, B.K. (1996). Molecular Systematics, p. 655. Sunderland: Sinauer.
129. Hoarau, G., Holla, S., Lescasse, R., Stam, W.T. and Olsen, J.L. (2002). Heteroplasmy and evidence for recombination in the mitochondrial control region of the flatfish Platichthys flesus. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 2261-2264.
130. Hoberg, E.P., Monsen, K.J., Kutz, S. and Blouin, M.S. (1999). Structure, biodiversity, and historical biogeography of nematode faunas in holarctic ruminants: morphological and molecular diagnoses for Teladorsagia boreoarcticus n. sp. (Nematoda: Ostertagiinae), a dimorphic cryptic species in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). Journal of Parasitology 85, 910-934.
131. Hochhauser, D. (2000). Relevance of mitochondrial DNA in cancer. The Lancet 356, 181-182.
132. Hoffmann, R.J., Boore, J.L. and Brown, W.M. (1992). A novel mitochondrial genome organisation for the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Genetics 131, 397-412.
133. Höglund, J., Svensson, C. and Hessle, A. (2001). A field survey on the status of internal parasites in calves on organic dairy farms in southwestern Sweden. Veterinary Parasitology 99, 113-128.
134. Hollenberg, C.P., Borst, P. and van Burggen, E.F.J. (1970). Mitochondrial DNA. V. A 25 micron closed circular duplex DNA molecule in wild-type yeast mitochondria structure and genetic complexity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 209, 1-15.
135. Holt, I.J., Dunbar, D.R. and Jacobs, H.T. (1997). Behaviour of a population of partially duplicated mitochondrial DNA molecules in cell culture: segregation, maintenance and recombination dependent upon nuclear background. Human Molecular Genetics 6, 1251-1260.
136. Hotez, P.J. and Prichard, D.J. (1995). Hookworm infection. Scientific American 272, 42-48.
137. Hsuchen, C.C., Cleaves, G.R. and Dubin, D.T. (1983). Sequences of three transfer RNAs from mosquito mitochondria. Plasmid 10, 55-65.
138. Hu, M., D'Amelio, S., Zhu, X.Q., Paggi, L. and Gasser, R.B. (2001). Mutation scanning analysis of sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions for members of the Contracaecum osculatum (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) complex. Electrophoresis 22, 1069-1075.
139. Hu, M., Chilton, N.B. and Gasser, R.B. (2002a). Long PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome from parasitic nematodes. Molecular and Cellular Probes 16, 261-267.
140. Hu, M., Chilton, N.B. and Gasser, R.B. (2002b). The mitochondrial genomes of the two human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (Nematoda: Secernentea). International Journal for Parasitology 32, 145-158.
141. Hu, M., Chilton, N.B., Zhu, X.Q. and Gasser, R.B. (2002c). Single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 reveals significant substructuring in hookworm populations. Electrophoresis 23, 27-34.
142. Hu, M., Höglund, J., Chilton, N.B., Zhu, X.Q. and Gasser, R.B. (2002d). Mutation scanning analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 reveals limited gene flow among bovine lungworm subpopulations in Sweden. Electrophoresis 23, 3357-3363.
143. Hu, M., Chilton, N.B. and Gasser, R.B. (2003a). The mitochondrial genome of Strongyloides stercoralis (Nematoda)-idiosyncratic gene order, and evolutionary implications. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 1393-1408.
144. Hu, M., Gasser, R.B., Abs EL-Osta, Y.G. and Chilton, N.B. (2003b). Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitology 127, 37-51.
145. Hu, M., Chilton, N.B., Abs EL-Osta, Y.G. and Gasser, R.B. (2003c). Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genome data for Necator americanus from two endemic regions reveals substantial genetic variation. International Journal for Parasitology 33, 955-963.
146. Hugall, A., Moritz, C., Stanton, J. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1994). Low, but strongly structural mitochondrial DNA diversity in root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne). Genetics 136, 903-912.
147. Hugall, A., Stanton, J. and Moritz, C. (1997). Evolution of the AT-rich mitochondrial DNA of the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 40-48.
148. Hugot, J.-P., Baujard, P. and Morand, S. (2001). Biodiversity in helminths and nematodes as a field of study: an overview. Nematology 3, 199-208.
149. Hung, G.-C., Chilton, N.B., Beveridge, I. and Gasser, R.B. (2000). A molecular systematic framework for equine strongyles based on ribosomal DNA sequence data. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 95-103.
150. Hwang, U.W., Park, C.J., Yong, T.S. and Kim, W. (2001). One-step PCR amplification of complete arthropod mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19, 345-352.
151. Hyman, B.C. and Beck Azevedo, J.L. (1996). Similar evolutionary patterning among repeated and single copy nematode mitochondrial genes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, 221-232.
152. Inglis, W.G. (1983). An outline classification of the phylum Nematoda. Australian Journal of Zoology 31, 243-255.
153. Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Pääbo, S. and Gyllensten, U. (2000). Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans. Nature 408, 708-713.
154. Inoue, J.G., Miya, M., Tsukamoto, K. and Nishida, M. (2001). Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Conger myriaster (Teleostei: Anguilliforms): novel gene order for vertebrate mitochondrial genomes and the phylogenetic implications for anguilliform families. Journal of Molecular Evolution 52, 311-320.
155. Janke, A., Feldmaier-Fuchs, G., Thomas, W.K., von Haeseler, A. and Pääbo, S. (1994). The marsupial mitochondrial genome and the evolution of placental mammals. Genetics 137, 243-256.
156. Janke, A., Magnell, O., Wieczorek, G., Westerman, M. and Arnason, U. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial genomes of the wombat, Vombatus ursinus, and the spiny anteater, Tachyglossus aculeatus: increased support for the marsupial hypothesis. Journal of Molecular Evolution 54, 71-80.
157. Janke, A., Xu, X. and Arnason, U. (1997). The complete mitochondrial genome of the wallaroo (Macropus robustus) and the phylogenetic relationship among Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Eutheria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 1276-1281.
158. Jepson, S.B. (1987). Identification of Root-Knot Nematodes. Wallingford: CAB International.
159. Kajander, O.A., Rovio, A.T., Majamaa, K., Poulton, J., Spelbrink, J.N., Holt, I.J., Karhunen, P.J. and Jacobs, H.T. (2000). Human mtDNA sublimons resemble rearranged mitochondrial genomes found in pathological states. Human Molecular Genetics 9, 2821-2835.
160. Keddie, E.M., Higazi, T., Bonkye, D., Merriweather, A., Wooten, M.C. and Unnasch, T.R. (1999). Onchocerca volvulus: limited heterogeneity in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Experimental Parasitology 93, 198-206.
161. Keddie, E.M., Higazi, T. and Unnasch, T.R. (1998). The mitochondrial genome of Onchocerca volvulus: sequence, structure and phylogenetic analysis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 95, 111-127.
162. Kita, K. and Takamiya, S. (2002). Electron-transfer complexes in Ascaris mitochondria. Advances in Parasitology 51, 95-131.
163. Klei, T.R. and French, D.D. (1998). Small strongyles: an emerging parasite problem for horses. Equine Practice 20, 26-30.
164. Kumazawa, Y. and Nishida, M. (1995). Variations in mitochondrial tRNA gene organization of reptiles as phylogenetic markers. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12, 759-722.
165. Kumazawa, Y. and Nishida, M. (1999). Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the green turtle and blue-tailed mole skink: statistical evidence for archosaurian affinity of turtles. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16, 784-792.
166. Kurabayashi, A. and Ueshima, R. (2000). Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the primitive opisthobranch gastropod Pupa strigosa: systematic implication of the genome organisation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 266-277.
167. Ladoukakis, E.D. and Zouros, E. (2001a). Direct evidence for homologous recombination in mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 1168-1175.
168. Ladoukakis, E.D. and Zouros, E. (2001b). Recombination in animal mitochondrial DNA: evidence from published sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 2127-2131.
169. Lang, B.F., Gray, M.W. and Burger, G. (1999). Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics 33, 351-397.
170. Larsson, N.G. and Clayton, D.A. (1995). Molecular genetic aspects of human mitochondrial disorders. Annual Review of Genetics 29, 151-178.
171. Lavrov, D.V. and Brown, W.M. (2001). Trichinella spiralis mtDNA: a nematode mitochondrial genome that encodes a putative ATP8 and normally structured tRNAs and has a gene arrangement relatable to those of coelomate metazoans. Genetics 157, 621-637.
172. Lavrov, D.V., Brown, W.M. and Boore, J.L. (2000). A novel type of RNA editing occurs in the mitochondrial tRNAs of the centipede Lithobius forficatus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 13738-13742.
173. Lavrov, D.V., Boore, J.L. and Brown, W.M. (2002). Complete mtDNA sequences of two millipedes suggest a new model for mitochondrial gene rearrangements: duplication and nonrandom loss. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 163-169.
174. Le, T.H., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (2000a). Mitochondrial genome of human helminths and their use as markers in population genetics and phylogeny. Acta Tropica 77, 243-256.
175. Le, T.H., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (2000b). Mitochondrial DNA sequences of human schistosomes: the current status. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 283-290.
176. Le, T.H., Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Humair, P.F., Campbell, N.J.H., Iwagami, M., Littlewood, D.T.J., Peacock, B., Johnston, D.A., Bartley, J., Rollinson, D., Herniou, E.A., Zarlenga, D.S. and McManus, D.P. (2000c). Phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial gene orders-a cautionary tale from the parasitic flatworms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 1123-1125.
177. Le, T.H., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (2001a). Complete DNA sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of the liverfluke, Fasciola hepatica L. (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda). Parasitology 123, 609-621.
178. Le, T.H., Humair, P.-F., Blair, D., Agatsuma, T., Littlewood, D.T.J. and McManus, D.P. (2001b). Mitochondrial gene contents, arrangement and composition compared in African and Asian schistosomes. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 117, 61-71.
179. Le, T.H., Blair, D. and McManus, D.P. (2002a). Mitochondrial genomes of parasitic flatworms. Trends in Parasitology 18, 206-213.
180. Le, T.H., Pearson, M.S., Blair, D., Dai, N., Zhang, L.H. and McManus, D.P. (2002b). Complete mitochondrial genomes confirm the distinctiveness of the horse-dog and sheep-dog strains of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitology 124, 97-112.
181. Lee, D.Y. and Clayton, D.A. (1998). Initiation of mitochondrial DNA replication by transcription and R-loop processing. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 30614-30621.
182. Lee, W.J. and Kocher, T.D. (1995). Complete sequence of a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) mitochondrial genome: early establishment of the vertebrate genome organization. Genetics 139, 873-887.
183. Leignel, V. and Humbert, J.-F. (2001). Mitochondrial DNA variation in benzimidazole-resistant and susceptible populations of the small ruminant parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta. Journal of Heredity 92, 503-506.
184. Leignel, V., Cabaret, J. and Humbert, J.-F. (2002). New molecular evidence that Teladorsagia circumcincta (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) is a species complex. Journal of Parasitology 88, 135-140.
185. Lessa, E.P. and Applebaum, G. (1993). Screening techniques for detecting allelic variation in DNA sequences. Molecular Ecology 2, 119-129.
186. Levison, G. and Gutman, G.A. (1987). Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4, 203-221.
187. Lichtenfels, J.R. (1980). No. 8. Keys to genera of the superfamilies Ancylostomatoidea and Diaphanocephaloidea. In: CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates (R.C. Anderson, A.G. Chabaud and S. Willmott, eds.), pp. 1-41. Farnham Royal: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
188. Lichtenfels, J.R. (1986). Phylogenetic inference from adult morphology in the Nematoda, with emphasis on the bursate nematodes, the Strongylida, advancements (1982-1985) and recommendations for further work. In: Parasitology-Quo Vadit? Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Parasitology (M.J. Howell, ed.), pp. 269-279. Canberra: Australian Academy of Sciences.
189. Lichtenfels, J.R. and Pilitt, P.A. (1991). A redescription of Ostertagia bisonis (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) and a key to species of Ostertagiinae with a tapering lateral synlophe from domestic ruminants in North America. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 58, 231-244.
190. Liu, J., Berry, R.E. and Blouin, M.S. (1999). Molecular differentiation and phylogeny of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) based on ND4 gene sequences of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Parasitology 85, 709-715.
191. Loguercio-Polosa, P., Roberti, M., Musicco, C., Gadaleta, M.M., Quagliariello, E. and Cantatore, P. (1999). Cloning and characterisation of mtDBP, a DNA-binding protein which binds two distinct regions of sea urchin mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 27, 1890-1899.
192. Lorenzen, S. (1994). The Phylogenetic Systematics of Free-Living Nematodes. London: The Ray Society.
193. Lunt, D.H. and Hyman, B.C. (1997). Animal mitochondrial DNA recombination. Nature 387, 247.
194. Lustigman, S., James, E.R., Tawe, W. and Abraham, D. (2002). Towards a recombinant antigen vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus. Trends in Parasitology 18, 135-141.
195. Macey, J.R., Larson, A., Ananjeva, N.B., Fang, Z.C. and Paperfuss, T.J. (1997). Two novel gene orders and the role of light-strand replication in rearrangement of the vertebrate mitochondrial genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 91-104.
196. Macey, J.R., Schulte II, J.A. and Larsson, A. (2000). Evolution and phylogenetic information content of mitochondrial genomic structural features illustrated with acrodont lizards. Systematic Biology 49, 257-277.
197. Macey, J.R., Schulte II, J.A. and Paperfuss, T.J. (1998). Tandem duplication via light-strand synthesis may provide a precursor for mitochondrial genomic rearrangement. Molecular Biology and Evolution 15, 71-75.
198. Madsen, C.S., Ghivizzani, S.C. and Hauswirth, W.W. (1993). In vivo and in vitro evidence for slipped mispairing in mammalian mitochondria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90, 7671-7675.
199. Maggenti, A.R. (1983). In: Concepts in Nematode Systematics (A.R. Stone, H.M. Platt and L.F. Khalil, eds.), pp. 25-40. London: Academic Press.
200. Malakhov, V.V. (1994). Nematodes. Structure, Development, Classification and Phylogeny. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
201. Martin, N.C. (1995). In: tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis and Function (D. Söll and U. Rajbhandary, eds.), pp. 127-140. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology.
202. Masta, S.E. (2000). Mitochondrial sequence evolution in spiders: intraspecific variation in tRNAs lacking the TψC arm. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17, 1091-1100.
203. Matthews, J.B., Davidson, A.J., Freeman, K.L. and French, N.P. (2001). Immunisation of cattle with recombinant acetylcholinesterase from Dictyocaulus viviparus and with adult worm ES products. International Journal for Parasitology 31, 307-317.
204. McCarthy, J. and Moore, T.A. (2000). Emerging helminth zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1351-1360.
205. McClain, W.H. (1995). In: tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis and Function (D. Söll and U. Rajbhandary, eds.), pp. 335-347. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology.
206. McDonnell, A., Love, S., Tait, A., Lichtenfels, J.R. and Matthews, J.B. (2000). Phylogenetic analysis of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and large ribosomal RNA sequences and nuclear internal transcribed spacer I sequences from species of Cyathostominae and Strongylinae (Nematoda, Order Strongylida), parasites of the horse. Parasitology 121, 649-659.
207. McKeand, J.B. (2000). Vaccine development and diagnostics of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Parasitology 120, s17-s23.
208. McManus, D.P. and Bowles, J. (1996). Molecular genetic approaches to parasite identification: their value in diagnostic parasitology and systematics. International Journal for Parasitology 26, 687-704.
209. Mezei, L.M. and Storts, D.R. (1994). Cloning PCR products. In: PCR Technology (H.G. Griffin and A.M. Griffin, eds.), pp. 21-27. Current Innovations. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
210. Mindell, D.P., Sorenson, M.D. and Dimcheff, D.E. (1998). Multiple independent origins of mitochondrial gene order in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 10693-10697.
211. Mindell, D.P., Sorenson, M.D., Dimcheff, D.E., Hasegawa, M., Ast, J.C. and Turi, T. (1999). Interordinal relationships of birds and other reptiles based on whole mitochondrial genomes. Systematic Biology 48, 138-152.
212. Miya, M., Kawaguchi, A. and Nishida, M. (2001). Mitogenomic exploration of higher teleostean phylogenies: a case study for moderate-scale evolutionary genomics with 38 newly determined complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 1993-2009.
213. Miya, M. and Nishida, M. (2000). Use of mitogenomic information in teleostean molecular phylogenetics: a tree-based exploration under the maximum-parsimony optimality criterion. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17, 437-455.
214. Moritz, C. (1994). Applications of mitochondrial DNA analysis in conservation: a critical review. Molecular Ecology 3, 401-411.
215. Moritz, C. and Brown, W.M. (1986). Tandem duplications of D-loop and ribosomal RNA sequences in lizard mitochondrial DNA. Science 233, 1425-1427.
216. Moritz, C. and Brown, W.M. (1987). Tandem duplications in animal mitochondrial DNAs: variation in incidence and gene content among lizards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84, 7183-7187.
217. Moritz, C., Dowling, T.E. and Brown, W.M. (1987). Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance of population biology and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 269-292.
218. Morrison, C.L., Harvey, A.W., Lavery, S., Tieu, K., Huong, Y. and Cunningham, C.W. (2002). Mitochondrial gene rearrangements confirm the parallel evolution of the crab-like form. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 269, 345-350.
219. Mullis, K.B. and Faloona, F.A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology 155, 335-350.
220. Murray, V. (1989). Improved double-strand DNA sequencing using the linear polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Research 17, 8880.
221. Nadler, S.A. (1990). Molecular approaches to studying helminth population genetics and phylogeny. International Journal for Parasitology 20, 11-29.
222. Nagano, I., Wu, Z., Matsuo, A., Pozio, E. and Takahashi, Y. (1999). Identification of Trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit I gene. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1113-1120.
223. Nardin, R.A. and Johns, D.R. (2001). Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuromuscular disease. Muscle & Nerve 24, 170-191.
224. Nariaux, R.K. (2000). Mitochondrial DNA disorders. European Journal of Pediatrics 159, S219-S226.
225. Nass, M.M.K. and Nass, S. (1962). Fibrous structures within the matrix of developing chick embryo mitochondria. Experimental Cell Research 26, 424-437.
226. Naylor, G.J.P. and Brown, W.M. (1997). Structural biology and phylogenetic estimation. Nature 388, 527-528.
227. Naylor, G.J.P. and Brown, W.M. (1998). Amphioxus mitochondrial DNA, chordate phylogeny and the limits of inference based on comparisons of sequences. Systematic Biology 47, 61-67.
228. Nelson, W.S., Prodöhl, P.A. and Avise, J.C. (1996). Development and application of long-PCR for the assay of full-length animal mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology 5, 807-810.
229. Newton, S.E., Boag, P.R. and Gasser, R.B. (2002). Opportunities and prospects for investigating developmentally regulated and sex-specific genes and their expression in intestinal nematodes of humans. In: The Geohelminths: Ascaris, Trichuris and Hookworm (C.V. Holland and M.W. Kennedy, eds.), pp. 219-233. World Class Parasites: Volume 2. Series Editors S. Black and J. Richard Seed. Boston: Kluwer Academic Press.
230. Noguchi, Y., Endo, K., Tajima, F. and Ueshima, R. (2000). The mitochondrial genome of the brachiopod Laqueus rubellus. Genetics 155, 245-259.
231. Noller, H.F. (1991). Ribosomal RNA and translation. Annual Review of Biochemistry 60, 191-227.
232. Noller, H.F. (1993). Peptidyl transferase: protein, ribonucleoprotein, or RNA? Journal of Bacteriology 175, 5297-5300.
233. Noller, H.F., Asire, M., Barta, A., Douthwaite, S., Goldstein, T., Gutell, R.R., Moazed, D., Normanley, J., Prince, J.B., Stern, S., Triman, K., Turner, S., Van Stolk, B., Wheaton, V., Weiser, B. and Woese, C.R. (1986). Studies on the structure and function of ribosomal RNAs. In: Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes (B. Hardesty and G. Kramer, eds.), pp. 141-163. New York: Springer-Verlag.
234. Ojala, D., Montoya, T. and Attardi, G. (1981). tRNA punctuation model of RNA processing in human mitochondria. Nature 290, 470-474.
235. Okimoto, R., Chamberlin, H.M., Macfarlane, J.L. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1991). Repeated sequence sets in mitochondrial DNA molecules of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne,): nucleotide sequences, genome location and potential for host race identification. Nucleic Acids Research 19, 1619-1626.
236. Okimoto, R., Macfarlane, J.L., Clary, D.O. and Wolstenholme, D.R. (1992). The mitochondrial genomes of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum. Genetics 130, 471-498.
237. Orita, M., Iwahana, H., Kanazawa, H., Hayashi, K. and Sekiya, T. (1989). Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, 2766-2770.
238. Osawa, S., Jukes, T.H., Watanabe, K. and Muto, A. (1992). Recent evidence for evolution of the genetic code. Microbiological Reviews 56, 229-264.
239. Pääbo, S., Thomas, W.K., Whitfield, K.M., Kumazawa, Y. and Wilson, A.C. (1991). Rearrangements of mitochondrial transfer RNA genes in marsupials. Journal of Molecular Evolution 33, 426-430.
240. Peng, W., Anderson, T.J.C., Zhou, X.M. and Kennedy, M.W. (1998). Genetic variation in sympatric Ascaris populations from humans and pigs in China. Parasitology 117, 355-361.
241. Peng, W., Yuan, K., Zhou, X., Hu, M., Abs EL-Osta, Y.G. and Gasser, R.B. (2003). Molecular-epidemiological investigation of Ascaris genotypes in China on single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA. Electrophoresis 24, 2308-2315.
242. Penta, J.S., Johnson, F.M., Wachsman, J.T. and Copeland, W.C. (2001). Mitochondrial DNA in human malignancy. Mutation Research 488, 119-133.
243. Phillips, M.J., Lin, Y.-H., Harrison, G.L. and Penny, D. (2001). Mitochondrial genomes of a bandicoot and a brushtail possum confirm the monophyly of Australidelphian marsupials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 268, 1533-1538.
244. Ploeger, H.W. (2002). Dictyocaulus viviparus: re-emerging or never been away? Trends in Parasitology 18, 329-332.
245. Ploeger, H.W. and Eysker, M. (2000). Simulating Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in calves: the parasite phase. Parasitology 120, S3-S15.
246. Poulton, J., Deadman, M.E., Bindoff, L., Morten, K., Land, J. and Brown, G. (1993). Families with mtDNA rearrangements can be detected in patients with mtDNA deletions: duplications may be transient intermediate form. Human Molecular Genetics 2, 23-30.
247. Powers, T.O. and Harris, T.S. (1993). A polymerase chain reaction method for identification of five major Meloidogyne species. Journal of Nematology 25, 1-6.
248. Pozio, E., La Rosa, G., Murrell, K.D. and Lichtenfels, J.R. (1992a). Taxonomic revision of the genus Trichinella. Journal of Parasitology 78, 654-659.
249. Pozio, E., La Rosa, G., Rossi, P. and Murrell, K.D. (1992b). Biological characterization of Trichinella isolates from various host species and geographical regions. Journal of Parasitology 78, 647-653.
250. Pozio, E., Owen, I.L., La Rosa, G., Sacchi, L., Rossi, P. and Corona, S. (1999). Trichinella papuae n. sp. (Nematoda); a new non-encapsulated species from domestic and sylvatic swine of Papua New Guinea. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 1825-1839.
251. Pozio, E., Foggin, C.M., Marucci, G., La Rosa, G., Sacchi, L., Corona, S., Rossi, P. and Mukaratirwa, S. (2002). Trichinella zimbabwensis n. sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Zimbabwe also infecting mammals. International Journal for Parasitology 32, 1787-1799.
252. Price, P.W. (1980). Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
253. Prichard, R. (1997). Application of molecular biology in veterinary parasitology. Veterinary Parasitology 71, 155-175.
254. Prociv, P. and Croese, J. (1996). Human enteric infection with Ancylostoma caninum: hookworms reappraised in the light of a 'new' zoonosis. Acta Tropica 62, 23-44.
255. Radloff, R., Bauer, W. and Vinograd, J. (1967). A dye buoyant-density method for the detection and isolation of closed circular duplex DNA: the closed circular DNA in HeLa cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 57, 1512-1514.
256. Rand, D.M. and Kann, L.M. (1998). Mutation and selection at silent and replacement sites in the evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. Genetica 102-103, 393-407.
257. Rand, D.M. and Harrison, R.G. (1989). Molecular population genetics of mtDNA size variation in crickets. Genetics 121, 551-569.
258. Rasnitsyn, A.P. (1988). An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (Order Vespida). Oriental Insects 22, 115-145.
259. Reichert, A., Rothbaver, U. and Morl, M. (1998). Processing and editing of overlapping tRNAs in mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273, 31977-31984.
260. Remme, J., Dadzie, K.Y., Rolland, A. and Thylefors, B. (1989). Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community I. West African savannah. Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 40, 340-347.
261. Riddle, D.L., Blumenthal, T., Meyer, B.J. and Prier, J.R. (1997). C. elegans II. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
262. Roe, B.A., Ma, D.P., Wilson, R.K. and Wong, J.F. (1985). The complete nucleotide sequence of the Xenopus laevis mitochondrial genome. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260, 9759-9774.
263. Roehrdanz, R.L. (1995). Amplification of complete insect mitochondrial genome in two easy pieces. Insect Molecular Biology 4, 169-172.
264. Roehrdanz, R.L. and Degrugillier, M.E. (1998). Long section of mitochondrial DNA amplified from fourteen orders of insect using conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of Entomology Society of America 91, 771-778.
265. Roehrdanz, R.L., Degrugillier, M.E. and Black IV, W.C. (2002). Novel rearrangements of arthropod mitochondrial DNA detected with long-PCR: applications to arthropod phylogeny and evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 841-849.
266. Rokas, A. and Holland, P.W.H. (2000). Rare genomic changes as a tool for phylogenetics. Tree 15, 454-459.
267. Romstad, A., Gasser, R.B., Nansen, P., Polderman, A.M. and Chilton, N.B. (1998). Necator americanus (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) from Africa and Malaysia have different ITS-2 rDNA sequences. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 611-615.
268. Russo, C.A.M., Takezaki, N. and Nei, M. (1996). Efficiencies of different genes and different tree-building methods in recovering a known vertebrate phylogeny. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, 525-536.
269. Saccone, C., Giorgi, C.D., Gissi, C., Pesole, G. and Reyes, A. (1999). Evolutionary genomics in metazoa: the mitochondrial DNA as a model system. Gene 238, 195-209.
270. Saccone, C., Gissi, C., Lanave, C., Larizza, A., Pesole, G. and Reyes, A. (2000). Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic system: an overview. Gene 261, 153-159.
271. Saccone, C., Gissi, C., Reyes, A., Larizza, A., Sbisà, E. and Pesole, G. (2002). Mitochondrial DNA in metazoa: degree of freedom in a frozen event. Gene 286, 3-12.
272. Saiki, R.K., Gelfand, D.H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S.J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G.T., Mullis, K.B. and Erlich, H.A. (1988). Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239, 487-491.
273. Saiki, R.K., Scharf, S.J., Faloona, F., Mullis, K.B., Horn, G.T., Erlich, H.A. and Arnheim, N. (1985). Enzymatic amplification of B-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230, 1350-1354.
274. Sankoff, D., Leduc, G., Antoine, N., Paquin, B., Lang, B.F. and Cedergren, R. (1992). Gene order comparisons for phylogenetic inference: evolution of the mitochondrial genome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89, 6575-6579.
275. Sasuga, J., Yokobori, S., Kaifu, M., Ueda, T., Nishikawa, K. and Watanabe, K. (1999). Gene contents and organisation of a mitochondrial DNA segment of the squid Loligo bleekeri. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48, 692-702.
276. Scouras, A. and Smith, M.J. (2001). A novel mitochondrial gene order in the crinoid echinoderm Florometra serratissima. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 61-73.
277. Shadel, G.S. and Clayton, D.A. (1997). Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates. Annual Review of Biochemistry 66, 409-435.
278. Shao, R., Campbell, N.J.H., Schmidt, E.R. and Barker, S.C. (2001). Increased rate of gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial genomes of three orders of hemipteroid insects. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 1828-1832.
279. Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. and Flook, P. (1994). Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of Entomology Society of America 87, 651-701.
280. Smith, M.J., Arndt, A., Gorki, S. and Fajber, E. (1993). The phylogeny of echinoderm classes based on mitochondrial gene arrangements. Journal of Molecular Evolution 36, 545-554.
281. Sorenson, M.D., Ast, J.C., Dimcheff, D.E., Yuri, T. and Mindell, D.P. (1999). Primers for a PCR-based approach to mitochondrial genome sequencing in birds and other vertebrates. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12, 105-114.
282. Staton, J.L., Daehler, L.L. and Brown, W.M. (1997). Mitochondrial gene arrangement of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus L.: conservation of major features among arthropod classes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14, 867-874.
283. Stanton, J., Hugall, A. and Moritz, C. (1997). Nucleotide polymorphisms and an improved PCR-based mtDNA diagnostic for parthenogenetic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Fundamental and Applied Nematology 20, 261-268.
284. Stevenson, L.A., Chilton, N.B. and Gasser, R.B. (1995). Differentiation of Haemonchus placei from H. contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) by the ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 483-488.
285. Suarez, V.H. and Cabaret, J. (1991). Similarities between species of the Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in relation to host-specificity and climatic environment. Systematic Parasitology 20, 179-185.
286. Sukhdeo, S.C., Sukhdeo, V.K., Black, M.B. and Vrijenhoek, R.C. (1997). The evolution of tissue migration in parasitic nematodes (Nematoda: Strongylida) inferred from a protein-coding mitochondrial gene. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 61, 281-298.
287. Sumida, M., Kanamori, Y., Kaneda, H., Kato, H., Nishioka, M., Hasegawa, M. and Yonekawa, H. (2001). Complete nucleotide sequence and gene rearrangement of the mitochondrial genome of the Japanese pond frog Rana nigromaculata. Genes & Genetic Systems 76, 311-325.
288. Taylor, M.J. and Hoerauf, A. (1999). Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes. Parasitology Today 15, 437-442.
289. Terrett, J.A., Miles, S. and Thomas, R.H. (1996). Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Journal of Molecular Evolution 42, 160-168.
290. Tessier, P. and Dorchies, P. (1997). Épidémiologie des strongyloses bovines en France: résultats des prélèvements d'herbe effectués dans huit régions. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 148, 237-240.
291. Thamsborg, S.M., Boa, M.E., Makundi, A.E. and Kassuku, A.A. (1998). Lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus viviparus) on dairy cattle farms in tropical highlands of Tanzania. Tropical Animal Health and Production 30, 93-96.
292. The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium (1998). Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology. Science 282, 2012-2018.
293. Townson, H. (2002). Wolbachia as a potential tool for suppressing filarial transmission. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology. 96S2, S117-S127.
294. Unnasch, T.R. and Williams, S.A. (2000). The genomes of Onchocerca volvulus. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 542-552.
295. Vercruysse, J., Dorny, P., Claerebout, E. and Weatherley, A. (1998). Field evaluation of a topical doramectin formulation for the chemoprophylaxis of parasitic bronchitis in calves. Veterinary Parasitology 75, 169-179.
296. Vilhelmsen, L. (2000). The ovipositor apparatus of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): phylogenetic implications and functional morphology. Zoologica Scripta 29, 319-345.
297. Viney, M.E. (1998). Nematode population genetics. Journal of Helminthology 72, 281-283.
298. von Nickisch-Rosenegk, M., Brown, W.M. and Boore, J.L. (2001). Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta: gene arrangements indicate that platyhelminths are eutrochozoans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 721-730.
299. Wang, X.O. (2001). The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes & Development 15, 2922-2933.
300. Wallace, D.C., Shoffner, J.M., Trounce, I., Brown, M.D., Ballinger, S.W., Corral-Debrinski, M., Horton, T., Jun, A.S. and Lott, M.T. (1995). Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human degenerative diseases and aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1271, 141-151.
301. Whitfield, J.B. (1992). Phylogeny of the non-aculeate Apocrita and the evolution of parasitism in the Hymenoptera. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 1, 3-14.
302. Whitfield, J.B. (1998). Phylogeny and evolution of host-parasitoid interactions in Hymenoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 129-151.
303. Wolstenholme, D.R. (1992). Animal mitochondrial DNA, structure and evolution. International Review of Cytology 141, 173-216.
304. Woolley, H. (1997). The economic impact of 'husk' in dairy cattle. Cattle Practice 5, 315-318.
305. Yamazaki, N., Ueshima, R., Terrett, J.A., Yokobori, S., Kaifu, M., Segawa, R., Kobayashi, T., Numachi, K., Ueda, T., Nishikawa, K., Watanabe, K. and Thomas, R.H. (1997). Evolution of pulmonate gastropod mitochondrial genomes: comparisons of gene organisations of Euhadra, Cepaea and Albinaria and implications of unusual tRNA secondary structures. Genetics 145, 749-758.
306. Yap, E.P.H. and McGee, J.O.D. (1994). Non-isotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PCR products. In: PCR Technology: Current Innovations (H.G. Griffin and A.M. Griffin, eds.), pp. 165-177. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
307. Yokobori, S., Ueda, T., Feldmaier-Fuchs, G., Pääbo, S., Ueshima, R., Kondow, A., Nishikawa, K. and Watanabe, K. (1999). Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi (Chordata, Urochordata). Genetics 153, 1851-1852.
308. Yokobori, S. and Pääbo, S. (1995). tRNA editing in metazoans. Nature 377, 490.
309. Zardoya, R. and Meyer, A. (1996). Phylogenetic performance of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in resolving relationships among vertebrates. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, 933-942.
310. Zarlenga, D.S. and La Rosa, G. (2000). Molecular and biochemical methods for parasite differentiation within the genus Trichinella. Veterinary Parasitology 93, 279-292.
311. Zhan, B., Li, T., Zhang, F. and Hawdon, J.M. (2001). Species-specific identification of human hookworms by PCR of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Journal of Parasitology 87, 1227-1229.
312. Zhang, D.X. and Hewitt, G.M. (1997). Insect mitochondrial control region. A review of its structure, evolution and usefulness in evolutionary studies. Biochemical and Systematic Evolution 25, 99-120.
313. Zhang, D.X., Szymura, J.M. and Hewitt, G.M. (1995). Evolution and structural conservation of the control region of insect mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 40, 382-391.
314. Zhu, X.Q. and Gasser, R.B. (1998). Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)-based mutation scanning approaches to fingerprint sequence variation in ribosomal DNA of ascaridoid nematodes. Electrophoresis 19, 1366-1373.
315. Zhu, X.Q., D'Amelio, S., Paggi, L. and Gasser, R.B. (2000a). Assessing sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal DNA within and among members of the Contracaecum osculatum complex (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae). Parasitology Research 86, 677-683.
316. Zhu, X.Q., Spratt, D.M., Beveridge, I., Haycock, P. and Gasser, R.B. (2000b). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism within and among species of Capillaria sensu lato from Australian marsupials and rodents. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 933-938.