Clinical pharmacology of anti-Alzheimer drugs

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 659-672

  Pettenati, Carla ^a   Annicchiarico, Roberta ^b   Caltagirone, Carlo ^c  

^a RHO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b IRCCS FONDAZIONE SANTA LUCIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Drugs; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ALZHEIMER DISEASE VACCINE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYCLOSERINE; DONEPEZIL; ESTROGEN; GALANTAMINE; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; INDOMETACIN; MEMANTINE; MUSCARINIC AGENT; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NICERGOLINE; NICOTINIC AGENT; NIMESULIDE; NOOTROPIC AGENT; PIRACETAM; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; RALOXIFENE; RIVASTIGMINE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; SELEGILINE; TACRINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLEEDING; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENCEPHALITIS; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); IRRITABILITY; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NONHUMAN; POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; VACCINATION;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; HUMANS; PHARMACOLOGY, CLINICAL;

EID: 0344944771     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00204.x     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Mc Khann G., Drachman D., Folstein M. et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS ADRDA Work group. Department of Health and Human services Task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1984) 34 939-944.
2. Rosen W.G., Mohs R., Davis K. A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry (1984) 141 1356-1364.
3. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. et al. Mini Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicians. J. Psychiatr. Res. (1975) 12 189-198.
4. Scneider L.S., Olin J.T., Doody R.S. et al. Valiability and reliability of the Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study -Clinical Global Change. Alzheimer. Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1997) 1 (Suppl. 2) S22-32.
5. Pryse-Phillips W. Do we have drugs for dementia? No. Arch. Neurol. (1999) 56 735-737.
6. Gauthier S. Do we have a treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Yes. Arch. Neurol. (1999) 56 738-739.
7. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) approves drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Br. Med. J. (2001) 190 322.
8. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease and other dementias of late life. American Psychiatric Association Work group on Alzheimer disease and related dementias. Am. J. Psychiatry. (1997) 154 1-39.
9. Doody R.S. et al. Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence based review). Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology (2001) 56 1154-1166.
10. Davies K.L., Maloney A.J. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet (1976) 2 1403.
11. Ballard C.G. Advances in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: benefits of dual cholinesterase inhibition. Eur. Neurol. (2002) 47 64-70.
12. Bartus R.T., Dean R.L. III, Beer B. et al. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science (1982) 217 408-414.
13. Gallagher M., Colombo P.J. Ageing: the cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive decline. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. (1995) 5 161-168.
14. Kasa P., Rakonczay Z., Gulya K. The cholinergic system in Alzheimer's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. (1997) 52 511-535.
15. Whitehouse P.J., Price D.L., Struble R.G. et al. Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: Loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science (1982) 215 1237-1239.
16. Katzman R. Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1986) 314 964-973.
17. O'Brian J.T., Ballard C.G. Drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Br. Med. J. (2001) 323 123-124.
18. Cummings J.L. Cholinesterase inhibitors: a new class of psychotropic compounds. Am. J. Psychiatry (2000) 157 4-15.
19. Cummings J.L., Kaufer D. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease: the cholinergic hypothesis revisited. Neurology (1996) 53 687-690.
20. Minger S.L., Esiri N.M., Mc Donald B. et al. Cholinergic deficits contribute to behavioral disturbance in patients with dementia. Neurology (2000) 55 1460-1467.
21. Weinstock M. Selectivity of cholinesterase inhibition. CNS Drugs (1999) 12 307-323.
22. Giacobini E. Cholinesterase inhibitors: from the calabar bean to Alzheimer therapy. In: Giacobini E. (Ed) Cholinesterases and Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Martin Dunitz, London, 2000, pp. 181-226.
23. Clegg A., Bryant J., Nicholson T. et al. Clinical and cost effectiveness of donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine for Alzheimer's disease. NICE Report American Academy of Neurology (AAN). Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2001.
24. Wolfson C., Oremus M., Shukla V. et al. Donepezil and rivastigmine in the treatment of Alzheimer's diesease: a best-evidence synthesis of the published data on their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Clin. Ther. (2002) 24 862-866.
25. Rogers S., Friedhoff L.T. Long term efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer disease: an interim analysis of the results of a US multicentre open label extension study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. (1998) 8 67-75.
26. Mohs R.C., Doody R.S., Morris J.C. et al. A 1 year placebo controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients. Neurology (2001) 14 481-488.
27. Feldman H., Gauthier S., Hecker J. et al. A 24 week randomized double blind study of donepezil in moderate to severe Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology (2001) 57 613-620.
28. Mega M.S., Masterman D.M., O'Connor S.M. et al. The spectrum of behavioral responses to cholinesterase inhibitor therapy in Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. (1999) 56 1388-1393.
29. McKeith I., DelSer T., Spano P. et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised double blind placebo controlled international study. Lancet (2000) 16 2031-2036.
30. Rosler M., Retz W., Retz-Junginger P. et al. Effects of two year treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer disease. Behav. Neurol. (1998) 11 211-216.
31. Burt T., Sachs G.S., Demopoulos C. Donepezil in treatment resistant bipolar disorders. Biol. Psychiatry (1999) 45 959-964.
32. Giacobini E. Therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Symptomatic or neuroprotective? Mol. Neurobiol. (1994) 9 115-118.
33. Schredl M., Weber B., Braus D. et al. The effect of rivastigmine on sleep in elderly healthy subjects. Exp. Gerontol. (2000) 35 243-249.
34. Nitsch R.M., Deng M., Tennis M. et al. The selective muscarinic M1 agonist AF102 B decreases levels of total Abeta in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. (2000) 48 913-918.
35. Di Luca M., Pastorino L., Bianchetti A. et al. Differential pattern of platelet APP isoforms: an early marker for Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (1998) 55 1195-1200.
36. Borroni B., Colciaghi F., Pastorino L. et al. Amyloid precursor protein in platelets of patients with Alzheimer's disease: effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58 442-448.
37. Burns A., Rossor M., Hecker J. et al. The effects of Donepezil in Alzheimer's disease-Results from a multinational trial. Dementia (1999) 10 237-244.
38. Rogers S., Doody R., Mohs R. et al. and the Donepezil Study Group. Donepezil improved cognition and global function in Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Intern. Med. (1998) 158 1021-1031.
39. Rogers S., Farlow M., Doody R. et al. and the Donepezil Study Group. A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1998) 50 136-145.
40. Foster R.H., Plosker G.L. Donepezil. Pharmacoeconomic implications of therapy. Pharmacoeconomics (1999) 16 99-114.
41. Shua-Haim J.R., Shua-Haim V., Sabo M. et al. Case report: donepezil in the treatment of advanced Alzheimer'disease. Ann. Long-term Care (1999) 7 66-72.
42. Greenberg S.M., Tennis M.K., Brown L.B. et al. Donepezil therapy in clinical practice. Arch. Neurol. (2000) 57 94-99.
43. Birks J.S., Melzer D. Donepezil for mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1999) 4 1-15.
44. Winblad B., Engeda K., Soininen H. et al. A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD. Neurology (2001) 57 489-495.
45. Rocca P., Cocuzza E., Marchiaro L. et al. Donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: long term efficacy and safety. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry (2002) 26 369-373.
46. Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS). Self-rated version. Incorporated in the Philadelphia Geriatric Center. Multilevel Assessment Instrument (MAI). Psychopharmacol. Bull. (1988) 24 795-797.
47. Polinsky R.J. Clinical pharmacology of rivastigmine: a new-generation acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Clin. Ther. (1998) 20 634-647.
48. Corey-Bloom J., Anand R., Veach J. for the ENA 713 B352 Study Group. A randomized trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ENA 713 rivastigmine tartrate, a new acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychopharmacol. (1998) 1 55-65.
49. Rosler M., Anand R., Cicin-Sain A. et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer disease: international randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. (1999) 318 633-640.
50. Forette F., Anand R., Gharabawi G. A phase II study in patients with Alzheimer's disease to assess the preliminary efficacy and maximum tolerated dose of Rivastigmine (Exeloninfinity). Eur. J. Neurol. (1999) 6 423-429.
51. Farlow M.R., Hake A., Messina J. et al. Response of patients with Alzheimer disease to rivastigmine treatment is predicted by the rate of disease progression. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58 417-422.
52. Birks J., GrimleyEvans J., Iakovidou V., et al. Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford 2002.
53. Thomsen T., Bickel U., Fischer J.P. et al. Galanthamine hydrobromide in a long-term treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia (1990) 1 46-51.
54. Thomsen T., Bickel U., Fischer J.P. et al. Stereoselectivity of cholinesterase inhibition by galanthamine and tolerance in humans. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1990) 39 603-605.
55. Wilcock G.K., Scott M., Pearsall T. et al. Galanthamine and the treatmente of Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry (1993) 8 781-782.
56. Kewitz H., Wilcock G.K., Davis B. In: Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of galanthamine. Giacobini E. Becker R. (Eds), Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic strategies, Birkhauser. Boston, 1994 pp. 140-144.
57. Raskind M., Peskind E., Wessel T. et al. and the Galantamine Study Group. Galantamine in AD. A 6-month randomized. placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. Neurology (2000) 54 2261-2268.
58. Wilcock G.K., Lilienfeld S., Gaens E. Efficacy and safety of galantamine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: multicentre randomised controlled trial. Galantamine International-1 Study Group. Br. Med. J. (2000) 9 1445-1449.
59. Tariot P.N., Solomon P., Morris J. et al. and the Galantamine Study Group. A 5-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of galantamine in AD. Neurology (2000) 54 2269-2276.
60. Wilkinson D., Murray J. Galantamine: a randomized, double-blind, dose comparison in patients with Alzhiemer's disease. Int. J. Geriat Psychiatry (2001) 16 852-857.
61. Rockwood K., Mintzer J., Truyen L. et al. on behalf of the Galantamine International-2 Study Group. Effects of a flexibile galanatamine dose in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry (2001) 71 589-595.
62. Olin J., Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheomer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, Update Software, Oxford 2002.
63. Mecocci P., Cherubini A., Senin U. Invecchiamento cerebrale decline cognitivo demenza un continuum? Critical Medicine Publishing Editore, Roma. 2002.
64. Beal M.F. Mechanisms of excitotoxicity in neurologic disease. FASEB J. (1992) 6 3338-3344.
65. Mattson M.P., Cheng B., Davis D. et al. Beta-amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to exitotoxicity. J. Neurosci. (1992) 12 379-389.
66. Gray C.W., Patel A.J. Neurodegeneration mediated by glutammate and β-amyloid peptide: a comparison and possible interaction. Brain Res. (1995) 691 169-179.
67. Couratier P., Lesort M., Sindou P. et al. Modifications of neuronal phosphorylated tau immunoreactivity induced by NMDA toxicity. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. (1996) 27 259-273.
68. Bullock R. New drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Br. J. Psychiatry (2002) 180 135-139.
69. Winblad B., Poritis N. Memantine in severe dementia: results of the M-BEST Study (benefit and efficacy in severely demented patients during treatment with memantine). Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (1999) 14 135-146.
70. Sheriff F., Haworth J., Wilcock G. Memantine for dementia (Protocol for a Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library. Issue 3, Update Software, Oxford 2002.
71. Reisberg B., Windscheif U., Ferris S.H. et al. Memantine in moderately severe Alzheimer's disease (AD): results of a placebo-controlled 6-month trial. Conference proceedings World Alzheimer Congress: 9-13 July, 2000: Washington.
72. Jones R.W., Wesnes K.A., Kirby J. Effects of NMDA modulation in scopolamine dementia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1991) 640 241-244.
73. Laake K., Oeksengaard A.R. D-cycloserine for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford 2002.
74. McGeer P.L., McGeer E.G. Mechanisms of cell death in Alzheimer's disease - immunopathology. J. Neurotransmission (1998) 54 159-166.
75. Stewart W.F., Kawas C., Corrada M. et al. Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology (1997) 48 626-632.
76. McGeer P.L., Schulzer M., Mc Geer E.G. Arthritis and antinflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer disease: a review of 17 epidemiologic studies. Neurology (1996) 47 425-432.
77. Aisen P.S., Schmeidler J., Pasinetti G.M. Randomized pilot study of numesulide treatment in Alzheimer disease. Neurology (2002) 58 1050-1054.
78. Tabet N., Feldman H. Indomehtacin for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software: Oxford 2002.
79. Sano M., Ernesto C., Thomas R.C. et al. A controlled trial of selegeline, alpha tocopherol, or both, as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. (1997) 336 1216-1222.
80. Morris M.C., Beckett L.A., Scherr P.A. et al. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dis. Assoc. Disord. (1998) 12 121-126.
81. Perrig W.J., Perrig P., Stahelin H.B. The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old. Am. J. Geriatr. Soc. (1997) 45 718-724.
82. Tabet N., Birks J., Grimley Evans J. Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford 2002.
83. Birks J., Flicker L. Selegeline for Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford 2002.
84. Pratico D., Delanty N. Oxidative injury in disease of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Med. (2000) 109 577-585.
85. Winblad B. Nicergoline in dementia. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. CNS Drugs (2000) 14 267-287.
86. Fioravanti M., Flicker L. Efficacy of nicergoline in dementia and other age associated forms of cognitive impairment (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software. Oxford 2002.
87. Flicker L., Grimley Evans J. Piracetam for dementia or cognitive impairment (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library. Issue 3, Update Software, Oxford 2002.
88. Fratiglioni L., Viitanen M., Von Strauss E. et al. Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: incidence data from the Kungsholmen project. Stockholm. Neurology (1997) 48 132-138.
89. Seshadri S., Wolf P.A., Beiser A. et al. Lifetime risk of dementia al Alzheimer's disease: the impact of mortality on risk estimates in the Framingham study. Neurology (1997) 49 1498-1504.
90. Kawas C., Resnick S., Morrison A. et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Neurology (1997) 48 1517-1521.
91. Seshadri S., Zornberg G.L., Derby L.E. et al. Post menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. (2001) 58 435-440.
92. Yaffe K., Krueger K., Sarkar S. et al. Cognitive function in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344 1207-1213.
93. Robinson D., Friedman L., Marcus R. et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and memory in older women. JAGS (1994) 42 919-922.
94. Birge S.J. The role of oestrogen in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology (1997) 48 (Suppl.) 36-40.
95. Mulnard R.A., Cotman C.W., Kawas C. et al. Estrgen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. JAMA (2000) 283 1007-1015.
96. Hogervorst E., Williams J., Budge M. et al. The nature of the effect of female gonadal hormone replacement therapy on cognitive function in post-menopausal women: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience (2000) 101 485-512.
97. Yaffe K., Sawaya G., Lieberburg I. et al. Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. JAMA (1998) 279 688-695.
98. Barret-Connor E. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann. Intern. Med. (1991) 115 455-456.
99. Matthews K.A., Kuller L.H., Wing R.R. et al. Prior to use of estrogen replacement therapy: are users healthier than nonusers? Am. J. Epidemiol. (1996) 143 971-978.
100. LeBlanc E.S., Janowsky J., Chan B.K. et al. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition:systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA (2001) 21 1489-1499.
101. Hogervost E., Yaffe K., Richards M. et al. Hormone replacement therapy to manintain cognitive function in women with dementia (Cochrane Review), in: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Update Software, Oxford 2002.
102. Munch G., Robinson R. Alzheimer's vaccine: a cure as dangerous as the disease? J. Neural. Transm. (2002) 109 537-539.
103. Check E. Nerve inflammation halts trial for Alzheimer's drug. Nature (2002) 415 462.
104. Weiss R. Alzheimer's vaccine permanently shelved. Washington Post (2002) 2 March A03.
105. Bard F., Cannon C., Barbour R. et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid beta-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Med. (2000) 6 916-999.
106. Grubeck-Loebenstein B., Blaso I., Marx F.K. et al. Immunization with beta-amyloid:could T-cell activation have a harmful effect? Trends Neurosci. (2000) 23 114.
107. Arendash G.W., Gordon M.N., Diamond D.M. et al. Behavioral assessment of Alzheimer's transgenic mice following long-term Abeta vaccination: task specificity and correlations between Abeta deposition and spatial memory. DNA Cell Biol. (2001) 20 737-744.
108. Schenk D., Barbour R., Dunn W. et al. Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature (2002) 400 173-177.
109. Lashuel H.A., Hartley D.M., Balakhaneh D. et al. New class of inhibitors of amyloid-beta (Abeta) fibril formation: Implications for the mechanism of pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) 6 [e-pub ahead of print].
110. Klein W. Abeta toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: globular oligomers (ADDLs) as new vaccine and drug targets. Neurochem. Int. (2002) 41 345.
111. Pepys M.B., Herbert J., Hutchinson W.L. et al. Targeted pharmacological depletion of serum amyloid P component for treatment of human amyloidosis. Nature (2002) 16 254-259.
112. Bush A.I., Tanzi R.E. The galvanization of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 28 7317-7319.
113. Cherny R.A., Atwood C.S., Xilinas M.E. et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits beta-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron (2001) 30 665-676.
114. American Psychiatric Association Work group on Alzheimer disease and related dementias. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease and other dementias of late life. Am. J. Psychiatry (1997) 154 (Suppl.) 1-39.
115. Bonner L.T., Peskind E.R. Pharmacologie treatment of dementia. Med. Clin. North Am. (2002) 86 657-674.
116. Cummings J.L. Use of cholinesterase inibitors in clinical practice: evidence-based reccomandations. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry (2003) 11 131-145.