The Role of the Hypocretinergic System in the Integration of Networks that Dictate the States of Arousal

Drug News and Perspectives

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 504-512

  Winsky Sommerer, Raphaëlle ^a   Boutrel, Benjamin ^a   De Lecea, Luis ^a  

^a SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; AMPHETAMINE; CLOZAPINE; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; MODAFINIL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OREXIN A; OREXIN B; PENTOBARBITAL; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; THIOPERAMIDE;

AROUSAL; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN STEM; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS; LIBIDO DISORDER; LOCOMOTION; MOOD DISORDER; NARCOLEPSY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PROTEIN CONTENT; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; SOMNOLENCE; TISSUE LEVEL; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; WAKEFULNESS;

ANIMALS; CARRIER PROTEINS; FORECASTING; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; NEUROPEPTIDES; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RECEPTORS, NEUROPEPTIDE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WAKEFULNESS;

EID: 0344444697     PISSN: 02140934     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dnp.2003.16.8.829349     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Mignot, E., Taheri, S. and Nishino, S. Sleeping with the hypothalamus: Emerging therapeutic targets for sleep disorders. Nat Neurosci 2002, 5 Suppl: 1071-5.
2. Willie, J.T., Chemelli, R.M., Sinton, C.M. and Yanagisawa, M. To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001, 24: 429-58.
3. Sutcliffe, J.G. and De Lecea, L. The hypocretins: Setting the arousal threshold. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002, 3: 339-49.
4. Gautvik, K.M., de Lecea, L., Gautvik, V.T. et al. Overview of the most prevalent hypothalamus-specific mRNAs, as identified by directional tag PCR subtraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93: 8733-8.
5. de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T.S., Peyron, C. et al. The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95: 322-7.
6. Sakurai, T., Amemiya, A., Ishii, M. et al. Orexins and orexin receptors. A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998, 92: 573-85.
7. Trivedi, P., Yu, H., MacNeil, D.J., Van der Ploeg, L.H. and Guan, X.M. Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain. FEBS Lett 1998, 438: 71-5.
8. Marcus, J.N., Aschkenasi, C.J., Lee, C.E. et al. Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2001, 435: 6-25.
9. Lu, X.Y., Bagnol, D., Burke, S., Akil, H. and Watson, S.J. Differential distribution and regulation of OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor messenger RNA in the brain upon fasting. Horm Behav, 2000, 37: 335-44.
10. van den Pol, A.N., Gao, X.B., Obrietan, K., Kilduff, T.S. and Belousov, A.B. Presynaptic and postsynaptic actions and modulation of neuroendocrine neurons by a new hypothalamic peptide, hypocretin/orexin. J Neurosci 1998, 18: 7962-71.
11. Sherin, J.E., Shiromani, P.J., McCarley, R.W. and Saper, C.B. Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 1996, 271: 216-9.
12. Hagan, J.J., Leslie, R.A., Patel, S. et al. Orexin A activates locus coeruleus cell firing and increases arousal in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96: 10911-6.
13. van den Pol, A.N. Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin): Robust innervation of the spinal cord. J Neurosci 1999, 19: 3171-82.
14. Sweet, D.C., Levine, A.S., Billington, C.J. and Kotz, C.M. Feeding response to central orexins. Brain Res 1999, 821: 535-8.
15. Kunii, K., Yamanaka, A., Nambu, T., Matsuzaki, I., Goto, K. and Sakurai, T. Orexins/hypocretins regulate drinking behaviour. Brain Res 1999, 842: 256-61.
16. Samson, W.K., Gosnell, B., Chang, J.K., Resch, Z.T. and Murphy, T.C. Cardiovascular regulatory actions of the hypocretins in brain. Brain Res 1999, 831: 248-53.
17. Yang, J. and Tsien, R.W. Enhancement of N- and L-type calcium channel currents by protein kinase C in frog sympathetic neurons. Neuron 1993, 10: 127-36.
18. Li, Y., Gao, X.B., Sakurai, T. and van den Pol, A.N. Hypocretin/Orexin excites hypocretin neurons via a local glutamate neuron-A potential mechanism for orchestrating the hypothalamic arousal system. Neuron 2002, 36: 1169-81.
19. Anand, B.K. and Brobeck, J.R. Localization of a feeding center in the hypothalamus of the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1951, 77: 3234.
20. Powley, T.L. and Keesey, R.E. Relationship of body weight to the lateral hypothalamic feeding syndrome. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1970, 70: 25-36.
21. Ida, T., Nakahara, K., Kuroiwa, T. et al. Both corticotropin releasing factor and neuropeptide Y are involved in the effect of orexin (hypocretin) on the food intake in rats. Neurosci Lett 2000, 293: 119-22.
22. Chemelli, R.M., Willie, J.T., Sinton, C.M. et al. Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 1999, 98: 437-51.
23. Elias, C.F., Saper, C.B., Maratos-Flier, E. et al. Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J Comp Neurol 1998, 402: 442-59.
24. Broberger, C., de Lecea, L., Sutcliffe, J.G. and Hökfelt, T. Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: Relationship to neuropeptide Y innervation. J Comp Neurol 1998, 402: 460-74.
25. Cai, X.J., Evans, M.L., Lister, C.A. et al. Hypoglycemia activates orexin neurons and selectively increases hypothalamic orexin-B levels: Responses inhibited by feeding and possibly mediated by the nucleus of the solitary tract. Diabetes 2001, 50: 105-12.
26. Griffond, B., Risold, P.Y., Jacquemard, C., Colard, C. and Fellmann, D. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases preprohypocretin (orexin) mRNA in the rat lateral hypothalamic area. Neurosci Lett 1999, 262: 77-80.
27. Bayer, L., Colard, C., Nguyen, N.U., Risold, P.Y., Fellmann, D. and Griffond, B. Alteration of the expression of the hypocretin (orexin) gene by 2-deoxyglucose in the rat lateral hypothalamic area. Neuroreport 2000, 11: 531-3.
28. Cai, X.J., Widdowson, E.S., Harrold, J. et al. Hypothalamic orexin expression: Modulation by blood glucose and feeding. Diabetes 1999, 48: 2132-7.
29. Muroya, S., Uramura, K., Sakurai, T., Takigawa, M. and Yada, T. Lowering glucose concentrations increases cytosolic Ca(2+) in orexin neurons of the rat lateral hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 2001, 309: 165-8.
30. Moriguchi, T., Sakurai, T., Nambu, T., Yanagisawa, M. and Goto, K. Neurons containing orexin in the lateral hypothalamic area of the adult rat brain are activated by insulin-induced acute hypoglycemia. Neurosci Lett 1999, 264: 101-4.
31. Wortley, K.E., Chang, G.Q., Davydova, Z. and Leibowitz, S.F. Peptides that regulate food intake: Orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 284: R1454-65.
32. Hara, J., Beuckmann, C.T., Nambu, T. et al. Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity. Neuron 2001, 30: 345-54.
33. Pace-Schott, E.F. and Hobson, J.A. The neurobiology of sleep: Genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002, 3: 591-605.
34. Bourgin, P., Huitrón-Reséndiz, S., Spier, A. et al. Hypocretin-1 modulates REM sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J Neurosci 2000, 20: 7760-5.
35. Horvath, T.L., Peyron, C., Diano, S. et al. Hypocretin (orexin) activation and synaptic innervation of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system. J Comp Neurol 1999, 415: 145-59.
36. Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M.L. A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4: 732-8.
37. Abrahamson, E.E., Leak, R.K. and Moore, R.Y. The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport 2001, 12: 435-40.
38. Steriade, M. and Llinas, R.R. The functional states of the thalamus and the associated neuronal interplay. Physiol Rev 1988. 68: 649-742.
39. Jones, B.E. The role of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons and neighboring cholinergic neurons of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum in sleep-wake states. Prog Brain Res 1991, 88: 533-43.
40. Peyron, C., Tighe, D.K., van den Pol, A.N. et al. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci 1998, 18: 9996-10015.
41. Greco, M.A. and Shiromani, P.J. Hypocretin receptor protein and mRNA expression in the dorsolateral pons of rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001, 88: 176-82.
42. Burlet, S., Tyler, C.J. and Leonard, C.S. Direct and indirect excitation of laterodorsal tegmental neurons by hypocretin/orexin peptides: Implications for wakefulness and narcolepsy. J Neurosci 2002, 22: 2862-72.
43. Takahashi, K., Koyama, Y., Kayama, Y. and Yamamoto, M. Effects of orexin on the laterodorsal tegmental neurones. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002, 56: 335-6.
44. Brown, R.E., Sergeeva, O., Eriksson, K.S. and Haas, H.L. Orexin A excites serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Neuropharmacology 2001, 40: 457-9.
45. Xi, M., Morales, F.R. and Chase, M.H. Effects on sleep and wakefulness of the injection of hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) into the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the cat. Brain Res 2001, 901: 259-64.
46. Panula, P., Yang. H.Y. and Costa, E. Histamine-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984, 81: 2572-6.
47. Haas, H. and Panula, P. The role of histamine and the tuberomamillary nucleus in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003, 4: 121-30.
48. Panula, P., Pipvola, U., Auvinen, S. and Airaksinen, M.S. Histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1989, 28: 585-610.
49. Parmentier, R., Ohtsu, H., Djebbara-Hannas, Z., Valatx, J.L., Watanabe, T. and Lin, J.S. Anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of histidine decarboxylase knock-out mice: Evidence for the role of brain histamine in behavioral and sleep-wake control. J Neurosci 2002, 22: 7695-711.
50. Bayer, L., Eggermann, E., Serafin, M. et al. Orexins (hypocretins) directly excite tuberomammillary neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2001, 14: 1571-5.
51. Eriksson, K.S., Sergeeva, O., Brown, R.E. and Haas, H.L. Orexin/hypocretin excites the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus. J Neurosci 2001, 21: 9273-9.
52. Yamanaka, A., Tsujino, N., Funahashi, H. et al. Orexins activate histaminergic neurons via the orexin 2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 290: 1237-45.
53. Albanese, A. and Minciacchi, D. Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: A multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1983, 216: 406-20.
54. Wise, R.A. and Rompre, P.P. Brain dopamine and reward. Annu Rev Psychol 1989. 40: 191-225.
55. Schultz, W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 1998, 80: 1-27.
56. Wise, R.A. Brain reward circuitry: Insights from unseased incentives. Neuron 2002, 36: 229-40.
57. Fadel, J. and Deutch, A.Y. Anatomical substrates of orexin-dopamine interactions: Lateral hypothalamic projections to the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2002, 111: 379-87.
58. Uramura, K., Funahashi, H., Muroya, S., Shioda, S., Takigawa, M. and Yada, T. Orexin-a activates phospholipase C- and protein kinase C-mediated Ca2+ signaling in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroreport 2001, 12: 1885-9.
59. Korotkova, T.M., Sergeeva, O.A., Eriksson, O.A., K.S., Haas, H.L. and Brown, R.E. Excitation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons by orexins/ hypocretins. J Neurosci 2003, 23: 7-11.
60. Nakamura, T., Uramura, K., Nambu, T. et al. Orexin-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy are mediated by the dopaminergic system. Brain Res 2000, 873: 181-7.
61. Martin, G., Fabre, V., Siggins, G.R. and de Lecea, L. Interaction of the hypocretins with neurotransmitters in the nucleus accumbens. Regul Pept 2002, 104: 111-7.
62. Date, Y., Mondal, M.S., Matsukura, S. et al. Distribution of orexin/hypocretin in the rat median eminence and pituitary. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000, 76: 1-6.
63. Ida, T., Nakahara, K., Murakami, T., Hanada, R., Nakazato, M. and Murakami, N. Possible involvement of orexin in the stress reaction in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 270: 318-23.
64. Shirasaka, T., Kunitake, T., Takasaki, M. and Kannan, H. Neuronal effects of orexins: Relevant to sympathetic and cardiovascular functions. Regul Pept 2002, 104: 91-5.
65. Takahashi, N., Okumura, T., Yamada, H. and Kohgo, Y. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by centrally administered orexin-A in conscious rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 254: 623-7.
66. Hajszan, T., Liposits, Z. and Zaborszky, L. Adrenergic input to the perifornical orexin-containing neurons in the rat. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience 2002. Online, 2002: Program No. 735.9. 2002.
67. Kuru, M., Ueta, Y., Serino, R. et al. Centrally administered orexin/hypocretin activates HPA axis in rats. Neuroreport 2000. 11: 1977-80.
68. Malendowicz, L.K., Tortorella, C. and Nussdorfer, G.G. Orexins stimulate corticosterone secretion of rat adrenocortical cells, through the activation of the adenylate cyclase-dependent signaling cascade. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999, 70: 185-8.
69. Stricker-Krongrad, A., Richy, S. and Beck, B. Orexins/hypocretins in the ob/ob mouse: Hyphothalamic gene expression, peptide content and metabolic effects. Regul Pept 2002, 104: 11-20.
70. Blanco, M., Garcia-Caballero, T., Fraga, M. et al. Cellullar localization of orexin receptors in human adrenal gland, adrenocortical adenomas and pheochromocytomas. Regul Pept 2002, 104: 161-5.
71. Lopez, M., Senaris, R., Gallego, R. et al. Orexin receptors are expressed in the adrenal medulla of the rat. Endocrinology 1999, 140: 5991-4.
72. Nanmoku, T., Isobe, K., Sakurai, T. et al. Effects of orexin on cultured porcine adrenal medullary and cortex cells. Regul Pept 2002, 104: 125-30.
73. Espana, R.A., Valentino, R.J. and Berridge, C.W. Fos expression in hypocretin-I receptor-bearing and hypocretin-synthesizing nearons: Effects of diurnal and nocturnal waking, stress and hcrt-1 administration. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience 2002: Program No. 776.5.
74. Samson, W.K. and Taylor, M.M. Hypocretin/orexin suppresses corticotroph responsiveness in vitro. Aro J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001, 281: R1140-5.
75. Scammell, T.E. The neurobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2003, 53: 154-66.
76. Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R. et al. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 1999, 98: 365-76.
77. Peyron, C., Faraco, J., Rogers, W. et al. A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med 2000, 6: 991-7.
78. Thannickal, T.C., Moore, R.Y., Nienhuis, R. et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000, 27: 469-74.
79. Schuld, A., Hebebrand, J., Geller, F. and Pollmacher, T. Increased body-mass index in patients with narcolepsy. Lancet 2000, 355: 1274-5.
80. Komaki, G., Matsumoto, Y., Nishikata, H. et al. Orexin-A and leptin change inversely in fasting non-obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2001, 144: 645-51.
81. Kok, S.W., Meinders, A.E., Overeem, S. et al. Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87: 805-9.
82. Saper, C.B., Chou, T.C. and Scammell, T.E. The sleep switch: Hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness. Trends Neurosci 2001, 24: 726-31.
83. Engber, T.M., Koury, E.J., Dennis, S.A., Miller, M.S., Contreras, P.C. and Bhat, R.V. Differential patterns of regional c-Fos induction in the rat brain by amphetamine and the novel wakefulness-promoting agent modafinil. Neurosci Lett 1998, 241: 95-8.
84. Wisor, J.P., Nishino, S., Sora, I., Uhl, G.H., Mignot. E. and Edgar, D.M., Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness. J Neurosci 2001, 21: 1787-94.
85. Fadel, J., Bubser, M. and Deutch, A.Y. Differential activation of orexin neurons by antipsychotic drugs associated with weight gain. J Neurosci 2002, 22: 6742-6.
86. Smart, D., Sabido-David, C., Brough, S.J. et al. SB-334867-A: The first selective orexin-I receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2001, 132: 1179-82.
87. Soffin, E.M., Evans, M.L., Gill, C.H., Harries, M.H., Benham, C.D. and Davies, C.H. SB-334867-A antagonises orexin mediated excitation in the locus coeruleus. Neuropharmacology 2002, 42: 127-33.
88. Roberts, A.J., Heyser, C.J., Cole, M., Griffin, P. and Koob, G.E., Excessive ethanol drinking following a history of dependence: Animal model of allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000, 22: 581-94.
89. Koob, G.F. and Le Moal, M. Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 1997, 278: 52-8.
90. Ahmed, S.H. and Koob, G.F. Transition from moderate to excessive drug intake: Change in hedonic set point. Science 1998, 282: 298-300.
91. Hervieu, G.J., Cluderay, J.E., Harrison, D.C., Roberts. J.C. and Leslie, R.A. Gente expression and protein distribution of the orexin-1 receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience 2001, 103: 777-97.