Mitochondrial dynamics

New Phytologist

Volumn 160, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 463-478

  Logan, David C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Development; Division; Dynamics; Fission; Fusion; Mitochondria; Morphology

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRION;

EMBRYOPHYTA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0344232760     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00918.x     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Allen JF, Raven JA. 2003. Chloroplasts and mitochondria: functional genomics and evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 358: 1-274.
2. Altman R. 1890. Die Elementarorganismen und Ihre Beziehungen Zur Den Zellen. Keipzig, Germany: Verlag von Veit.
3. Arimura S, Tsutsumi N. 2002. A dynamin-like protein (ADL2b), rather than FtsZ, is involved in Arabidopsis mitochondrial division. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 5727-5731.
4. Attardi G, Schatz G. 1988. Biogenesis of mitochondria. Annual Review of Cell Biology 4: 289-333.
5. Balk J, Leaver CJ. 2001. The PET1-CMS mitochondrial mutation in sunflower is associated with premature programmed cell death and cytochrome c release. Plant Cell 13: 1803-1818.
6. Balk J, Leaver CJ, McCabe PF. 1999. Translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol occurs during heat-induced programmed cell death in cucumber plants. FEBS Letters 463: 151-154.
7. Barni S, Sciola L, Spano A, Pippia P. 1996. Static cytofluorometry and fluorescence morphology of mitochondria and DNA in proliferating fibroblasts. Biotechnic and Histochemistry 71: 66-70.
8. Beech PL, Nheu T, Schultz T, Herbert S, Lithgow T, Gilson PR, McFadden GI. 2000. Mitochondrial FtsZ in a chromophyte alga. Science 287: 1276-1279.
9. Bereiter-Hahn J, Voth M. 1994. Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: shape changes, dislocations, fusion and fission of mitochondria. Microscopy Research and Technique 27: 198-219.
10. Berger KH, Sogo LF, Yaffe MP. 1997. Mdm12p, a component required for mitochondrial inheritance that is conserved between budding and fission yeast. Journal of Cell Biology 136: 545-553.
11. Bi E, Lutkenhaus J. 1991. FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli. Nature 354: 161-164.
12. Bleazard W, McCaffery JM, King EJ, Bale S, Mozdy A, Tieu Q, Nunnari J, Shaw JM. 1999. The dynamin-related GTPase Dnm1 regulates mitochondrial fission in yeast. Nature Cell Biology 1: 298-304.
13. van der Bliek AM, Redelmeier TE, Dmake EJ, Tisdale EM, Meyerowitz EM, Schmid SL. 1993. Mutations in human dynamin block an intermediate stage in coated vesicle formation. Journal of Cell Biology 122: 553-563.
14. Boldogh IR, Yang HC, Nowakowski WD, Karmon SL, Hays LG, Yates JR, Pon LA. 2001a. Arp2/3 complex and actin dynamics are required for actin-based mitochondrial motility in yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98: 3162-3167.
15. Boldogh IR, Yang HC, Pon LA. 2001 b. Mitochondrial inheritance in budding yeast. Traffic 2: 368-374.
16. Bowsher C, Tobin AK. 2001. Compartmentation of metabolism within mitochondria and plastids. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 513-527.
17. Bretscher A. 2003. Polarized growth and organelle segregation in yeast: the tracks, motors, and receptors. Journal of Cell Biology 160: 811-816.
18. Brookes PS, Levonen A-L, Shiva S, Sarti P, Darley-Usmar VM. 2002. Mitochondria: regulators of signal transduction by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 33: 755-764.
19. Burgess SM, Delannoy M, Jensen RE. 1994. MMM1 encodes a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for establishing and maintaining the structure of yeast mitochondria. Journal of Cell Biology 126: 1375-1391.
20. Caggese C, Ragone G, Perrini B, Moschetti R, De Pinto V, Caizzi R, Barsanti P. 1999. Identification of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins: isolation of a collection of D. melanogaster cDNAs homologous to sequences in the Human Gene Index database. Molecular and General Genetics 261: 64-70.
21. Catlett NL, Weisman LS. 2000. Divide and multiply: organelle partitioning in yeast. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12: 509-516.
22. Cerveny KL, McCaffery JM, Jensen RE. 2001. Division of mitochondria requires a novel DNM1-interacting protein, Net2p. Molecular Biology of the Cell 12: 309-321.
23. Chalfie M, Kain S. 1998. Green fluorescent protein: properties, applications and protocols. New York, USA: Wiley-Liss, Inc.
24. Claros MG, Vincens P. 1996. Computational method to predict mitochondrially imported proteins and their targeting sequences. European Journal of Biochemistry 241: 779-786.
25. Colletti KS, Tattersall EA, Pyke KA, Froelich JE, Stokes KD, Osteryoung KW. 2000. A homologue of the bacterial cell division site-determining factor MinD mediates placement of the chloroplast division apparatus. Current Biology 10: 507-516.
26. Damke HT, Baba T, van der Bliek AM, Schmid SL. 1995. Clathrin- independent pinocytosis is induced in cells overexpressing a temperature-sensitive mutant of dynamin. Journal of Cell Biology 131: 69-80.
27. Damke HT, Baba T, Warnock DE, Schmid SL. 1994. Induction of mutant dynamin specifically blocks endocytic vesicle formation. Journal of Cell Biology 127: 915-934.
28. Dimmer KS, Fritz S, Fuchs F, Messerschmitt M, Weinbach N, Neupert W, Westermann B. 2002. Genetic basis of mitochondrial function and morphology in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular Biology of the Cell 13: 847-853.
29. Duchen MR. 2000. Mitochondria and calcium: from cell signalling to cell death. Journal of Physiology 529: 57-68.
30. Emanuelsson O, Nielsen H, Brunak S, von Heijne G. 2000. Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence. Journal of Molecular Biology 300: 1005-1016.
31. Evans LL, Hammer J, Bridgman PC. 1997. Subcellular localization of myosin V in nerve growth cones and outgrowth from dilute-lethal neurons. Journal of Cell Science 110: 439-449.
32. Fekkes P, Shepard KA, Yaffe MP. 2000. Gag3p, an outer membrane protein required for fission of mitochondrial tubules. Journal of Cell Biology 151: 333-340.
33. Fields SD, Arana Q, Heuser J, Clarke M. 2002. Mitochondrial membrane dynamics are altered in cluA-mutants of Dictyostelium. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 23: 829-838.
34. Fields SD, Conrad MN, Clarke M. 1998. The S. cerevisiae CLU1 and D. discoideum cluA genes are functional homologues that influence mitochondrial morphology and distribution. Journal of Cell Science 111: 1717-1727.
35. Gallio M, Strugill G, Rather P, Kylsten P. 2002. A conserved mechanism for extracellular signalling in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 12208-12213.
36. Gao H, Kadirjan-Kalbach D, Froehlich JE, Osteryoung KW. 2003. ARC5, a cytosolic dynamin-like protein is part of the chloroplast division machinery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 4328-4333.
37. Goode BL, Drubin DG, Barnes G. 2000. Functional cooperation between the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12: 63-71.
38. Goodson HV, Anderson BL, Warrick HM, Pon LA, Spudich JA. 1996. Synthetic lethality screen identifies a novel yeast myosin I gene (MYO5): myosin I proteins are required for polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. Journal of Cell Biology 133: 1277-1291.
39. Gray MW, Burger G, Lang BF. 1999. Mitochondrial Evolution. Science 283: 1476-1481.
40. Guan K, Farh L, Marshall TK, Deschenes RJ. 1993. Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene. Current Genetics 24: 141-148.
41. Hales KG, Fuller MT. 1997. Developmentally regulated mitochondrial fusion by a conserved, novel, predicted GTPase. Cell 90: 121-129.
42. Heggeness MH, Ash JF, Singer SJ. 1978. Association of mitochondria with microtubules in culture cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 75: 3863-3866.
43. Hermann GJ, King EJ, Shaw JM. 1997. The yeast gene MDM20, is necessary for mitochondrial inheritance and organisation of the actin cytoskeleton. Journal of Cell Biology 137: 141-153.
44. Hermann GJ, Shaw JM. 1998. Mitochondrial dynamics in yeast. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 14: 265-303.
45. Hermann GJ, Thatcher JW, Mills JP, Hales KG, Fuller MT, Nunnari J, Shaw JM. 1998. Mitochondrial fusion in yeast requires the transmembrane GTPase Fzo1p. Journal of Cell Biology 143: 359-373.
46. Herskovits JS, Burgess CC, Obar RA, Vallee RB. 1993. Effects of mutant rat dynamin on endocytosis. Journal of Cell Biology 122: 565-578.
47. Hinshaw JE, Schmid SL. 1995. Dynamin self-assembles into rings suggesting a mechanism for coated vesicle budding. Nature 374: 190-192.
48. Itoh R, Fujiwara M, Nagata N, Yoshida S. 2001. A chloroplast protein homologous to the eubacterial toplogical factor MinE plays a role in chloroplast division. Plant Physiology 127: 1644-1655.
49. Jamet-Vierny C, Contamine V, Boulay J, Zickler D, Picard M. 1997. Mutations in genes encoding the mitochondrial outer membrane proteins Tom70 and Mdm10 of Podospora anserina modify the spectrum of mitochondrial DNA rearrangements associated with cellular death. Moleicular Cell Biology 17: 6359-6366.
50. Jansen RP, Dowzer C, Michaelis C, Galova M, Nasmyth K. 1996. Mother cell-specific HO expression in budding yeast depends on the unconventional myosin myo4p and other cytoplasmic proteins. Cell 84: 687-697.
51. Jones BA, Fangman WL. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in yeast requires a protein containing a region related to the GFP-binding domain of dynamin. Genes and Development 6: 380-389.
52. Kang B-H, Busse JS, Dickey C, Rancour DM, Bednarek SY. 2001. The Arabidopsis cell plate-associated dynamin-like protein, ADL1Ap, is required for multiple stages of plant growth and development. Plant Physiology 126: 47-68.
53. Kang SG, Jin JB, Piao HL, Pih KT, Jang HJ, Lim JH, Hwang I. 1998. Molecular cloning of an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a dynamin-like protein that is localised to plastids. Plant Molecular Biology 38: 437-447.
54. Karbowski M, Spodnik JH, Teranishi M, Wozniak M, Nishizawa Y, Usukura J, Wakabayashi T. 2001. Opposite effects of microtubule-stabilizing and microtubule-destabiliszing drugs on biogenesis of mitochondria in mammalian cells. Journal of Cell Science 114: 281-291.
55. Kennedy EP, Lehninger AL. 1949. Oxidation of fatty acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry 179: 957-972.
56. Khodjakov A, Lizunova EM, Minin AA, Koonce MP, Gyoeva FK. 1998. A specific light chain of kinesin associates with mitochondria in cultured cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell 9: 333-343.
57. Kreis T, Vale R. 1999. Guidebook to the cytoskeletal and motor proteins, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
58. Labrousse AM, Zappaterra MD, Rube DA, van der Bliek AM. 1999. C. elegans dynamin-related protein DRP-1 controls severing of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Molecular Cell 4: 815-825.
59. Lauber MH, Waizenegger I, Steinmann T, Schwarz H, Mayer U, Hwang I, Lukowitz Jurgens G. 1997. The Arabidapsis Knolle protein is a cytokinesis syntaxin. Journal of Cell Biology 139: 1485-1493.
60. Lazzarino DA, Boldogh I, Smith MG, Rosand J, Pon LA. 1994. Yeast mitochondria contain ATP-sensitive, reversible actin-binding activity. Molecular Biology of the Cell 5: 807-818.
61. Lehninger AL. 1964. The mitochondrion. New York, USA: WA Benjamin Inc.
62. Leon P, Arryo A, Mackenzie S. 1998. Nuclear control of plastid and mitochondrial development in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 49: 453-480.
63. Lewis MR, Lewis WH. 1914. Mitochondria (and other cytoplasmic structures) in tissue cultures. American Journal of Anatomy 17: 339-401.
64. Liao G, Gundersen GG. 1998. Kinesin is a candidate for cross-bridging microtubules and intermediate filaments. Selective binding of kinesin to detyrosinated tubulin and vimentin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 9797-9803.
65. Lillie SH, Brown SS. 1994. Immunofluorescence localization of the unconventional myosin, Myo2p, and the putative kinesin-related protein, Smy1p, to the same regions of polarized growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Cell Biology 125: 825-842.
66. Lloyd D. 1974. The mitochondria of microorganisms. London, UK: Academic Press.
67. Logan DC, Knight MR. 2003. Mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium dynamics are differentially regulated in plants. Plant Physiology 133: 21-24.
68. Logan DC, Leaver CJ. 2000. Mitochondria-targeted GFP highlights the heterogeneity of mitochondrial shape, size and movement within living plant cells. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 865-871.
69. Logan DC, Scott I, Tobin AK. 2003. The genetic control of plant mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Plant Journal (in press.)
70. Loisel TP, Boujemaa R, Pantaloni D, Carlier MF. 1999. Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins. Nature 401: 613-616.
71. Mackenzie S, McIntosh L. 1999. Higher plant mitochondria. Plant Cell 11: 571-585.
72. Margineantu DH, Cox WG, Sundell L, Sherwood SW, Beechem JM, Capaldi RA. 2002. Cell cycle dependent morphology changes and associated mitochondrial DNA redistribution in mitochondria of human cell lines. Mitochondrion 1: 425-435.
73. Martin W, Kowallik K. 1999. Annoted English translation of Mereschkowsky's 1905 paper 'Uber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren in Pflanzenreich'. European Journal of Phycology 34: 287-295.
74. Martin W, Muller M. 1998. The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature 392: 37-41.
75. Martin W, Rujan T, Richly E, Hansen A, Cornelsen S, Lins T, Leister D, Stoebe B, Hasegawa M, Penny D. 2002. Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99: 12246-12251.
76. McAndrew RS, Froehlich JE, Vitha S, Stokes KD, Osteryoung KW. 2001. Colocalization of plastid division proteins in the chloroplast stromal compartment establishes a new functional relationship between FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in higher plants. Plant Physiology 127: 1656-1666.
77. McConnell SJ, Stewart LC, Talin A, Yaffe MP. 1990. Temperature sensitive yeast mutants defective in mitochondrial inheritance. Journal of Cell Biology 111: 967-976.
78. McConnell SJ, Yaffe MP. 1992. Nuclear and mitochondrial inheritance in yeast depends on novel cytoplasmic structures defined by the MDM1 protein. Journal of Cell Biology 118: 385-395.
79. McFadden GI. 2001. Primary and secondary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids. Journal of Phycology 37: 951-959.
80. McKinney EC, Kandasamy MK, Meagher RB. 2002. Arabidopsis contains ancient classes of differentially expressed actin-related protein genes. Plant Physiology 128: 997-1007.
81. Mereschowsky C. 1905. Uber Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren in Pflanzenreich. Biological Centralbl 25: 593-604.
82. Mermall V, Post PL, Mooseker MS. 1998. Unconventional myosins in cell movement, membrane traffic, and signal transduction. Science 279: 527-533.
83. Messerschmitt M, Jakobs S, Vogel F, Fritz S, Dimmer KS, Neupert W, Westermann B. 2003. The inner membrane protein Mdm33 controls mitochondrial morphology in yeast. Journal of Cell Biology 160: 553-564.
84. Miyagishima SY, Nishida K, Mori T, Matsuzaki M, Higashiyama T, Kuroiwa H, Kuroiwa T. 2003. A plant-specific dynamin-related protein forms a ring at the chloroplast division site. Plant Cell 15: 655-665.
85. Moreira D, Le Guyader H, Philippe H. 2000. The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts. Nature 405: 69-72.
86. Mozdy AD, McCaffery JM, Shaw JM. 2000. Dnmlp GTPase-mediated mitochondrial fission is a multi-step process requiring the novel integral membrane component Fis1p. Journal of Cell Biology 151: 367-379.
87. Munn EA. 1974. The structure of mitochondria. London, UK: Academic Press.
88. Nangaku M, Sato-Yoshitake R, Okada Y, Noda Y, Takemura R, Yamazaki H, Hirokawa N. 1994. KIF1B, a novel microtubule plus end-directed monomeric motor protein for transport of mitochondria. Cell 79: 1209-1220.
89. Nishida K, Takahara M, Miyagishima SY, Kuroiwa H, Matsuzaki M, Kuroiwa T. 2003. Dynamic recruitment of dynamin for final mitochondrial severance in a primitive red alga. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 2146-2151.
90. Olyslaegers G, Verbelen JP. 1998. Improved staining of F-actin and co-localization of mirochondria in plant cells. Journal of Microscopy-Oxford 192: 73-77.
91. Ong L-L, Lim APC, Connie PN, Kuznetsov SA, Yu H. 2000. Kinectin-kinesin binding domains and their effects on organelle motility. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275: 32854-32860.
92. Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P. 2003. Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4: 552-565.
93. Osteryoung KW, McAndrew RS. 2001. The plastid division machine. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52: 315-333.
94. Osteryoung KW, Stokes KD, Rutherford SM, Percival AL, Lee WY. 1998. Chloroplast division in higher plants requires members of two functionally divergent gene families with homology to bacterial ftsz. The Plant Cell 10: 1991-2004.
95. Osteryoung KW, Vierling E. 1995. Conserved cell and organelle division. Nature 376: 473-474.
96. Ostuga D, Keegan BR, Brisch E, Thatcher JW, Hermann GJ, Bleazard W, Shaw J. 1998. The dynamin-related GTPase, Dnm1p, controls mitochondrial morphology in yeast. Journal of Cell Biology 143: 333-349.
97. Park JM, Cho JH, Kang SG, Jang HJ, Pih KT, Piao HL, Cho MJ, Hwang I, 1998, A dynamin-like protein in Arabidopsis is involved in biogenesis of thylakoid membranes. EMBO Journal 17: 859-867.
98. Possingham JV, Lawrence ME. 1983. Controls to plastid division. International Review of Cytology 84: 1-56.
99. Rapaport D, Brunner M, Neupert W, Westermann B. 1998. Fzo1p is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273: 20150-20155.
100. dos Remedios CG, Chhabra D, Kekic M, Dedova IV, Tsubakihara M, Berry DA, Nosworthy NJ. 2003. Actin binding proteins: regulation of cytoskeletal microfilaments. Physiology Review 83: 433-473.
101. Rizzuto R, Bernardi P, Pozzan T. 2000. Mitochondria as all-round players of the calcium game. Journal of Physiology 529: 37-47.
102. Rogers SL, Gelfand VI. 2000. Membrane trafficking, organelle transport, and the cytoskeleton. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12: 57-62.
103. 2+ release: an intimate connection. Trends in Biochemical Science 25: 215-221.
104. Sesaki H, Jensen RE. 1999. Division versus fusion: Dnm1p and Fzo1p antagonistically regulate mitochondrial shape. Journal of Cell Biology 147: 699-706.
105. Sesaki H, Jensen RE. 2001. UGO1 encodes an outer membrane protein required for mitochondrial fusion. Journal of Cell Biology 152: 1123-1134.
106. Shaw JM, Nunnari J. 2002. Mitochondrial dynamics and division in budding yeast. Trends in Cell Biology 12: 178-184.
107. Shepard KA, Yaffe MP. 1997. Genetic and molecular analysis of Mdm14p and Mdm17p, proteins involved in organelle inheritance. Molecular Biology of the Cell 8: 2585-2585.
108. Shepard KA, Yaffe MP. 1999. The yeast dynamin-like protein, Mgm1p, functions on the mitochondrial outer membrane to mediate mitochondrial inheritance. Journal of Cell Biology 144: 711-719.
109. Simon VR, Karmon SL, Pon LA. 1997. Mitochondrial inheritance: cell cycle and actin cable dependence of polarized mitochondrial movements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 37: 199-210.
110. Smirnova E, Shurland D-L, Ryazantsev SN, van der Bliek AM. 1998. A human dynamin-related protein controls the distribution of mitochondria. Journal of Cell Biology 143: 351-358.
111. Sogo LF, Yaffe MP. 1994. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology and inheritance by Mdm10p, a protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Journal of Cell Biology 126: 1361-1373.
112. Stenoien DL, Brady ST. 1997. Immunochemical analysis of kinesin light chain function. Molecular Biology of the Cell 8: 675-689.
113. Stevens BJ. 1977. Variation in number and Volume of the mitochondria in yeast according to growth conditions. A study based on serial sectioning and computer graphics reconstruction. Biology of the Cell 28: 37-56.
114. Stoebe B, Kowallik KV. 1999. Gene-cluster analysis in chloroplast genomics. Trends in Genetics 15: 344-347.
115. Svitkina TM, Verhovsky AB, Borisy GG. 1996. Plectin sidearms mediate interaction of intermediate filaments with microtubules and other components of the cytoskeleton. Journal of Cell Biology 135: 991-1007.
116. Takahara M, Takahashi H, Matsunaga S, Miyagishima S, Takano H, Sakai A, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. 2000. A putative mitochondrial ftsZ gene is present in the unicellular primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Molecular and General Genetics 264: 452-460.
117. Tanaka Y, Kanai Y, Okada Y, Nonaka S, Takeda S, Harada A, Hirokawa N. 1998. Targeted disruption of mouse conventional kinesin heavy chain, kif5b, results in abnormal perinuclear clustering of mitochondria. Cell 93: 1147-1158.
118. Tieu Q, Nunnari J. 2000. Mdv1p is a WD repeat protein that interacts with the dynamin-related GTPase Dnm1p, to trigger mitochondrial division. Journal of Cell Biology 151: 353-365.
119. Tieu Q, Okreglak V, Naylor K, Nunnari J. 2002. The WD repeat protein, Mdv1p, functions as a molecular adaptor by interacting with Dnm1p and Fis1p during mitochondrial fission. Journal of Cell Biology 158: 445-452.
120. Tomitani A, Okada K, Miyashita H, Matthijs HC, Ohno T, Tanaka A. 1999. Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Nature 400: 159-162.
121. Tyler DD. 1992. The mitochondrion in health and disease. Weinheim, Germany: VCH Publishing.
122. Tzagoloff A. 1982. Mitochondria. New York, USA: Plenum Press.
123. Unseld M, Marienfeld JR, Brandt P, Brennicke A. 1997. The mitochondrial genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains 57 genes in 366 924 nucleotides. Nature Genetics 15: 57-61.
124. Van Gestel K, Verbelen JP. 2002. Giant mitochondria are a response to low oxygen pressure in cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 55: 1215-1218.
125. Vantard M, Blanchoin L. 2002. Actin polymerisation processes in plant cells. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5: 502-506.
126. Verhey KJ, Meyer D, Deehan R, Blenis J, Schnapp BJ, Rapoport TA, Margolis B. 2001. Cargo of kinesin identified as JIP scaffolding proteins and associated signalling molecules. Journal of Cell Biology 152: 959-970.
127. Vitha S, McAndrew RS, Osteryoung KW. 2001. FtsZ ring formation at the chloroplast division site in plants. Journal of Cell Biology 153: 111-120.
128. Wang X. 2001. The expanding role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes and Development 15: 2922-2933.
129. Westermann B, Prokisch H. 2002. Mitochondrial dynamics in filamentous fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology 36: 91-97.
130. Wong ED, Wagner JA, Gorsich SW, McCaffery JM, Shaw JM, Nunnari J. 2000. The dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, is an intermembrane space protein required for maintenance of fusion competent mitochondria. Journal of Cell Biology 151: 341-352.
131. Wong ED, Wagner JA, Scott SV, Okreglak V, Holewinske TJ, Cassidy-Stone A, Nunnari J. 2003. The intramitochondrial dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, is a component of a protein complex that mediates mitochondrial fusion. Journal of Cell Biology 160: 303-311.
132. Yaffe MP. 1999. The machinery of mitochondrial inheritance and behavior. Science 283: 1493-1497.
133. Yaffe MP, Harata D, Verde F, Eddison M, Toda T, Nurse P. 1996. Microtubules mediate mitochondrial distribution in fission yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93: 11664-11668.
134. - mutant of Dictyostelium identifies a novel class of proteins required for dispersion of mitochondria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 7308-7731.