Neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischaemia: Pathophysiology and possible therapeutic implications

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 439-445

  Padosch, Stephan A ^a   Böttiger, Bernd W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Bcl proteins; Cerebral ischaemia; Death receptors; Erythropoietin; Neuroprotection

Indexed keywords

CELL RECEPTOR; CYCLOSPORIN A; DEFEROXAMINE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FAS ANTIBODY; HYBRID PROTEIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LIPOSOME; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEINASE; TACROLIMUS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTIBODY;

APOPTOSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN PERFUSION; CELL SURVIVAL; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE THERAPY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0142093174     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001503-200310000-00001     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Love S, Barber R, Srinivasan A, Wilcock GK. Activation of caspase-3 in permanent and transient brain ischaemia in man. Neuroreport 2000; 11:2495-2499.
2. Petito CK, Feldmann E, Pulsinelli WA, Plum F. Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest. Neurology 1987; 37:1281-1286.
3. Leker RR, Shohami E. Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2002; 39:55-73. Review article discussing several pathomechanisms of neuronal damage with regard to cerebral ischaemia as well as neurotrauma.
4. Padosch SA, Vogel P, Böttiger BW. Neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemia. Basis, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Anaesthesist 2001; 50:905-920.
5. Hou ST, MacManus JP. Molecular mechanisms of cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Int Rev Cytol 2002; 221:93-148. This comprehensive review article discusses in detail molecular mechanisms of ischaemia-induced neuronal damage.
6. Sims NR, Anderson MF. Mitochondrial contributions to tissue damage in stroke. Neurochem Int 2002; 40:511-526. The crucial role of mitochondria in neuronal damage after cerebral ischaemia is comprehensively discussed.
7. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 1998; 281:1305-1308.
8. Jin K, Mao XO, Zhu Y, Greenberg DA. MEK and ERK protect hypoxic cortical neurons via phosphorylation of Bad. J Neurochem 2002; 80:119-125. This in vitro study demonstrates the phosphoactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases after cerebral ischaemia. In addition to the phosphoactivation of MEK1/2 and its downstream target kinase ERK1/2, an increased abundance of inactivated phospho-Bad was also detected.
9. Irving EA, Bamford M. Role of mitogen- and stress-activated kinases in ischemic injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:631-647. This review article provides an overview of the current knowledge of kinase pathway activation after cerebral ischaemia.
10. Fiscus RR. Involvement of cyclic GMP and protein kinase G in the regulation of apoptosis and survival in neural cells. Neurosignals 2002; 11:175-190.
11. Wang X, Wang H, Xu L, et al. Significant neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury by inhibition of the MEK1 protein kinase in mice: exploration of potential mechanism associated with apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:172-178.
12. Martin-Villalba A, Herr I, Jeremias I, et al. CD95 ligand (Fas-L/APO-1L) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediate ischemia-induced apoptosis in neurons. J Neurosci 1999; 19:3809-3817.
13. Martin-Villalba A, Hahne M, Kleber S, et al. Therapeutic neutralization of CD95-ligand and TNF attenuates brain damage in stroke. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:679-686.
14. Uchino H, Minamikawa-Tachino R, Kristian T, et al. Differential neuroprotection by cyclosporin A and FK506 following ischaemia corresponds with differing abilities to inhibit calcineurin and the mitochondrial permeability transition. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 10:219-233. Animal study on neuroprotective effects of FK506 and cyclosporin with regard to intracellular signalling pathways. Most importantly, the role of phosphatases such as calcineurin is investigated.
15. Jin K, Graham SH, Mao X, et al. Fas (CD95) may mediate delayed cell death in hippocampal CA1 sector after global cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21:1411-1421.
16. Padosch SA, Popp E, Vogel P, Böttiger BW. Altered protein expression levels of Fas/CD95 and FasL in differentially vulnerable brain areas in rats after global cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2003; 238:247-251. Experimental study investigating the postischaemic expression patterns of Fas/CD95 and FasL protein in selectively vulnerable brain areas in rats in the early phase after experimental global cerebral ischaemia due to cardiac arrest.
17. Bernaudin M, Nedelec AS, Divoux D, et al. Normobaric hypoxia induces tolerance to focal permanent cerebral ischemia in association with an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and its target genes, erythropoietin and VEGF, in the adult mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:393-403.
18. Chavez JC, LaManna JC. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the rat cerebral cortex after transient global ischemia: potential role of insulin-like growth factor-1. J Neurosci 2002; 22:8922-8931.
19. Prass K, Ruscher K, Karsch M, et al. Desferrioxamine induces delayed tolerance against cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:520-525. In vivo and in vitro investigations of the effect of desferrioxamine after cerebral ischaemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation.
20. Cerami A, Brines M, Ghezzi P, et al. Neuroprotective properties of epoetin alfa. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:8-12.
21. Siren AL, Knerlich F, Poser W, et al. Erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in human ischemic/hypoxic brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2001; 101:271-276.
22. Chong ZZ, Kang JQ, Maiese K. Hematopoietic factor erythropoietin fosters neuroprotection through novel signal transduction cascades. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002; 22:503-514. Very comprehensive review article focusing on intracellular signalling cascades activated by erythropoietin with special regard to neuroprotection.
23. Ruscher K, Freyer D, Karsch M, et al. Erythropoietin is a paracrine mediator of ischemic tolerance in the brain: evidence from an in vitro model. J Neurosci 2002; 22:10291-10301. Erythropoietin is demonstrated to act as an important paracrine neuroprotective agent in an in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation.
24. Fisher JW. Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:1-14. Comprehensive review on erythropoietin providing basic molecular information and both physiological and pharmacological effects of this multifunctional hormone.
25. L mRNA and protein demonstrated in the hippocampal CA1 sector.
26. Catania MA, Marciano MC, Parisi A, et al. Erythropoietin prevents cognition impairment induced by transient brain ischemia in gerbils. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 437:147-150. Experimental study on neuroprotective properties of erythropoietin in a gerbil model of cerebral ischaemia.
27. Calapai G, Marciano MC, Corica F, et al. Erythropoietin protects against brain ischemic injury by inhibition of nitric oxide formation. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 401:349-356.
28. Juul S. Erythropoietin in the central nervous system, and its use to prevent hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2002; 91:36-42. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge of the neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions of erythropoietin in the developing and injured brain.
29. Siren AL, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin: a novel concept for neuroprotection. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 251:179-184.
30. Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C, et al. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 2002; 8:495-505. Clinical trial on intravenously administered erythropoietin in acute stroke patients, demonstrating positive effects of this neuroprotective therapeutic strategy. The results suggest that intravenous, high-dose erythropoietin is well tolerated in acute ischaemic stroke and is associated with improved clinical outcome.
31. L fusion protein after transient cerebral ischaemia in mice. The chimera is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, reduces cerebral infarction and decreases the activation of caspase 3 in neurons.
32. Cao YJ, Shibata T, Rainov NG. Liposome-mediated transfer of the bcl-2 gene results in neuroprotection after in vivo transient focal cerebral ischemia in an animal model. Gene Ther 2002; 9:415-419. Experimental study on liposome-derived bcl-2 cDNA therapy after transient cerebral ischaemia in rats after intrathecal administration.
33. Dietz GP, Kilic E, Bähr M. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in vivo using TAT-mediated protein transduction. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 21:29-37.
34. Kilic E, Dietz GP, Hermann DM, Bähr M. Intravenous TAT-Bcl-XI is protective after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Ann Neurol 2002; 52:617-622.
35. Asoh S, Ohtsu T, Ohta S. The super anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xFNK constructed by disturbing intramolecular polar interactions in rat Bcl-xL. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37240-37245.
36. Asoh S, Ohsawa I, Mori T, et al. Protection against ischemic brain injury by protein therapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:17107-17112.
37. Tsai TH, Chen SL, Xiao X, et al. Gene therapy for treatment of cerebral ischemia using defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. Methods 2002; 28:253-258. This review presents the results and experiences in performing gene therapy of cerebral stroke using recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors in a rat model.
38. Zhang Z, Sobel RA, Cheng D, et al. Mild hypothermia increases Bcl-2 protein expression following global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2001; 95:75-85.
39. Ginsberg MD. Adventures in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia: penumbra, gene expression, neuroprotection: the 2002 Thomas Willis lecture. Stroke 2003; 34:214-223.
40. The Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:549-556.
41. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:557-563.
42. Battin MR, Penrice J, Gunn TR, Gunn AJ. Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C) after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 2003; 111:244-251. This study suggests that mild hypothermia is a well-tolerated method of reducing cerebral temperature in term newborn infants after perinatal asphyxia to reduce neuronal damage.
43. Bilsland J, Harper S. Caspases and neuroprotection. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 3:1745-1752.
44. Zhang C, Siman R, Xu YA, et al. Comparison of calpain and caspase activities in the adult rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 10:289-305. Differential spatiotemporal patterns of calpain activation (early) and caspase activation (late) after transient forebrain ischaemia are demonstrated in a rat model, pointing towards an important contribution of proteases other than caspases after cerebral ischaemia.
45. Yoshida M, Yamashima T, Zhao L, et al. Primate neurons show different vulnerability to transient ischemia and response to cathepsin inhibition. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 2002; 104:267-272. Delayed postischaemic neuronal damage in primates is also mediated by cathepsin.
46. Vogel P, Teschendorf P, van der Putten H, et al. Improved resuscitation after cardiac arrest in rats expressing the baculovirus broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor protein p35 in neurons. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:112-121.