-
1
-
-
0030812939
-
Human domination of earth's ecosystems
-
Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo, J.M. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277, 494-499.
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.277
, pp. 494-499
-
-
Vitousek, P.M.1
Mooney, H.A.2
Lubchenco, J.3
Melillo, J.M.4
-
2
-
-
0002924757
-
Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: An ecological synthesis
-
Perrings, C. A., Mäler, K-G., Folke, C., Holling, C.S. and Jansson, B-O. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
-
Holling, C.S., Schindler, D.W., Walker, B.W. and Roughgarden, J. 1995. Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis. In: Biodiversity Loss. Economic and Ecological Issues. Perrings, C. A., Mäler, K-G., Folke, C., Holling, C.S. and Jansson, B-O. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 44-83.
-
(1995)
Biodiversity Loss. Economic and Ecological Issues
, pp. 44-83
-
-
Holling, C.S.1
Schindler, D.W.2
Walker, B.W.3
Roughgarden, J.4
-
3
-
-
0003093983
-
Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves
-
Pickett, S.T.A. and Thompson, J.N. 1978. Patch dynamics and the design of nature reserves. Biol. Cons. 13, 27-37.
-
(1978)
Biol. Cons.
, vol.13
, pp. 27-37
-
-
Pickett, S.T.A.1
Thompson, J.N.2
-
4
-
-
0001874689
-
Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale
-
Peterson, G., Allen, C.R. and Holling, C.S. 1998. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Ecosystems 1, 6-18.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 6-18
-
-
Peterson, G.1
Allen, C.R.2
Holling, C.S.3
-
5
-
-
0022205953
-
Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction
-
White, P.S. and Pickett, S.T.A. (eds). Academic Press, New York
-
White, P.S. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1985. Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: An introduction. In: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. White, P.S. and Pickett, S.T.A. (eds). Academic Press, New York, pp. 3-13.
-
(1985)
The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics
, pp. 3-13
-
-
White, P.S.1
Pickett, S.T.A.2
-
8
-
-
0027040658
-
Protected areas in Sweden: Is natural variety adequately represented?
-
Nilsson, C. and Götmark, F. 1992. Protected areas in Sweden: Is natural variety adequately represented? Cons. Biol. 6, 232-242.
-
(1992)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.6
, pp. 232-242
-
-
Nilsson, C.1
Götmark, F.2
-
9
-
-
0010580062
-
-
Joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank. Elsevier, Amsterdam
-
WRI 2000/2001. People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life. Joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
-
(2000)
People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life
-
-
-
10
-
-
0003688306
-
-
International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP). IHDP Working Paper No 2.
-
Folke, C., Pritchard, L., Berkes, F., Colding, J. and Svedin, U. 1998. The Problem of Fit Between Ecosystems and Institutions. International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP). IHDP Working Paper No 2. www.uni-bonn.de/IHDP/public.htm
-
(1998)
The Problem of Fit between Ecosystems and Institutions
-
-
Folke, C.1
Pritchard, L.2
Berkes, F.3
Colding, J.4
Svedin, U.5
-
11
-
-
0030434622
-
Biological diversity, ecosystems and the human scale
-
Folke, C., Holling, C.S. and Perrings, C. 1996. Biological diversity, ecosystems and the human scale. Ecol. Appl. 6, 1018-1024.
-
(1996)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.6
, pp. 1018-1024
-
-
Folke, C.1
Holling, C.S.2
Perrings, C.3
-
12
-
-
0142083369
-
Why link species conservation, environmental protection and resource management
-
Jones, C.G. and Lawton, J.H. (eds). Chapman and Hall
-
Franklin, J.F. 1995. Why link species conservation, environmental protection and resource management. In: Linking Species and Ecosystems. Jones, C.G. and Lawton, J.H. (eds). Chapman and Hall, pp. 326-335.
-
(1995)
Linking Species and Ecosystems
, pp. 326-335
-
-
Franklin, J.F.1
-
13
-
-
0030439785
-
The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management
-
Christensen, N.L., Bartuska, A.M., Brown, J.H., Carpenter, S., D'Antonio, C., Francis, R., Franklin, J.F., MacMahon, J.A., Noss, R.F., Parsons, D.J., Peterson, C.J., Turner, M.G. and Woodmansee, R.G. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecol. Appl. 6, 665-691.
-
(1996)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.6
, pp. 665-691
-
-
Christensen, N.L.1
Bartuska, A.M.2
Brown, J.H.3
Carpenter, S.4
D'Antonio, C.5
Francis, R.6
Franklin, J.F.7
MacMahon, J.A.8
Noss, R.F.9
Parsons, D.J.10
Peterson, C.J.11
Turner, M.G.12
Woodmansee, R.G.13
-
15
-
-
0033959983
-
Biodiversity conservation at multiple scales: Functional sites, landscapes, and networks
-
Poiani, K.A., Richter, B.D., Anderson, M.G. and Richter, H.E. 2000. Biodiversity conservation at multiple scales: Functional sites, landscapes, and networks. BioScience 50, 133-146.
-
(2000)
BioScience
, vol.50
, pp. 133-146
-
-
Poiani, K.A.1
Richter, B.D.2
Anderson, M.G.3
Richter, H.E.4
-
16
-
-
0039233556
-
Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: What have we learned?
-
Turner, M.G. and Dale, V.H. 1998. Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: What have we learned? Ecosystems 1, 493-496.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 493-496
-
-
Turner, M.G.1
Dale, V.H.2
-
17
-
-
0001068276
-
Ecosystem management in the context of large, infrequent disturbances
-
Dale, V.H., Lugo, A.E., MacMahon, J.A. and Pickett, S.T.A. 1998. Ecosystem management in the context of large, infrequent disturbances. Ecosystems 1, 546-557.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 546-557
-
-
Dale, V.H.1
Lugo, A.E.2
MacMahon, J.A.3
Pickett, S.T.A.4
-
18
-
-
0031967457
-
Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability
-
Naeem, S. 1998. Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Cons. Biol. 12, 39-45.
-
(1998)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.12
, pp. 39-45
-
-
Naeem, S.1
-
19
-
-
0028554773
-
The effects of two tropical cyclones on a lowland rain forest in Samoa
-
Elmqvist, T, Rainey, W.E., Pierson, E.D. and Cox, P.A. 1994. The effects of two tropical cyclones on a lowland rain forest in Samoa. Biotropica 26, 384-391.
-
(1994)
Biotropica
, vol.26
, pp. 384-391
-
-
Elmqvist, T.1
Rainey, W.E.2
Pierson, E.D.3
Cox, P.A.4
-
20
-
-
0032968789
-
Plants attribute diversity, resilience and ecosystem function: The nature and significance of dominant and minor species
-
Walker, B., Kinzig, A. and Langridge, J. 1999. Plants attribute diversity, resilience and ecosystem function: The nature and significance of dominant and minor species. Ecosystems 2, 95-113.
-
(1999)
Ecosystems
, vol.2
, pp. 95-113
-
-
Walker, B.1
Kinzig, A.2
Langridge, J.3
-
21
-
-
85039606758
-
-
note
-
Our "ecological memory" concept is very similar to the same term briefly developed by Thompson et al. (22). According to these authors, the ecological memory is the "result of past environmental conditions and subsequent selection on populations ... encoded in the current structure of biological communities ..." (p. 17). In our use of the term, the role of species and structures in the reorganization of ecosystems is emphasized, whereas Thompson et al. place more emphasis on the evolutionary history. Rather than inventing a new term for a very similar insight, we point out that our views and general meaning of the term hardly differ. For example, the role of community assembly and species pools (which change over time) is emphasized by us as well as Thompson et al. (22).
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
0035095465
-
Frontiers of ecology
-
Thompson, J.N., Reichman, O.J., Morin, P.J., Polis, G.A., Power, M.E., Sterner, R.W., Couch, C.A., Gough, L., Holt, R., Hooper, D.U., Keesing, F., Lovell, C.R., Milne, B.T., Molles, M.C., Roberts, D.W. and Strauss, S.Y. 2001. Frontiers of ecology. Bioscience 51, 15-24.
-
(2001)
Bioscience
, vol.51
, pp. 15-24
-
-
Thompson, J.N.1
Reichman, O.J.2
Morin, P.J.3
Polis, G.A.4
Power, M.E.5
Sterner, R.W.6
Couch, C.A.7
Gough, L.8
Holt, R.9
Hooper, D.U.10
Keesing, F.11
Lovell, C.R.12
Milne, B.T.13
Molles, M.C.14
Roberts, D.W.15
Strauss, S.Y.16
-
23
-
-
0000195501
-
Factors influencing succession: Lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances
-
Turner, M.G., Baker, W.L., Peterson, C.J. and Peet, R.K. 1998. Factors influencing succession: lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. Ecosystems 1, 511-523.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 511-523
-
-
Turner, M.G.1
Baker, W.L.2
Peterson, C.J.3
Peet, R.K.4
-
24
-
-
0034685786
-
Messages from a mountain
-
Franklin, J.F. and MacMahon, J.A. 2000. Messages from a mountain. Science 288, 1183-1184.
-
(2000)
Science
, vol.288
, pp. 1183-1184
-
-
Franklin, J.F.1
MacMahon, J.A.2
-
25
-
-
0034508884
-
Ecological resilience - In theory and application
-
Gunderson, L. 2000. Ecological resilience - in theory and application. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31, 425-439.
-
(2000)
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
, vol.31
, pp. 425-439
-
-
Gunderson, L.1
-
26
-
-
0033388064
-
Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation
-
Schwartz, M.W. 1999. Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30, 83-108.
-
(1999)
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
, vol.30
, pp. 83-108
-
-
Schwartz, M.W.1
-
27
-
-
0029773717
-
Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management
-
Holling, C.S. and Meffe, G.K. 1996. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Cons. Biol. 10, 328-337.
-
(1996)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.10
, pp. 328-337
-
-
Holling, C.S.1
Meffe, G.K.2
-
28
-
-
0000987155
-
Interpreting the Yellowstone fires of 1988
-
Christensen, N.L., et al. 1989. Interpreting the Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39, 678-685.
-
(1989)
BioScience
, vol.39
, pp. 678-685
-
-
Christensen, N.L.1
-
29
-
-
0000448722
-
The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems, local surprise and global change
-
Clark, W.C. and Munn, R.E. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
-
Holling, C.S. 1986. The resilience of terrestrial ecosystems, local surprise and global change. In: Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Clark, W.C. and Munn, R.E. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 292-317.
-
(1986)
Sustainable Development of the Biosphere
, pp. 292-317
-
-
Holling, C.S.1
-
30
-
-
0035846180
-
Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems
-
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. and Walker, B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413, 591-596.
-
(2001)
Nature
, vol.413
, pp. 591-596
-
-
Scheffer, M.1
Carpenter, S.2
Foley, J.A.3
Folke, C.4
Walker, B.5
-
31
-
-
0027028012
-
Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance
-
Done, T.J. 1992. Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance. Hydrobiologia 247, 121-132.
-
(1992)
Hydrobiologia
, vol.247
, pp. 121-132
-
-
Done, T.J.1
-
33
-
-
0000653263
-
Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises
-
Paine, R.T., Tegner, M.J. and Johnson, E.A. 1998. Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises. Ecosystems 1, 535-545.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 535-545
-
-
Paine, R.T.1
Tegner, M.J.2
Johnson, E.A.3
-
34
-
-
0020874068
-
No park is an island
-
Janzen, D. 1983. No park is an island. Oikos 41, 402-410.
-
(1983)
Oikos
, vol.41
, pp. 402-410
-
-
Janzen, D.1
-
35
-
-
0034842145
-
Disturbance and the spatial resilience of coral reefs
-
Nyström, M. and Folke., C. 2001. Disturbance and the spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4, 406-417.
-
(2001)
Ecosystems
, vol.4
, pp. 406-417
-
-
Nyström, M.1
Folke, C.2
-
36
-
-
0033802113
-
Coral-reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment
-
Nyström, M., Folke, C. and Moberg, F. 2000. Coral-reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 413-417.
-
(2000)
Trends Ecol. Evol.
, vol.15
, pp. 413-417
-
-
Nyström, M.1
Folke, C.2
Moberg, F.3
-
37
-
-
78149405452
-
Tropical forest reorganization after cyclone and fire disturbance in Samoa: Remnant trees as biological legacies
-
Elmqvist, T., Wall, M., Berggren, A.L., Blix, L., Fritioff, Å. and Rinman, U. 2001. Tropical forest reorganization after cyclone and fire disturbance in Samoa: remnant trees as biological legacies. Cons. Ecol. 5, 10. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art10
-
(2001)
Cons. Ecol.
, vol.5
, pp. 10
-
-
Elmqvist, T.1
Wall, M.2
Berggren, A.L.3
Blix, L.4
Fritioff, Å.5
Rinman, U.6
-
39
-
-
0031438539
-
Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology. The dynamics of spatially subsidised food webs
-
Polis, G.A., Anderson, W.B. and Holt, R.D. 1997. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology. The dynamics of spatially subsidised food webs. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28, 289-316.
-
(1997)
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
, vol.28
, pp. 289-316
-
-
Polis, G.A.1
Anderson, W.B.2
Holt, R.D.3
-
42
-
-
0033937351
-
Dispersal limitation and patch occupancy in forest herbs
-
Ehrlén, J. and Eriksson, O. 2000. Dispersal limitation and patch occupancy in forest herbs. Ecology 81, 1667-1674.
-
(2000)
Ecology
, vol.81
, pp. 1667-1674
-
-
Ehrlén, J.1
Eriksson, O.2
-
44
-
-
0003933531
-
-
Cambridge Univ. Press, NY
-
Weiher, E. and Keddy, P. (eds) 1999. Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge Univ. Press, NY.
-
(1999)
Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats
-
-
Weiher, E.1
Keddy, P.2
-
46
-
-
0141666727
-
Back to the future: Ecosystem dynamics and local knowledge
-
Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. (eds). Island Press, Washington, DC
-
Berkes, F. and Folke, C. 2001. Back to the future: Ecosystem dynamics and local knowledge. In: Panarchy; Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Gunderson, L. and Holling, C.S. (eds). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 121-146.
-
(2001)
Panarchy; Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems
, pp. 121-146
-
-
Berkes, F.1
Folke, C.2
-
47
-
-
0006171151
-
The blackleg epidemic in Canadian rapeseed as a "normal agricultural accident"
-
Juska, A., Busch, L. and Tanaka, K. 1997. The blackleg epidemic in Canadian rapeseed as a "normal agricultural accident". Ecol. Appl. 7, 1350-1356.
-
(1997)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.7
, pp. 1350-1356
-
-
Juska, A.1
Busch, L.2
Tanaka, K.3
-
48
-
-
0002951167
-
Contrasting roles of remnants in old and newly impacted landscapes: Lessons for ecosystem reconstruction
-
Saunders, D.A., Hobbs, R.J. and Ehrlich, P.R. (eds). Surrey Beatty and Sons, U.K.
-
Angelstam, P. and Arnold, G.W. 1993. Contrasting roles of remnants in old and newly impacted landscapes: lessons for ecosystem reconstruction. In: Nature Conservation 3: Reconstruction of Fragmented Ecosystems. Saunders, D.A., Hobbs, R.J. and Ehrlich, P.R. (eds). Surrey Beatty and Sons, U.K., pp. 109-125.
-
(1993)
Nature Conservation 3: Reconstruction of Fragmented Ecosystems
, vol.3
, pp. 109-125
-
-
Angelstam, P.1
Arnold, G.W.2
-
49
-
-
0000136162
-
Conservation of plant and animal populations in theory and practice
-
Nilsson, S.G. and Ericson, L. 1997. Conservation of plant and animal populations in theory and practice. Ecol. Bull. 46, 117-139.
-
(1997)
Ecol. Bull.
, vol.46
, pp. 117-139
-
-
Nilsson, S.G.1
Ericson, L.2
-
50
-
-
0028178464
-
Competition and coexistence in plant communities
-
Bengtsson, J., Rydin, H. and Fagerström, T. 1994. Competition and coexistence in plant communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 246-250.
-
(1994)
Trends Ecol. Evol.
, vol.9
, pp. 246-250
-
-
Bengtsson, J.1
Rydin, H.2
Fagerström, T.3
-
51
-
-
0034492875
-
Butterfly diversity in relation to landscape heterogeneity and farming system
-
Weibull, A., Bengtsson, J. and Nohlgren, E. 2000. Butterfly diversity in relation to landscape heterogeneity and farming system. Ecography 23, 743-750.
-
(2000)
Ecography
, vol.23
, pp. 743-750
-
-
Weibull, A.1
Bengtsson, J.2
Nohlgren, E.3
-
53
-
-
0002531171
-
Boreal forests
-
Essen, P-A., Ehnström, B., Ericson, L. and Sjöberg, K. 1997. Boreal forests. Ecol. Bull. 46, 16-41.
-
(1997)
Ecol. Bull.
, vol.46
, pp. 16-41
-
-
Essen, P.-A.1
Ehnström, B.2
Ericson, L.3
Sjöberg, K.4
-
54
-
-
0033529649
-
Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems
-
Thies, C. and Tscharntke, T. 1999. Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Science 285, 89-91.
-
(1999)
Science
, vol.285
, pp. 89-91
-
-
Thies, C.1
Tscharntke, T.2
-
55
-
-
0033594173
-
Population levels of bark beetles and associated insects in managed and unmanaged spruce stands
-
Weslien, J. and Schroeder, L.M. 1999. Population levels of bark beetles and associated insects in managed and unmanaged spruce stands. Forest Ecol. Mgmt 115, 267-275.
-
(1999)
Forest Ecol. Mgmt.
, vol.115
, pp. 267-275
-
-
Weslien, J.1
Schroeder, L.M.2
-
56
-
-
0001404198
-
Benign neglect: A model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa
-
Soulé, M.E., Wilcox, B.A. and Holtby, C. 1979. Benign neglect: a model of faunal collapse in the game reserves of East Africa. Biol. Cons. 15, 259-272.
-
(1979)
Biol. Cons.
, vol.15
, pp. 259-272
-
-
Soulé, M.E.1
Wilcox, B.A.2
Holtby, C.3
-
57
-
-
0003422272
-
-
A map-based indicator of potential threats to the world's coral reefs
-
Bryant, D., Burke, L., McManus, J.W. and Spalding, M. 1998. Reefs at Risk. A map-based indicator of potential threats to the world's coral reefs. Internet website address: http://www.wri.org/wri/indictrs/reefrisk.htm.
-
(1998)
Reefs at Risk
-
-
Bryant, D.1
Burke, L.2
McManus, J.W.3
Spalding, M.4
-
58
-
-
0027519004
-
Meeting ecological and economic goals: Marine parks in the Caribbean
-
Dixon, J.A., Scura, L.F. and van't Hof, T. 1993. Meeting ecological and economic goals: marine parks in the Caribbean. Ambio 22, 117-125.
-
(1993)
Ambio
, vol.22
, pp. 117-125
-
-
Dixon, J.A.1
Scura, L.F.2
Van't Hof, T.3
-
59
-
-
0024190476
-
Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs
-
Alcala, A.C. 1988. Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio 17, 194-199.
-
(1988)
Ambio
, vol.17
, pp. 194-199
-
-
Alcala, A.C.1
-
60
-
-
0029848617
-
Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery
-
McClanahan, T.R. and Kaunda-Arara, B. 1996. Fishery recovery in a coral-reef marine park and its effect on the adjacent fishery. Cons. Biol. 10, 1187-1199.
-
(1996)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.10
, pp. 1187-1199
-
-
McClanahan, T.R.1
Kaunda-Arara, B.2
-
61
-
-
0000377739
-
Adaptation and diversity of reef corals: Patterns result from species differences in resource use and life histories and from disturbances
-
Jackson, J.B.C. 1991. Adaptation and diversity of reef corals: Patterns result from species differences in resource use and life histories and from disturbances. BioScience 41, 475-482.
-
(1991)
BioScience
, vol.41
, pp. 475-482
-
-
Jackson, J.B.C.1
-
62
-
-
0032933347
-
Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long-term perspective
-
Hughes, T.P. and Connell, J.H. 1999. Multiple stressors on coral reefs: a long-term perspective. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44, 932-940.
-
(1999)
Limnol. Oceanogr.
, vol.44
, pp. 932-940
-
-
Hughes, T.P.1
Connell, J.H.2
-
63
-
-
0031929169
-
Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation
-
Allison, G.W., Lubchenco, J. and Carr, M.H. 1998. Marine reserves are necessary but not sufficient for marine conservation. Ecol. Appl. 8, 79-92.
-
(1998)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.8
, pp. 79-92
-
-
Allison, G.W.1
Lubchenco, J.2
Carr, M.H.3
-
64
-
-
0030717385
-
Connectivity and management of Caribbean coral reefs
-
Roberts, C.M. 1997. Connectivity and management of Caribbean coral reefs. Science 278, 1454-1457.
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.278
, pp. 1454-1457
-
-
Roberts, C.M.1
-
66
-
-
0020451152
-
Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: Making development compatible with conservation
-
Kelleher, G.G. and Kenchington, R.A. 1982. Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: making development compatible with conservation. Ambio 11, 262-261.
-
(1982)
Ambio
, vol.11
, pp. 262-1261
-
-
Kelleher, G.G.1
Kenchington, R.A.2
-
67
-
-
0024878909
-
Changes over twenty-one years in the Kolombangara rain forest
-
Whitmore, T.C. 1989. Changes over twenty-one years in the Kolombangara rain forest. J. Ecol. 77, 469-483.
-
(1989)
J. Ecol.
, vol.77
, pp. 469-483
-
-
Whitmore, T.C.1
-
68
-
-
0001914344
-
Pattern and process in the plant community
-
Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35, 1-22.
-
(1947)
J. Ecol.
, vol.35
, pp. 1-22
-
-
Watt, A.S.1
-
70
-
-
0002155849
-
Forests in the temperate-boreal transition: Natural and man-made features
-
Nilsson, S.G. 1997. Forests in the temperate-boreal transition: natural and man-made features. Ecol. Bull. 46, 61-71.
-
(1997)
Ecol. Bull.
, vol.46
, pp. 61-71
-
-
Nilsson, S.G.1
-
71
-
-
0031741215
-
Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes
-
Angelstam, P. 1998. Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 9, 593-602.
-
(1998)
J. Veg. Sci.
, vol.9
, pp. 593-602
-
-
Angelstam, P.1
-
72
-
-
0000887642
-
Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large infrequent disturbances
-
Foster, D.R., Knight, D.H. and Franklin, J.F. 1998. Landscape patterns and legacies resulting from large infrequent disturbances. Ecosystems 1, 497-510.
-
(1998)
Ecosystems
, vol.1
, pp. 497-510
-
-
Foster, D.R.1
Knight, D.H.2
Franklin, J.F.3
-
73
-
-
0034659310
-
Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem processes and sustainability of European forests
-
Bengtsson, J., Nilsson, S-G., Franc, A. and Menozzi, P. 2000. Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem processes and sustainability of European forests. Forest Ecol. Mgmt 132, 39-50.
-
(2000)
Forest Ecol. Mgmt
, vol.132
, pp. 39-50
-
-
Bengtsson, J.1
Nilsson, S.-G.2
Franc, A.3
Menozzi, P.4
-
75
-
-
0033923324
-
Numbers and size of fires: Long-term spatially explicit fire history in a Swedish boreal landscape
-
Niklasson M. and Granström A. 2000. Numbers and size of fires: Long-term spatially explicit fire history in a Swedish boreal landscape. Ecology 81, 1484-1499.
-
(2000)
Ecology
, vol.81
, pp. 1484-1499
-
-
Niklasson, M.1
Granström, A.2
-
76
-
-
3543096757
-
Perspectives on wildfire in the humid tropics
-
Uhl, C. 1998. Perspectives on wildfire in the humid tropics. Cons. Biol. 12, 942-943.
-
(1998)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.12
, pp. 942-943
-
-
Uhl, C.1
-
77
-
-
33745576821
-
Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the gomphotheres ate
-
Janzen, D. and Martin, P.S. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science 215, 19-27.
-
(1982)
Science
, vol.215
, pp. 19-27
-
-
Janzen, D.1
Martin, P.S.2
-
79
-
-
0034959245
-
Post-cyclone recovery in a lowland rain forest in Samoa
-
Hjerpe, J., Hedenäs, H. and Elmqvist, T. 2001. Post-cyclone recovery in a lowland rain forest in Samoa. Biotropica 33, 249-259.
-
(2001)
Biotropica
, vol.33
, pp. 249-259
-
-
Hjerpe, J.1
Hedenäs, H.2
Elmqvist, T.3
-
80
-
-
0026314537
-
Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific island ecosystems: A conservation hypothesis
-
Cox, P.A., Elmqvist, T., Pierson, E.D. and Rainey, W.E. 1991. Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific island ecosystems: A conservation hypothesis. Cons. Biol. 5, 448-454.
-
(1991)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.5
, pp. 448-454
-
-
Cox, P.A.1
Elmqvist, T.2
Pierson, E.D.3
Rainey, W.E.4
-
81
-
-
0029669097
-
Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: The first 100 years of succession
-
Finegan, B. 1996. Pattern and process in neotropical secondary rain forests: the first 100 years of succession. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 119-124.
-
(1996)
Trends Ecol. Evol.
, vol.11
, pp. 119-124
-
-
Finegan, B.1
-
82
-
-
0002624055
-
The role of Pteropodids in oceanic island ecosystems of the Pacific. Ecology, evolution and behaviour of bats
-
Rainey, W.E., Pierson, E.D., Elmqvist, T. and Cox, P.A. 1995. The role of Pteropodids in oceanic island ecosystems of the Pacific. Ecology, evolution and behaviour of bats. Proc. Zool. Soc., London 67, 47-61.
-
(1995)
Proc. Zool. Soc., London
, vol.67
, pp. 47-61
-
-
Rainey, W.E.1
Pierson, E.D.2
Elmqvist, T.3
Cox, P.A.4
-
83
-
-
0025597697
-
Species migrations and ecosystem stability during climate change: The belowground connection
-
Perry, D.A., Borchers, J.G., Borchers, S.L. and Amaranthus, M.P. 1990. Species migrations and ecosystem stability during climate change: The belowground connection. Cons. Biol. 4, 266-274.
-
(1990)
Cons. Biol.
, vol.4
, pp. 266-274
-
-
Perry, D.A.1
Borchers, J.G.2
Borchers, S.L.3
Amaranthus, M.P.4
-
84
-
-
0003838158
-
-
Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 33. PhD Thesis, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
-
Kårén, O. 1997. Effects of Air Pollution and Forest Regeneration Methods on the Community Structure of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Silvestria 33. PhD Thesis, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
-
(1997)
Effects of Air Pollution and Forest Regeneration Methods on the Community Structure of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
-
-
Kårén, O.1
-
85
-
-
0032750612
-
Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon
-
Cissel, J.H., Swanson, F.J. and Weisberg, P. 1999. Landscape management using historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 9, 1217-1231.
-
(1999)
Ecol. Appl.
, vol.9
, pp. 1217-1231
-
-
Cissel, J.H.1
Swanson, F.J.2
Weisberg, P.3
-
86
-
-
0028572834
-
The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management
-
Attiwill, P.M. 1994. The disturbance of forest ecosystems: the ecological basis for conservative management. Forest Ecol. Mgmt 63, 247-300.
-
(1994)
Forest Ecol. Mgmt.
, vol.63
, pp. 247-300
-
-
Attiwill, P.M.1
-
87
-
-
0026525639
-
Long-term microtine dynamics in north Fennoscandian tundra: The vole cycle and the lemming chaos
-
Oksanen, L. and Oksanen, T. 1992. Long-term microtine dynamics in north Fennoscandian tundra: the vole cycle and the lemming chaos. Ecography 15, 226-236.
-
(1992)
Ecography
, vol.15
, pp. 226-236
-
-
Oksanen, L.1
Oksanen, T.2
-
88
-
-
0027834968
-
Lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak, Northern Norway
-
Moen, J., Lundberg, P.A. and Oksanen, L. 1993. Lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak, Northern Norway. Arctic Alpine Res. 25, 130-135.
-
(1993)
Arctic Alpine Res.
, vol.25
, pp. 130-135
-
-
Moen, J.1
Lundberg, P.A.2
Oksanen, L.3
-
89
-
-
0006258868
-
Rennäring i Nordvästeuropa
-
Dahle, H.K., Danell, Ö., Gaare, E. and Nieminen, M. (eds). NordiskMinisterråd, Tema Nord 1999, 510. Copenhagen, Denmark, In Norwegian
-
Danell, Ö., Staaland, H. and Nieminen, M. 1999. Rennäring i Nordvästeuropa (Reindeer husbandry in north-west Europe). In: Reindrift i Nordvest-Europa 1998 - Biologiske Muligheter och Begrensninger. Dahle, H.K., Danell, Ö., Gaare, E. and Nieminen, M. (eds). NordiskMinisterråd, Tema Nord 1999, 510. Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 19-30. (In Norwegian).
-
(1999)
Reindrift i Nordvest-Europa 1998 - Biologiske Muligheter Och Begrensninger
, pp. 19-30
-
-
Danell, Ö.1
Staaland, H.2
Nieminen, M.3
-
90
-
-
0003860609
-
-
PhD Thesis, Dept. Entomology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
-
Bylund, H. 1995. Long-term Interactions between the Autumnal Moth and Mountain Birch: The Roles of Resources, Competitors, Natural Enemies and Weather. PhD Thesis, Dept. Entomology, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
-
(1995)
Long-term Interactions between the Autumnal Moth and Mountain Birch: the Roles of Resources, Competitors, Natural Enemies and Weather
-
-
Bylund, H.1
-
91
-
-
0030800859
-
The influence of island area on ecosystem properties
-
Wardle, D.A., Zackrisson, O., Hörnberg, G. and Gallet, C. 1997. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science 277, 1296-1299.
-
(1997)
Science
, vol.277
, pp. 1296-1299
-
-
Wardle, D.A.1
Zackrisson, O.2
Hörnberg, G.3
Gallet, C.4
-
92
-
-
0142051551
-
Beiteslitage, tråkk og forurensninger
-
Dahle, H.K., Danell, Ö., Gaare, E. and Nieminen, M. (eds). Nordisk Ministerråd, Tema Nord 1999. Köpenhamn, Denmark, In Norwegian
-
Gaare, E., Ihse, M. and Kumpula, J. 1999. Beiteslitage, tråkk og forurensninger (Grazing damage, trampling and pollutions). In: Reindrift i Nordvest-Europa 1998 - Biologiske Muligheter och Begrensininger. Dahle, H.K., Danell, Ö., Gaare, E. and Nieminen, M. (eds). Nordisk Ministerråd, Tema Nord 1999. Köpenhamn, Denmark, pp. 57-65. (In Norwegian).
-
(1999)
Reindrift i Nordvest-Europa 1998 - Biologiske Muligheter Och Begrensininger
, pp. 57-65
-
-
Gaare, E.1
Ihse, M.2
Kumpula, J.3
-
93
-
-
85039612453
-
Vegetationsforändringar i fjällens renbetesområden, studerade i flygbilder och satellitbilder
-
Royal Swedish Academy for Forestry and Agriculture (KSLA) report 137, 4, 1998, In Swedish
-
Ihse, M., Allard, A. and Nordberg, M.-L. 1998. Vegetationsforä ndringar i fjällens renbetesområden, studerade i flygbilder och satellitbilder. (Vegetation changes in reindeer grazed mountains, studied by aerial photographs and satellite imageries). In: Rennäringen och Miljön. Royal Swedish Academy for Forestry and Agriculture (KSLA) report 137, 4, 1998, pp. 31-42. (In Swedish).
-
(1998)
Rennäringen Och Miljön
, pp. 31-42
-
-
Ihse, M.1
Allard, A.2
Nordberg, M.-L.3
-
94
-
-
0028586176
-
Remote sensing of the impact of reindeer grazing on vegetation in northern Fennoscandia using SPOT XS data
-
Käyhkö, J. and Pellika, P. 1994. Remote sensing of the impact of reindeer grazing on vegetation in northern Fennoscandia using SPOT XS data. Polar Res. 13, 115-124.
-
(1994)
Polar Res.
, vol.13
, pp. 115-124
-
-
Käyhkö, J.1
Pellika, P.2
-
95
-
-
0030304336
-
The effect and extent of heavy grazing by reindeer in oligotrophic pine heaths in northeastern Fennoscandia
-
Väre, H., Ohtonen, R. and Mikkola, K. 1996. The effect and extent of heavy grazing by reindeer in oligotrophic pine heaths in northeastern Fennoscandia. Ecography 19, 245-253.
-
(1996)
Ecography
, vol.19
, pp. 245-253
-
-
Väre, H.1
Ohtonen, R.2
Mikkola, K.3
-
96
-
-
0035342404
-
Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity
-
Cabeza, M. and Moilainen, A. 2001. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 242-248.
-
(2001)
Trends Ecol. Evol.
, vol.16
, pp. 242-248
-
-
Cabeza, M.1
Moilainen, A.2
-
97
-
-
20244375622
-
Potential inequalities and unintended effects of certification
-
Viana, V.M., Ervin, J., Donovan, R.Z., Elliott, C. and Gholz, H. (eds). Island Press, Washington, DC
-
Elliott, C. and Viana, V.M. 1996. Potential inequalities and unintended effects of certification. In: Certification of Forest Products: Issues and Perspectives. Viana, V.M., Ervin, J., Donovan, R.Z., Elliott, C. and Gholz, H. (eds). Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 137-144.
-
(1996)
Certification of Forest Products: Issues and Perspectives
, pp. 137-144
-
-
Elliott, C.1
Viana, V.M.2
-
98
-
-
0035035105
-
Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: A study of Lake Racken watershed, Sweden
-
Olsson, P. and Folke, C. 2001. Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem management: A study of Lake Racken watershed, Sweden. Ecosystems 4, 85-104.
-
(2001)
Ecosystems
, vol.4
, pp. 85-104
-
-
Olsson, P.1
Folke, C.2
-
99
-
-
0004054305
-
-
Joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank, Elsevier, Amsterdam
-
WRI 1996/97. Biodiversity. Joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environmental Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the World Bank, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 258-259.
-
(1996)
Biodiversity
, pp. 258-259
-
-
-
100
-
-
85039627117
-
-
note
-
We thank the large number of collegues that have discussed these issues with us over the years and helped us with details on individual systems. The discussions leading to the paper started after a workshop on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function sponsored by the Oscar and Lili Lamm Foundation in 1997. Brian Walker, Anki Weibull, Johan Colding, Ove Eriksson and the Conservation Biology class of 2002 at SLU commented on the manuscript. We apologize to all authors who have not been cited because of constraints on space and the number of references. Our research on biodiversity and ecosystems has been financed by NFR (JB, TE), SJFR (JB), John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur foundation and Pew charitable trust (program in biodiversity and conservation) (CF), WWF and NORFA (MI), and Marcus Wallenberg foundation for international cooperation in science, SAREC and SIDA (the coral reef studies). The Beijer Institute provided the facilities making our collaboration possible.
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
85039614708
-
-
note
-
First submitted 11 June 2001. Revised manuscript received 1 July 2002. Accepted for publication 17 June 2003.
-
-
-
|