Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems

Science

Volumn 285, Issue 5429, 1999, Pages 893-895

  Thies, Carsten ^a   Tscharntke, Teja ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; BEETLE; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOLOGY; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TOPOGRAPHY;

BRASSICA NAPUS; COLEOPTERA; MELIGETHES AENEUS;

EID: 0033529649     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.285.5429.893     Document Type: Article

References (22)

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12. Field margin strips were 3 m wide, about 100 m long, and either 1 year old or 6 years old. The 1-year-old field margin strips included naturally developed vegetation (N = 4), sown Phacelia tanacetifolia strips (N = 4), sown wildflower mixtures of 19 species (N = 4), and sown (monoculture) wheat (N = 4). The six-year-old field margin strips (N = 4) were naturally developed. Each of four studied rape fields was surrounded by all five types of field margins in the same structurally simple landscape.
13. 2 of sown rape plots; N = 12) were placed in three types of habitats: (i) large fallows (>1 ha, 6 years old with naturally developed vegetation) and (ii) small (3-m-wide) field margin strips (6 years old with naturally developed vegetation), and (iii) monocultural rape fields as the control (Fig. 1B). In addition, we also examined the effects of these habitat types on winter rape crop fields (N = 16) (Fig. 1C).
14. -Distance [see, for example, S. Eber, R. Brandl, J. Anim. Ecol. 65, 621 (1996)].
15. 2) in the 15 landscapes (Fig. 2D). Rates of parasitism were measured by dissection of last instar larvae of rape pollen beetle. Plant damage caused by feeding of adult pollen beetles was assessed by the number of destroyed buds, which did not develop into pods and appeared as podless stalks (Fig. 2, A and C).
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18. Our experiments also showed that pollen and nectar resources as well as alternative hosts had no significant effect on parasitoid enhancement, although flower availability greatly differed between field margin types, from the sowings with wheat (as a control) to sowings with species-rich wild-flower mixtures.
19. 2 = 0.73, N = 15) in the center of the fields.
20. Pflanzenschutzamt Hannover, Empfehlungen Pflanzenschutz 1998/1999 (Diaprint, Hanover, Germany, 1998).
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22. We thank R. Dolch, B. Ekbom, A. Kruess, D. A. Landis, M. Steinwachs-McClure, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on the manuscript, and J. Kuhnhenne for technical assistance. Supported by the German Ministry of Environment (Bundesministerium für Umwelt und Reaktorsicherheit), the German Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), and the Forschungs- und Studienzentrum Landwirtschaft und Umwelt, Göttingen.