Connectivity and management of Carribean coral reefs

Science

Volumn 278, Issue 5342, 1997, Pages 1454-1457

  Roberts, Callum M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORAL REEFS; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; LARVAL TRANSPORT; MARINE PARKS; MARINE PARTS; PROTECTED AREA; REEF;

ARTICLE; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FISHING; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

CARRIBEAN;

EID: 0030717385     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5342.1454     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. G.W. Boehlert, in Reef Fisheries, N. V. C. Polunin and C. M. Roberts, Eds. (Chapman & Hall, London, 1996), pp. 61-84.
2. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
3. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
4. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
5. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
6. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
7. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
8. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
9. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
10. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
11. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
12. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
13. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
14. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
15. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
16. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
17. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
18. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
19. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
20. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
21. Major surface current patterns in the wider Caribbean are well understood and have been modeled at a regional scale (G. A. Maul and C. N. K. Mooers, Eds., Circulation of the Intra-Americas Sea: Abstracts, Chapman Conference of the American Geophysical Union, La Parguera, Puerto Rico, January 1995). These currents play a key role in facilitating connections among populations of marine organisms in different areas. Local and nearshore current patterns are much more variable and less well known (ibid.), but it is into these currents that eggs and larvae are first released. However, nearshore patterns have been described for many parts of the region, and these descriptions were used to supplement data on large-scale flows. Figure 1A shows current patterns compiled from the following sources: J. T. Bracks, Bull. Mar. Sci. 21, 455 (1971); R. K. Cowen and L. R. Castro, ibid. 54, 228 (1994); J. Darbyshire, I. Bellamy, B. Jones, Cayman Islands Natural Resources Study, Part III: Results of the Investigations into the Physical Oceanography (Ministry of Overseas Development, London, 1976); C. P. Duncan, S. G. Schladow, W. G. Williams, Int. Hydrogr. Rev. 59, 67 (1982); A. L. Gordon, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6207 (1967); C. J. Grant and J. R. Wyatt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 30, 613 (1980); M. M. Ibarra, An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. Ser. Cienc. Mar. Limnol. 13, 31 (1986); T. N. Lee et al., Cont. Shelf Res. 12, 971 (1992); T. N. Lee, M. E. Clarke, E. Williams, A. F. Szmant, T. Berger, Bull. Mar. Sci. 54, 621 (1994); H. A. Lessios, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19, 371 (1988); F. E. Muller-Karger, C. R. McClain, T. R. Fisher, W. E. Esaias, R. Varela, Prag. Oceanogr. 23, 23 (1989); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Varela, Mem. Soc. den. Natur. la Salle. 49-50, 361 (1990); F. E. Muller-Karger and R. Aparicio Castro, Cont. Shelf Res. 14, 199 (1994); H. H. Roberts, P. A. Wilson, A. Lugo-Femández, ibid. 12, 809 (1992); W. J. Schmilz Jr., J. R. Luyten, R. W. Schmitt, Bull. Mar. Sci. 53, 1048 (1993); W. J. Sturges, C. Evans, S. Welsh, W. Holland, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 23, 250 (1993); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, J. M. Pérez-Molero, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2155 (1992); V. M. V. Vidai, F. V. Vidai, A. F. Hemández, E. Meza, J. M. Pérez-Molero, ibid. 99, 7571 (1994); R. A. Watlington and M. Concepcion Donoso, in International Oceanographic Commission's International Workshop on Oceanography in Relation to Sustainable Development and Related Coastal Area Management (IOC, UNESCO, Paris, 1994).
22. With passive dispersal, the distance a larva can travel primarily depends on current strength and the duration of the larval period. J. W. McManus and L. A. B. Meñez [Abstracts, 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama 1996 (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama, in press)] have compiled data on dispersal periods for 188 species of coral reef fish. The median larval dispersal period was approximately 1 month, and around 85% of species had dispersal durations of less than 2 months.
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45. Supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development's Research Grants Program for Historically Black Universities and Colleges. I greatly appreciate the freedom that L. Ragster and F. Mills of the Eastern Caribbean Center of the University of the Virgin Islands gave me to pursue the initial stages of this work. J. Hawkins provided an excellent sounding board for my ideas from germination to fruition and helped to prepare the manuscript. J. Leis provided helpful comments on connectivity. I also thank J. Ogden and T. Agardy for inviting me to present this research at the annual meeting of the Society for Conservation Biology in Victoria in 1997.