The principles of molecular therapies for glioblastoma

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 55, Issue , 2003, Pages 151-163

  Karpati, George ^a   Nalbantoglu, Josephine ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN TUMOR; GENE THERAPY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GENE THERAPY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMANS;

EID: 0141818023     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(03)01006-7     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Aghi, M., Kramm, C. M., Chou, T. C., Breakefield, X. O., and Chiocca, E. A. (1998). Synergistic anticancer effects of ganciclovir/thymidine kinase and 5-fluorocytosine/cytosine deaminase gene therapies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 370-380 .
2. Albright, A. L., Gill, T. J., III, and Geyer, S. J. (1977). Immunogenetic control of brain tumor growth in rats. Cancer Res. 37, 2512-2521.
3. Ambar, B. B., Frei, K., Malipiero, U., Morelli, A. E., Castro, M. G., Lowenstein, P. R., and Fontana, A. (1999). Treatment of experimental glioma by administration of adenoviral vectors expressing Fas ligand. Hum. Gene Ther. 10, 1641-1648.
4. Ampil, F. L., Nanda, A., Willis, B. K., and Apple, S. (1998). Treatment in patients with glioblastoma multiforme and poor performance status: Is it worthwhile? Radiat. Med. 16, 109-112.
5. Andratschke, N., Grosu, A. L., Molls, M., and Nieder, C. (2001). Perspectives in the treatment of malignant gliomas in adults. Anticancer Res. 21, 3541-3550.
6. Asai, A., Miyagi, Y., Sugiyama, A., Gamanuma, M., Hong, S. H., Takamoto, S., Nomura, K., Matsutani, M., Takakura, K., and Kuchino, Y. (1994). Negative effects of wild-type p53 and s-Myc on cellular growth and tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Implication of the tumor suppressor genes for gene therapy. J. Neurooncol. 19, 259-268.
7. Asano, M., Yukita, A., Matsumoto, T., Kondo, S., and Suzuki, H. (1995). Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by an immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody to human vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor 121. Cancer Res. 55, 5296-5301.
8. Badie, B., Kramar, M. H., Lau, R., Boothman, D. A., Economou, J. S., and Black, K. L. (1998). Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene delivery potentiates the radiation-induced growth inhibition of experimental brain tumors. J. Neurooncol. 37, 217-222.
9. Barker, F. G., and Israel, M. A. (1999). Molecular genetics. In "The Gliomas" (M. S. Bergers and C. B. Wilson, Eds.), pp. 39-51. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
10. Barth, R. F. (1998). Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: The 9L, C6, T9, F98, RG2 (D74), RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas. J. Nuerooncol. 36, 91-102.
11. Benedetti, S., Bruzzonc, M. G., Pollo, B., DiMeco, F., Magrassi, L., Pirola, B., Cirenei, N., Colombo, M. P., and Finocchiaro, G. (1999). Eradication of rat malignant gliomas by retroviral-mediated, in vivo delivery of the interleukin 4 gene. Cancer Res. 59, 645-652.
12. Beutler, A. S., Banck, M. S., and Aguzzi, A. (1997). Curing rat glioblastoma: Immunotherapy or graft rejection? Science 276, 20-21.
13. Beutler, A. S., Banck, M. S., Wedekind, D., and Hedrich, H. J. (1999). Tumor gene therapy made easy: Allogeneic major histocompatibility complex in the C6 rat glioma model. Hum. Gene Ther. 10, 95-101.
14. Boviatsis, E. J., Chase, M., Wei, M. X., Tamiya, T., Hurford, R. K., Jr., Kowall, N. W., Tepper, R. I., Breakefield, X. O., and Chiocca, E. A. (1994). Gene transfer into experimental brain tumors mediated by adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus vectors. Hum. Gene Ther. 5, 183-191.
15. Brem, S., Cotran, R., and Folkman, J. (1972). Tumor angiogenesis: A quantitative method for histologic grading. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 48, 347-356.
16. Chen, S. H., Shine, H. D., Goodman J. C., Grossman, R. G., and Woo, S. L. (1994). Gene therapy for brain tumors: Regression of experimental gliomas by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3054-3057.
17. Cheney, I. W., Johnson, D. E., Vaillancourt, M. T., Avanzini, J., Morimoto, A., Demers, G. W., Wills, K. N., Shabram, P. W., Bolen, J. B., Tavtigian, S. V., and Bookstein, R. (1998). Suppression of tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells by adenovirus-mediated MMAC1/PTEN gene transfer. Cancer Res. 58, 2331-2334.
18. Cheng, S. Y, Huang, H.J., Nagane, M., Ji, X. D., Wang, D., Shih, C. C., Arap, W., Huang, C. M., and Cavenee, W. K. (1996). Suppression of glioblastoma angiogenicity and tumorigenicity by inhibition of endogenous expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8502-8507.
19. Chintala, S. K., Fueyo, J., Gomez-Manzano, C., Venkaiah, B., Bjerkvig, R., Yung, W. K., Sawaya, R., Kyritsis, A. P., and Rao, J. S. (1997). Adenovirus-mediated p16/CDKN2 gene transfer suppresses glioma invasion in vitro. Oncogene 15, 2049-2057.
20. Coons, S. W., and Ashby, L. S. (1999). Pathology of intracranial neoplasms. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 9, 615-649.
21. Csatary, L. K., and Bakacs, T. (1999). Use of Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H) in a patient with high-grade glioblastoma. JAMA 281, 1588-1589.
22. Culver, K. W., Ram, Z., Wallbridge, S., Ishii, H., Oldfield, E. H., and Blaese, R. M. (1992). In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vector-producer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science 256, 1550-1552.
23. D'Amato, R. J., Loughnan, M. S., Flynn, E., and Folkman, J. (1994). Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4082-4085.
24. Dawson, D. W., Volpert, O. V., Gillis, P., Crawford, S. E., Xu, H., Benedict, W., and Bouck, N. P. (1999). Pigment epithelium-derived factor: A potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 285, 245-248.
25. Dong, Y., Wen, P., Manome, Y., Parr, M., Hirshowitz, A., Chen, L., Hirschowitz, E. A., Crystal, R., Weichselbaum, R., Kufe, D. W., and Fine, H. A. (1996). In vivo replication-deficient adenovirus vector-mediated transduction of the cytosine deaminase gene sensitizes glioma cells to 5-fluorocytosine. Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 713-720.
26. Elliott, P. J., Hayward, N.J., Huff, M. R., Nagle, T. L., Black, K. L., and Bartus, R. T. (1996). Unlocking the blood-brain barrier: A role for RMP-7 in brain tumor therapy. Exp. Neurol. 141, 214-224.
27. Fick, J., Barker, F. G., Dazin, P., Westphale, E. M., Beyer, E. C., and Israel, M. A. (1995). The extent of heterocellular communication mediated by gap junctions is predictive of bystander tumor cytotoxicity in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11071-11075.
28. Fueyo, J., Gomez-Manzano, C., Yung, W. K., Liu, T. J., Alemany, R., Bruner, J. M., Chintala, S. K., Rao, J. S., Levin, V. A., and Kyritsis, A. P. (1998). Suppression of human glioma growth by adenovirus-mediated Rb gene transfer. Neurology 50, 1307-1315.
29. Galipeau, J., Li, H., Paquin, A., Sicilia, F., Karpati, G., and Nalbantoglu, J. (1999). Vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotyped retrovector mediates effective in vivo suicide gene delivery in experimental brain cancer. Cancer Res. 59, 2384-2394.
30. Geng, L., Walter, S., Melian, E., and Vaughan, A. T. (1998). Transfection of a vector expressing wild-type p53 into cells of two human glioma cell lines enhances radiation toxicity. Radiat. Res. 150, 31-37.
31. Gomez-Manzano, C., Fueyo, J., Kyritsis, A. P., Steck, P. A., Roth, J. A., McDonnell, T. J., Steck, K. D., Levin, V. A., and Yung, W. K. (1996). Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the p53 gene produces rapid and generalized death of human glioma cells via apoptosis. Cancer Res. 56, 694-699.
32. Hamel, W., Magnelli, L., Chiarugi, V. P., and Israel, M. A. (1996). Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated apoptotic death of bystander cells. Cancer Res. 56, 2697-2702.
33. Harris, C. C. (1996). Structure and function of the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues for rational cancer therapeutic strategies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1442-1455.
34. Heise, C., Sampson-Johannes, A., Williams, A., McCormick, F., Von Hoff, D. D., and Kim, D. H. (1997). ONYX-015, an E1B gene-attenuated adenovirus, causes tumor-specific cytolysis and antitumoral efficacy that can be augmented by standard chemotherapeutic agents. Nat. Med. 3, 639-645.
35. Hsu, S. C., Volpert, O. V., Steck, P. A., Mikkelsen, T., Polverini, P. J., Rao, S., Chou, P., and Bouck, N. P. (1996). Inhibition of angiogenesis in human glioblastomas by chromosome 10 induction of thrombospondin-1. Cancer Res. 56, 5684-5691.
36. Huber, B. E., Austin, E. A., Richards, C. A., Davis, S. T., and Good, S. S. (1994). Metabolism of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil in human colorectal tumor cells transduced with the cytosine deaminase gene: Significant antitumor effects when only a small percentage of tumor cells express cytosine deaminase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8302-8306.
37. Husain, S. R., Behari, N., Kreitman, R. J., Pastan, I., and Puri, R. K. (1998). Complete regression of established human glioblastoma tumor xenograft by interleukin-4 toxin therapy. Cancer Res. 58, 3649-3653.
38. Ikeda, K., Ichikawa, T., Wakimoto, H., Silver, J. S., Deisboeck, T. S., Finkelstein, D., Harsh, G. R., Louis, D. N., Bartus, R. T., Hochberg, F. H., and Chiocca, E. A. (1999). Oncolytic virus therapy of multiple tumors in the brain requires suppression of innate and elicited antiviral responses. Nat. Med. 5, 881-887.
39. Im, S. A., Gomez-Manzano, C., Fueyo, J., Liu, T. J., Ke, L. D., Kim, J. S., Lee, H. Y., Steck, P. A., Kyritsis, A. P., and Yung, W. K. (1999). Antiangiogenesis treatment for gliomas: Transfer of antisense-vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res. 59, 895-900.
40. Ishiuchi, S., Tsuzuki, K., Yoshida, Y., Yamada, N., Hagimura, N., Okado, H., Miwa, A., Kurihara, H., Nakazato, Y., Tamura, M., Sasaki, T., and Ozawa, S. (2002). Blockage of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors suppresses migration and induces apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Nat. Med. 8, 971-978.
41. Izquierdo, M., Martin, V., de Felipe, P., Izquierdo, J. M., Perez-Higueras, A., Cortes, M. L., Paz, J. F., Isla, A., and Blazquez, M. G. (1996). Human malignant brain tumor response to herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSVtk)/ganciclovir gene therapy. Gene Ther. 3, 491-495.
42. Izquierdo, M., Cortes, M. L., Martin, V., de Felipe, P., Izquierdo, J. M., Perez-Higueras, A., Paz, J. E, Isla, A., and Blazquez, M. G. (1997). Gene therapy in brain tumours: Implications of the size of glioblastoma on its curability. Acta. Neurochir. Suppl. (Wien.) 68, 111-117.
43. Kanno, H., Hattori, S., Sato, H., Murata, H., Huang, F. H., Hayashi, A., Suzuki, N., Yamamoto, I., Kawamoto, S., Minami, M., Miyatake, S., Shuin, T., and Kaplitt, M. G. (1999). Experimental gene therapy against subcutaneously implanted glioma with a herpes simplex virus-defective vector expressing interferon-gamma. Cancer Gene Ther. 6, 147-154.
44. Klatzmann, D., Valery, C. A., Bensimon, G., Marro, B., Boyer, O., Mokhtari, K., Diquet, B., Salzmann, J. L., and Philippon, J. (1998). A phase I/II study of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase "suicide" gene therapy for recurrent glioblastoma. Study Group on Gene Therapy for Glioblastoma. Hum. Gene Ther. 9, 2595-2604.
45. Kock, H., Harris, M. P., Anderson, S. C., Machemer, T., Hancock, W., Sutjipto, S., Wills, K. N., Gregory, R. J., Shepard, H. M., Westphal, M., and Maneval, D. C. (1996). Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transfer suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Cancer 67, 808-815.
46. Kuan, C. T., Wikstrand, C. J., and Bigner, D. D. (2000). EGFRvIII as a promising target for antibody-based brain tumor therapy. Brain Tumor Pathol. 17, 71-78.
47. Lang, F. F., Yung, W. K., Sawaya, R., and Tofilon, P. J. (1999). Adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy for human gliomas. Neurosurgey 45, 1093-1104.
48. Laske, D. W, Youle, R. J., and Oldfield, E. H. (1997). Tumor regression with regional distribution of the targeted toxin TF-CRM107 in patients with malignant brain tumors. Nat. Med. 3, 1362-1368.
49. Li, H., Lochmuller, H., Yong, V. W., Karpati, G., and Nalbantoglu, J. (1997). Adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer and overexpression induces apoptosis of human glioma cells independent of endogenous p53 status. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 872-878.
50. Li, H., Alonso-Vanegas, M., Colicos, M. A., Jung, S. S., Lochmuller, H., Sadikot, A. F., Snipes, G. J., Seth, P., Karpati, G., and Nalbantoglu, J. (1999). Intracerebral adenovirus-mediated p53 tumor suppressor gene therapy for experimental human glioma. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 637-642.
51. Li, Z., Rakkar, A., Katayose, Y., Kim, M., Shanmugam, N., Srivastava, S., Moul, J. W., McLeod, D. G., Cowan, K. H., and Seth, P. (1998). Efficacy of multiple administrations of a recombinant adenovirus expressing wild-type p53 in an immune-competent mouse tumor model. Gene Ther. 5, 605-613.
52. Lin, P., Polverini, P., Dewhirst, M., Shan, S., Rao, P. S., and Peters, K. (1997). Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis using a soluble receptor establishes a role for Tie2 in pathologic vascular growth. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2072-2078.
53. Manome, Y., Wen, P. Y., Dong, Y., Tanaka, T., Mitchell, B. S., Kufe, D. W., and Fine, H. A. (1996). Viral vector transduction of the human deoxycytidine kinase cDNA sensitizes glioma cells to the cytotoxic effects of cytosine arabinoside in vitro and in vivo. Nat. Med. 2, 567-573.
54. Martuza, R. L., Malick, A., Markert, J. M., Ruffner, K. L., and Coen, D. M. (1991). Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant. Science 252, 854-856.
55. McKie, E. A., Graham, D. I., and Brown, S. M. (1998). Selective astrocytic transgene expression in vitro and in vivo from the GFAP promoter in a HSV RL1 null mutant vector-potential glioblastoma targeting. Gene Ther. 5, 440-450.
56. Mercer, W. E., Shields, M. T., Amin, M., Sauve, G. J., Appella, E., Romano, J. W., and Ullrich, S. J. (1990). Negative growth regulation in a glioblastoma tumor cell line that conditionally expresses human wild-type p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6166-6170.
57. Mineta, T., Rabkin, S. D., Yazaki, T., Hunter, W. D., and Martuza, R. L. (1995). Attenuated multimutated herpes simplex virus-1 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat. Med. 1, 938-943.
58. Miyashita, T., and Reed, J. C. (1995). Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80, 293-299.
59. Miyashita, T., Krajewski, S., Krajewska, M., Wang, H. G., Lin, H. K., Liebermann, D. A., Hoffman, B., and Reed, J. C. (1994). Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 9, 1799-1805.
60. Moolten, F. L. (1986). Tumor chcmosensitivity conferred by inserted herpes thymidine kinase genes: Paradigm for a prospective cancer control strategy. Cancer Res. 46, 5276-5281.
61. Naldini, L., Blomer, U., Gage, F. H., Trono, D., and Verma, I. M. (1996). Efficient transfer, integration, and sustained long-term expression of the transgene in adult rat brains injected with a lentiviral vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11382-11388.
62. Noble, M. (2000). Can neural stem cells be used to track down and destroy migratory brain tumor cells while also providing a means of repairing tumor-associated damage? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12393-12395.
63. Norman, K. L., and Lee, P. W. (2000). Reovirus as a novel oncolytic agent. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1035-1038.
64. Okada, H., Miyamura, K., Itoh, T., Hagiwara, M., Wakabayashi, T., Mizuno, M., Colosi, P., Kurtzman, G., and Yoshida, J. (1996). Gene therapy against an experimental glioma using adeno-associated virus vectors. Gene Ther. 3, 957-964.
65. O'Rourke, D. M., Qian, X., Zhang, H. T., Davis, J. G., Nute, E., Meinkoth, J., and Greene, M. I. (1997). Trans receptor inhibition of human glioblastoma cells by erbB family ectodomains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3250-3255.
66. Parr, M.J., Manome, Y., Tanaka, T., Wen, P., Kufe, D. W., Kaelin, W. G. Jr., and Fine, H. A. (1997). Tumor-selective transgene expression in vivo mediated by an E2F-responsive adenoviral vector. Nat. Med. 3, 1145-1149.
67. Plate, K. H., Breier, G., Weich, H. A., and Risau, W. (1992). Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature 359, 845-848.
68. Plate, K. H., Breier, G., Millauer, B., Ullrich, A., and Risau, W. (1993). Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and its cognate receptors in a rat glioma model of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 53, 5822-5827.
69. Price, A., Shi, Q., Morris, D., Wilcox, M. E., Brasher, P. M., Rewcastle, N. B., Shalinsky, D., Zou, H., Appell, K., Johnston, R. N., Yong, V. W., Edwards, D., and Forsyth, P. (1999). Marked inhibition of tumor growth in a malignant glioma tumor model by a novel synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor AG3340. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 845-854.
70. Rainov, N. G., Dobberstein, K. U., Sena-Esteves, M., Herrlinger, U., Kramm, C. M., Philpot, R. M., Hilton, J., Chiocca, E. A., and Breakefield, X. O. (1998). New prodrug activation gene therapy for cancer using cytochrome P450 4BI and 2-aminoamhracene/4-ipomeanol. Hum. Gene Ther. 9, 1261-1273.
71. Ram, Z., Culver, K. W., Walbridge, S., Blaese, R. M., and Oldfield, E. H. (1993). In situ retroviral-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of brain tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 53, 83-88.
72. Ram, Z., Culver, K. W., Oshiro, E. M., Viola, J. J., DeVroom, H. L., Otto, E., Long, Z., Chiang, Y., McGarrity, G. J., Muul, L. M., Katz, D., Blaese, R. M., and Oldfield, E. H. (1997). Therapy of malignant brain tumors by intratumoral implantation of retroviral vector-producing cells. Nat. Med. 3, 1354-1361.
73. Resnicoff, M., Li, W., Basak, S., Herlyn, D., Baserga, R., and Rubin, R. (1996). Inhibition of rat C6 glioblastoma tumor growth by expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor antisense mRNA. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 42, 64-68.
74. Schneider, T., Gerhards, R., Kirches, E., and Firsching, R. (2001). Preliminary results of active specific immunization with modified tumor cell vaccine in glioblastoma multiforme. J. Neurooncol. 53, 39-46.
75. Shapiro, W. R. (1997). Bias in uncontrolled brain tumor trials. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 24, 269-270.
76. Shinoura, N., Yoshida, Y., Sadata, A., Hanada, K. I., Yamamoto, S., Kirino, T., Asai, A., and Hamada, H. (1998). Apoptosis by retrovirus- and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer for Fas ligand to glioma cells: implications for gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 9, 1983-1993.
77. Shir, A., and Levitzki, A. (2002). Inhibition of glioma growth by tumor-specific activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 895-900.
78. Shweiki, D., Itin, A., Soffer, D., and Keshet, E. (1992). Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359, 843-845.
79. Stockhammer, G., Brotchi, J., Leblanc, R., Bernstein, M., Schackert, G., Weber, F., Ostertag, C., Mulder, N. H., Mellstedt, H., Seiler, R., Yonekawa, Y., Twerdy, K., Kostron, H., De Witte, O., Lambermont, M., Velu, T., Laneuville, P., Villemure, J. G., Rutka, J. T., Warnke, P., Laseur, M., Mooij, J. J., Boethius, J., Mariani, L., and Gianella-Borradori, A. (1997). Gene therapy for glioblastoma (correction of gliobestome) multiform: In vivo tumor transduction with the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene followed by ganciclovir. J. Mol. Med. 75, 300-304.
80. Takamiya, Y., Short, M. P., Ezzeddine, Z. D., Moolten, F. L., Breakefield, X. O., and Martuza, R. L. (1992). Gene therapy of malignant brain tumors: A rat glioma line bearing the herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase gene and wild type retrovirus kills other tumor cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 33, 493-503.
81. Taki, T., Ohnishi, T., Arita, N., Hiraga, S., Saitoh, Y., Izumoto, S., Mori, K., and Hayakawa, T. (1994). Anti-proliferative effects of TNP-470 on human malignant glioma in vivo: Potent inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. J. Neurooncol. 19, 251-258.
82. Tanaka, T., Cao, Y., Folkman, J., and Fine, H. A. (1998). Viral vector-targeted antiangiogenic gene therapy utilizing an angiostatin complementary DNA. Cancer Res. 58, 3362-3369.
83. Thomas, G. E., Schiedner, G., Kochanek, S., Castro, M. G., and Lowenstein, P. R. (2000). Peripheral infection with adenovirus causes unexpected long-term brain inflammation in animals injected intracranially with first-generation, but not with high-capacity, adenovirus vectors: Toward realistic long-term neurological gene therapy for chronic diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7482-7487.
84. Tunici, P., Gianni, D., and Finocchiaro, G. (2001). Gene therapy of glioblastomas: From suicide to homicide. Prog. Brain. Res. 132, 711-719.
85. Van de Kelft, E. (1997). Molecular pathogenesis of astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neurochir. (Wien.) 139, 589-599.
86. Viola, J. J., and Martuza, R. L. (1996). Gene therapies for glioblastomas. Baillieres. Clin. Neurol. 5, 413-424.
87. von Deimling, A., Louis, D. N., and Wiestler, O. D. (1995). Molecular pathways in the formation of gliomas. Glia 15, 328-338.
88. Wallenfriedman, M. A., Conrad, J. A., DelaBarre, L., Graupman, P. C., Lee, G., Garwood, M., Gregerson, D. S., Jean, W. C., Hall, W. A., and Low, W. C. (1999). Effects of continuous localized infusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and inoculations of irradiated glioma cells on tumor regression. J. Neurosurg. 90, 1064-1071.
89. Weissenberger, J., Steinbach, J. P., Malin, G., Spada, S., Rulicke, T., and Aguzzi, A. (1997). Development and malignant progression of astrocytomas in GFAP-v-src transgenic mice. Oncogens 14, 2005-2013.
90. Wu, G. S., Burns, T. F., McDonald, E. R., III, Jiang, W., Meng, R., Krantz, I. D., Kao, G., Gan, D. D., Zhou, J. Y., Muschel, R., Hamilton, S. R., Spinner, N. B., Markowitz, S., Wu, G., and el Deiry, W. S. (1997). KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat. Genet. 17, 141-143.
91. Yamazaki, H., Kijima, H., Ohnishi, Y., Abe, Y., Oshika, Y., Tsuchida, T., Tokunaga, T., Tsugu, A., Ueyama, Y., Tamaoki, N., and Nakamura, M. (1998). Inhibition of tumor growth by ribozyme-mediated suppression of aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 581-587.