Molecular genetics of fungal siderophore biosynthesis and uptake: The role of siderophores in iron uptake and storage

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 316-330

  Haas, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SIDEROPHORE;

FUNGUS; SIDEROPHORE;

ALUMINUM OVERLOAD; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; IRON CHELATION; IRON METABOLISM; IRON OVERLOAD; IRON STORAGE; IRON TRANSPORT; METAL BINDING; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN MOTIF; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SHORT SURVEY;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; FUNGAL PROTEINS; FUNGI; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, FUNGAL; HUMANS; IRON; MICE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SIDEROPHORES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

ASCOMYCOTA; ASPERGILLUS; CANDIDA; CANDIDA ALBICANS; EMERICELLA NIDULANS; FUNGI; NEUROSPORA; NEUROSPORA CRASSA; SACCHAROMYCES; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; USTILAGO; USTILAGO MAYDIS;

EID: 0141483164     PISSN: 01757598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1335-2     Document Type: Short Survey

References (131)

1. Adjimani JP, Emery T (1987) Iron uptake in Mycelia sterilia EP-76. J Bacteriol 169:3664-3668
2. An Z, Mei B, Yuan WM, Leong SA (1997a) The distal GATA sequences of the sid1 promoter of Ustilago maydis mediate iron repression of siderophore production and interact directly with Urbs1, a GATA family transcription factor. EMBO J 16:1742-1750
3. An Z, Zhao Q, McEvoy J, Yuan WM, Markley JL, Leong SA (1997b) The second finger of Urbs1 is required for iron-mediated repression of sid1 in Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5882-5887
4. Ardon O, Nudelman R, Caris C, Libman J, Shanzer A, Chen Y, Hadar Y (1998) Iron uptake in Ustilago maydis: tracking the iron path. J Bacteriol 180:2021-2026
5. Ardon O, Bussey H, Philpott C, Ward DM, Davis-Kaplan S, Verroneau S, Jiang B, Kaplan J (2001) Identification of a Candida albicans ferrichrome transporter and its characterization by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276:43049-43055
6. Askwith C, Kaplan J (1997) An oxidase-permease-based iron transport system in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 272:401-405
7. Askwith CC, de Silva D, Kaplan J (1996) Molecular biology of iron acquisition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 20:27-34
8. Blaiseau PL, Lesuisse E, Camadro JM (2001) Aft2p, a novel iron-regulated transcription activator that modulates, with Aft1p, intracellular iron use and resistance to oxidative stress in yeast. J Biol Chem 276:34221-34226
9. Brakhage AA, Langfelder K (2002) Menacing mold: the molecular biology of Aspergillus fumigatus. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:433-455
10. Brickman TJ, McIntosh MA (1992) Overexpression and purification of ferric enterobactin esterase from Escherichia coli. Demonstration of enzymatic hydrolysis of enterobactin and its iron complex. J Biol Chem 267:12350-12355
11. Burt WR (1982) Identification of coprogen B and its breakdown products from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 35:990-996
12. Carrano CJ, Raymond KN (1978) Coordination chemistry of microbial iron transport compounds: rhodotorulic acid and iron uptake in Rhodotorula pilimanae. J Bacteriol 136:69-74
13. Casas C, Aldea M, Espinet C, Gallego C, Gil R, Herrero E (1997) The AFT1 transcriptional factor is differentially required for expression of high-affinity iron uptake genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 13:621-637
14. Charlang G, Ng B, Horowitz NH, Horowitz RM (1981) Cellular and extracellular siderophores of Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum. Mol Cell Biol 1:94-100
15. Chung YS, Chae K-S, Han DM, Jahng K-Y (1996) Chemical composition and structure of hyphal wall of null-pigment mutants of Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Cells 6:731-736
16. Corson LB, Folmer J, Strain JJ, Culotta VC, Cleveland DW (1999) Oxidative stress and iron are implicated in fragmenting vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 274:27590-27596
17. Dancis A, Klausner RD, Hinnebusch AG, Barriocanal JG (1990) Genetic evidence that ferric reductase is required for iron uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 10:2294-2301
18. Dancis A, Roman DG, Anderson GJ, Hinnebusch AG, Klausner RD (1992) Ferric reductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: molecular characterization, role in iron uptake, and transcriptional control by iron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3869-3873
19. Davis RH (1986) Compartmental and regulatory mechanisms in the arginine pathways of Neurospora crassa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev 50:280-313
20. De Luca NG, Wood PM (2000) Iron uptake by fungi: contrasted mechanisms with internal or external reduction. Adv Microb Physiol 43:39-74
21. Eck R, Hundt S, Hartl A, Roemer E, Kunkel W (1999) A multicopper oxidase gene from Candida albicans: cloning, characterization and disruption. Microbiology 145:2415-2422
22. Ecker DJ, Emery T (1983) Iron uptake from ferrichrome A and iron citrate in Ustilago sphaerogena. J Bacteriol 155:616-622
23. Eide DJ (2000) Metal ion transport in eukaryotic microorganisms: insights from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Adv Microb Physiol 43:1-38
24. Eide DJ, Bridgham JT, Zhao Z, Mattoon JR (1993) The vacuolar H(+)-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for efficient copper detoxification, mitochondrial function, and iron metabolism. Mol Gen Genet 241:447-456
25. Eisendle M, Oberegger H, Zadra I, Haas H (2003) The siderophor system is essential for viability of Aspergillus nidulans: functional analysis of two genes encoding L-ornithine N5-monooxygenase (sidA) and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (sidC). Mol Microbiol (in press)
26. Emery T (1971) Role of ferrichrome as a ferric ionophore in Ustilago sphaerogena. Biochemistry 10:1483-1488
27. Emery T (1976) Fungal ornithine esterases: relationship to iron transport. Biochemistry 15:2723-2728
28. Ernst JF, Winkelmann G (1977) Enzymatic release of iron from sideramines in fungi. NADH:sideramine oxidoreductase in Neurospora crassa. Biochim Biophys Acta 500:27-41
29. Fedorovich D, Protchenko O, Lesuisse E (1999) Iron uptake by the yeast Pichia guilliermondii. Flavinogenesis and reductive iron assimilation are co-regulated processes. Biometals 12:295-300
30. Fiedler HP, Krastel P, Muller J, Gebhardt K, Zeeck A (2001) Enterobactin: the characteristic catecholate siderophore of Enterobacteriaceae is produced by Streptomyces species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 115:125-130
31. Foury F, Roganti T (2002) Deletion of the mitochondrial carrier genes MRS3 and MRS4 suppresses mitochondrial iron accumulation in a yeast frataxin-deficient strain. J Biol Chem 277:24475-24483
32. Fridovich I (1978) The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201:875-880
33. Gardner PR, Fridovich I (1992) Inactivation-reactivation of aconitase in Escherichia coli. A sensitive measure of superoxide radical. J Biol Chem 267:8757-8763
34. Garland SA, Hoff K, Vickery LE, Culotta VC (1999) Saccharomyces cerevisiae ISU1 and ISU2: members of a well-conserved gene family for iron-sulfur cluster assembly. J Mol Biol 294:897-907
35. Georgatsou E, Alexandraki D (1999) Regulated expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fre1p/Fre2p Fe/Cu reductase related genes. Yeast 15:573-584
36. Haas H, Angermayr K, Stoffler G (1997) Molecular analysis of a Penicillium chrysogenum GATA factor encoding gene (sreP) exhibiting significant homology to the Ustilago maydis urbs1 gene. Gene 184:33-37
37. Haas H, Zadra I, Stoffler G, Angermayr K (1999) The Aspergillus nidulans GATA factor SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis and control of iron uptake. J Biol Chem 274:4613-4619
38. Haas H, Schoeser M, Lesuisse E, Ernst JF, Parson W, Abt B, Winkelmann G, Oberegger H (2003) Characterisation of the Aspergillus nidulans transporters for the siderophores enterobactin and triacetylfusarinine C. Biochem J 371:505-513
39. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM (1984) Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem J 219:1-14
40. Harrison KA, Marzluf GA (2002) Characterization of DNA binding and the cysteine rich region of SRE, a GATA factor in Neurospora crassa involved in siderophore synthesis. Biochemistry 41:15288-15295
41. Haselwandter K (1995) Mycorrhizal fungi: siderophore production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 15:287-291
42. Haselwandter K, Winkelmann G (2002) Ferricrocin - an ectomycorrhizal siderophore of Cenococcum geophilum. Biometals 15:73-77
43. Herrero M, de Lorenzo V, Neilands JB (1988) Nucleotide sequence of the iucD gene of the pColV-K30 aerobactin operon and topology of its product studied with phoA and lacZ gene fusions. J Bacteriol 170:56-64
44. Heymann P, Ernst JF, Winkelmann G (1999) Identification of a fungal triacetylfusarinine C siderophore transport gene (TAF1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a member of the major facilitator superfamily. Biometals 12:301-306
45. Heymann P, Ernst JF, Winkelmann G (2000a) A gene of the major facilitator superfamily encodes a transporter for enterobactin (Enb1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biometals 13:65-72
46. Heymann P, Ernst JF, Winkelmann G (2000b) Identification and substrate specificity of a ferrichrome-type siderophore transporter (Arn1p) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 186:221-227
47. Heymann P, Gerads M, Schaller M, Dromer F, Winkelmann G, Ernst JF (2002) The siderophore iron transporter of Candida albicans (Sit1p/Arn1p) mediates uptake of ferrichrome-type siderophores and is required for epithelial invasion. Infect Immun 70:5246-5255
48. Higgins CF (1995) The ABC of channel regulation. Cell 82:693-696
49. Hoe KL, Won MS, Yoo OJ, Yoo HS (1996) Molecular cloning of GAF2, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe GATA factor, which has two zinc-finger sequences. Biochem Mol Biol Int 39:127-135
50. Holzberg M, Artis WM (1983) Hydroxamate siderophore production by opportunistic and systemic fungal pathogens. Infect Immun 40:1134-1139
51. Hordt W, Romheld V, Winkelmann G (2000) Fusarinines and dimerum acid, mono- and dihydroxamate siderophores from Penicillium chrysogenum, improve iron utilization by strategy I and strategy II plants. Biometals 13:37-46
52. Horowitz NH, Charlang G, Horn G, Williams NP (1976) Isolation and identification of the conidial germination factor of Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 127:135-140
53. Howard DH (1999) Acquisition, transport, and storage of iron by pathogenic fungi. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:394-404
54. Hu CJ, Bai C, Zheng XD, Wang YM, Wang Y (2002) Characterization and functional analysis of the siderophore-Fe transporter CaArn1p in Candida albicans. J Biol Chem 277:30598-30605
55. Ismail A, Bedell GW, Lupan DM (1985) Siderophore production by the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 130:885-891
56. Jensen LT, Culotta VC (2002) Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FET4 by oxygen and iron. J Mol Biol 318:251-260
57. Joyner DC, Lindow SE (2000) Heterogeneity of iron bioavailability on plants assessed with a whole-cell GFP-based bacterial biosensor. Microbiology 146:2435-2445
58. Kim Y, Yun CW, Philpott CC (2002) Ferrichrome induces endosome to plasma membrane cycling of the ferrichrome transporter, Arn1p, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 21:3632-3642
59. Kleinkauf H, Von Dohren H (1996) A nonribosomal system of peptide biosynthesis. Eur J Biochem 236:335-351
60. Knight SA, Lesuisse E, Stearman R, Klausner RD, Dancis A (2002) Reductive iron uptake by Candida albicans: role of copper, iron and the TUP1 regulator. Microbiology 148:29-40
61. Kosman DJ (2003) Molecular mechanisms of iron uptake in fungi. Mol Microbiol 47:1185-1197
62. Latge JP (1999) Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:310-350
63. Leong SA, Winkelmann G (1998) Molecular biology of iron transport in fungi. Met Ions Biol Syst 35:147-186
64. Lesuisse E, Labbe P (1989) Reductive and non-reductive mechanisms of iron assimilation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 135:257-263
65. Lesuisse E, Casteras-Simon M, Labbe P (1995) Ferrireductase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi: colorimetric assays on agar plates. Anal Biochem 226:375-377
66. Lesuisse E, Simon-Casteras M, Labbe P (1998) Siderophore-mediated iron uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the SIT1 gene encodes a ferrioxamine B permease that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Microbiology 144:3455-3462
67. Lesuisse E, Blaiseau PL, Dancis A, Camadro JM (2001) Siderophore uptake and use by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology 147:289-298
68. Lesuisse E, Knight SA, Camadro JM, Dancis A (2002) Siderophore uptake by Candida albicans: effect of serum treatment and comparison with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 19:329-340
69. Li L, Chen OS, McVey Ward D, Kaplan J (2001) CCC1 is a transporter that mediates vacuolar iron storage in yeast. J Biol Chem 276:29515-29519
70. Liu Q, Dunlap JC (1996) Isolation and analysis of the arg-13 gene of Neurospora crassa. Genetics 143:1163-1174
71. Martins LJ, Jensen LT, Simon JR, Keller GL, Winge DR, Simons JR (1998) Metalloregulation of FRE1 and FRE2 homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 273:23716-23721
72. Matzanke BF (1994) Iron storage in fungi. In: Winkelmann G, Winge DR (eds) Metal ions in fungi. Decker, New York, pp 179-213
73. Matzanke BF, Bill E, Trautwein AX, Winkelmann G (1987) Role of siderophores in iron storage in spores of Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus ochraceus. J Bacteriol 169:5873-5876
74. Matzanke BF, Bill E, Trautwein AX, Winkelmann G (1988) Ferricrocin functions as the main intracellular iron-storage compound in mycelia of Neurospora crassa. Biol Met 1:18-25
75. Mei B, Budde AD, Leong SA (1993) sid1, a gene initiating siderophore biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis: molecular characterization, regulation by iron, and role in phytopathogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:903-907
76. Mootz HD, Schorgendorfer K, Marahiel MA (2002) Functional characterization of 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferase genes of bacterial and fungal origin by complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lys5. FEMS Microbiol Lett 213:51-57
77. Morrissey JA, Williams PH, Cashmore AM (1996) Candida albicans has a cell-associated ferric-reductase activity which is regulated in response to levels of iron and copper. Microbiology 142:485-492
78. Muller G, Barclay SJ, Raymond KN (1985) The mechanism and specificity of iron transport in Rhodotorula pilimanae probed by synthetic analogs of rhodotorulic acid. J Biol Chem 260:13916-13920
79. Neilands JB (1995) Siderophores: structure and function of microbial iron transport compounds. J Biol Chem 270:26723-26726
80. Neilands JB, Konopka K, Schwyn B, Coy M, Francis RT, Paw BH, Bagg A (1987) Comparative biochemistry of microbial iron assimilation. In: Winkelmann G, Winge DR (eds) Iron transport in microbes, plants and animals. VCH Weinheim, New York, pp 3-34
81. Nilius AM, Farmer SG (1990) Identification of extracellular siderophores of pathogenic strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Med Vet Mycol 28:395-403
82. Nyhus KJ, Jacobson ES (1999) Genetic and physiologic characterization of ferric/cupric reductase constitutive mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 67:2357-2365
83. Oberegger H, Zadra I, Schoeser M, Haas H (2000) Iron starvation leads to increased expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in Aspergillus. FEBS Lett 485:113-116
84. Oberegger H, Schoeser M, Zadra I, Abt B, Haas H (2001) SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis, utilization and uptake in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 41:1077-1089
85. Oberegger H, Schoeser M, Zadra I, Schrettl M, Parson W, Haas H (2002a) Regulation of freA, acoA, lysF and cycA expression by iron availability in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5769-5772
86. Oberegger H, Zadra I, Schoeser M, Abt B, Parson W, Haas H (2002b) Identification of members of the Aspergillus nidulans SREA regulon: genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and utilization. Biochem Soc Trans 30:781-783
87. Ong DE, Emery TF (1972) Ferrichrome biosynthesis: enzyme catalyzed formation of the hydroxamic acid group. Arch Biochem Biophys 148:77-83
88. Pao SS, Paulsen IT, Saier MH Jr (1998) Major facilitator superfamily. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:1-34
89. Pelletier B, Beaudoin J, Mukai Y, Labbe S (2002) Fep1, an iron sensor regulating iron transporter gene expression in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 277:22950-29958
90. Perotto S, Bonfante P (1997) Bacterial associations with mycorrhizal fungi: close and distant friends in the rhizosphere. Trends Microbiol 5:496-501
91. Philpott CC, Rashford J, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Rouault TA, Dancis A, Klausner RD (1998) Cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of G1 cyclin translation by iron in AFT1-1(up) yeast. EMBO J 17:5026-5036
92. Plattner HJ, Diekmann H (1994) Enzymology of siderophore biosynthesis in fungi. In: Winkelmann G, Winge DR (eds) Metal ions in fungi. Decker, New York, pp 99-117
93. Portnoy ME, Jensen LT, Culotta VC (2002) The distinct methods by which manganese and iron regulate the Nramp transporters in yeast. Biochem J 362:119-124
94. Raguzzi F, Lesuisse E, Crichton RR (1988) Iron storage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 231:253-258
95. Ramanan N, Wang Y (2000) A high-affinity iron permease essential for Candida albicans virulence. Science 288:1062-1064
96. Ratledge C, Dover LG (2000) Iron metabolism in pathogenic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:881-941
97. Renshaw JC, Robson GD, Trinci APJ, Wiebe MG, Livens FR, Collison D, Taylor RJ (2002) Fungal siderophores: structures, functions and applications. Mycol Res 106:1123-1142
98. Robertson LS, Causton HC, Young RA, Fink GR (2000) The yeast A kinases differentially regulate iron uptake and respiratory function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:5984-5988
99. Roosenberg JM, Lin YM, Lu Y, Miller MJ (2000) Studies and syntheses of siderophores, microbial iron chelators, and analogs as potential drug delivery agents. Curr Med Chem 7:159-197
100. Rutherford JC, Jaron S, Ray E, Brown PO, Winge DR (2001) A second iron-regulatory system in yeast independent of Aft1p. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14322-14327
101. Scazzocchio C (2000) The fungal GATA factors. Curr Opin Microbiol 3:126-131
102. Smith RL, Johnson AD (2000) Turning genes off by Ssn6-Tup1: a conserved system of transcriptional repression in eukaryotes. Trends Biochem Sci 25:325-330
103. Stadler JA, Schweyen RJ (2002) The yeast iron regulon is induced upon cobalt stress and crucial for cobalt tolerance. J Biol Chem 277:39649-39654
104. Straka JG, Emery T (1979) The role of ferrichrome reductase in iron metabolism of Ustilago sphaerogena. Biochim Biophys Acta 569:277-286
105. Szczypka MS, Zhu Z, Silar P, Thiele DJ (1997) Saccharomyces cerevixiae mutants altered in vacuole function are defective in copper detoxification and iron-responsive gene transcription. Yeast 13:1423-1435
106. Timmerman MM, Woods JP (1999) Ferric reduction is a potential iron acquisition mechanism for Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun 67:6403-6408
107. Urbanowski JL, Piper RC (1999) The iron transporter Fth1p forms a complex with the Fet5 iron oxidase and resides on the vacuolar membrane. J Biol Chem 274:38061-38070
108. Van der Helm D, Winkelmann G (1994): Hydroxamates and polycarbonates as iron transport agents (siderophores) in fungi. In: Winkelmann G, Winge DR (eds) Metal ions in fungi. Decker, New York, pp 39-148
109. Van Ho A, McVey Ward D, Kaplan J (2002) Transition metal transport in yeast. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:237-261
110. Visca P, Ciervo A, Orsi N (1994) Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the pvdA gene encoding the pyoverdin biosynthetic enzyme L-ornithine N5-oxygenase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 176:1128-1140
111. Voisard C, Wang J, McEvoy JL, Xu P, Leong SA (1993) urbs1, a gene regulating siderophore biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis, encodes a protein similar to the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1. Mol Cell Biol 13:7091-7100
112. Waters BM, Eide DJ (2002) Combinatorial control of yeast FET4 gene expression by iron, zinc, and oxygen. J Biol Chem 277:33749-33757
113. Weber T, Marahiel MA (2001) Exploring the domain structure of modular nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Structure (Cambridge) 9:R3-R9
114. Weinberg ED (1993) The development of awareness of iron-withholding defense. Perspect Biol Med 36:215-221
115. Weinberg ED (1999) The role of iron in protozoan and fungal infectious diseases. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46:231-238
116. Weissman Z, Shemer R, Kornitzer D (2002) Deletion of the copper transporter CaCCC2 reveals two distinct pathways for iron acquisition in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 44:1551-1560
117. Wiest A, Grzegorski D, Xu BW, Goulard C, Rebuffat S, Ebbole DJ, Bodo B, Kenerley C (2002) Identification of peptaibols from Trichoderma virens and cloning of a peptaibol synthetase. J Biol Chem 277:20862-20868
118. Wilhite SE, Lumsden RD, Straney DC (2001) Peptide synthetase gene in Trichoderma virens. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:5055-5062
119. Winkelmann G (1993) Kinetics, energetics, and mechanisms of siderophore iron transport in fungi. In: Barton LL, Hemmings BC (eds) Iron chelation in plants and soil microorganisms. Academic Press, New York, pp 219-239
120. Winkelmann G (2001) Siderophore transport in fungi. In: Winkelmann G (ed) Microbial transport systems. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
121. Winkelmann G (2002) Microbial siderophore-mediated transport. Biochem Soc Trans 30:691-696
122. 5-oxygenase and is indispensable for deferriferrchrysin biosynthesis. J Biosci Bioeng 95:82-88
123. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Dancis A, Klausner RD (1995) AFT1: a mediator of iron regulated transcriptional control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J 14:1231-1239
124. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Stearman R, Dancis A, Klausner RD (1996) Iron-regulated DNA binding by the AFT1 protein controls the iron regulon in yeast. EMBO J 15:3377-3384
125. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Ueta R, Fukunaka A, Sasaki R (2002) Subcellular localization of Aft1 transcription factor responds to iron status in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 277:18914-18918
126. Yuan WM, Gentil GD, Budde AD, Leong SA (2001) Characterization of the Ustilago maydis sid2 gene, encoding a multido-main peptide synthetase in the ferrichrome biosynthetic gene cluster. J Bacteriol 183:4040-4051
127. Yun CW, Ferea T, Rashford J, Ardon O, Brown PO, Botstein D, Kaplan J, Philpott CC (2000a) Desferrioxamine-mediated iron uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Evidence for two pathways of iron uptake. J Biol Chem 275:10709-10715
128. Yun CW, Tiedeman JS, Moore RE, Philpott CC (2000b) Siderophore-iron uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of ferrichrome and fusarinine transporters. J Biol Chem 275:16354-16359
129. Yun CW, Bauler M, Moore RE, Klebba PE, Philpott CC (2001) The role of the FRE family of plasma membrane reductases in the uptake of siderophore-iron in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 276:10218-10223
130. Zhou L, Marzluf GA (1999) Functional analysis of the two zinc fingers of SRE, a GATA-type factor that negatively regulates siderophore synthesis in Neurospora crassa. Biochemistry 38:4335-4341
131. Zhou LW, Haas H, Marzluf GA (1998) Isolation and characterization of a new gene, sre, which encodes a GATA- type regulatory protein that controls iron transport in Neurospora crassa. Mol Gen Genet 259:532-540