What's new in the field of cancer vaccines?

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1296-1310

  Renno, T ^a   Lebecque, S ^a   Renard, N ^a   Saeland, S ^a   Vicari, A ^a  

^a MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Adjuvant; Antigen; Evasion; Targeting; Tumor; Vaccination

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN; CANCER VACCINE; CYTOKINE; DNA VACCINE; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 1; TUMOR ANTIGEN; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

CANCER IMMUNIZATION; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOGENICITY; REVIEW; TUMOR; TUMOR CELL; VACCINATION;

ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; CANCER VACCINES; HLA ANTIGENS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; NEOPLASM REGRESSION, SPONTANEOUS; NEOPLASMS; POINT MUTATION; PROTEINS; VACCINES, DNA;

EID: 0042870067     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-2185-x     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Boon T. and Old L. J. (1997) Cancer tumor antigens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:681-683
2. Wang R. F. and Rosenberg S. A. (1999). Human tumor antigens for cancer vaccine development. Immunol. Rev. 170: 85-100
3. Melief C. J., Toes R. E., Medema J. P. van der Burg S. H., Ossendorp F. and Offringa R. (2000) Strategies for immunotherapy of cancer. Adv. Immunol. 75: 235-282
4. Renkvist N., Castelli C., Robbins P. F. and Parmiani G. (2001). A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 50: 3-15
5. Houghton A. N., Gold J. S. and Blachere N. E. (2001) Immunity against cancer: lessons learned from melanoma. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 13:134-140
6. Gordan J. D. and Vonderheide R. H. (2002). Universal tumor antigens as targets for immunotherapy. Cytotherapy. 4: 317-327
7. Prasannan L., Misek D. E., Hinderer R., Michon J., Geiger J. D. and Hanash S. M. (2000) Identification of beta-tubulin isoforms as tumor antigens in neuroblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 3949-3956
8. Hogan K. T., Eisinger D. P., Cupp S. B. 3rd, Lekstrom K. J., Deacon D. D., Shabanowitz J. et al. (1998) The peptide recognized by HLA-A68.2-restricted, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is derived from a mutated elongation factor 2 gene. Cancer Res. 58: 5144-5150
9. Suzuki K., Sahara H., Okada Y., Yasoshima T., Hirohashi Y., Nabeta Y. et al. (1999) Identification of natural antigenic peptides of a human gastric signet ring cell carcinoma recognized by HLA-A31-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 163: 2783-2791
10. Scanlan M. J., Gure A. O., Jungbluth A. A., Old L. J. and Chen Y. T. (2002) Cancer/testis antigens: an expanding family of targets for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Rev. 188: 22-32
11. Alpen B., Gure A. O., Scanlan M. J., Old L. J. and Chen Y. T. (2002) A new member of the NY-ESO-1 gene family is ubiquitously expressed in somatic tissues and evolutionarily conserved. Gene 297: 141-149
12. Gnjatic S., Jager E., Chen W., Altorki N. K., Matsuo M., Lee S. Y. et al. (2002) CD8(+) T cell responses against a dominant cryptic HLA-A2 epitope after NY-ESO-1 peptide immunization of cancer patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11813-1188
13. Zeng G., Li Y., El-Gamil M., Sidney J., Sette A., Wang R. F. et al. (2002) Generation of NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by a single peptide with dual MHC class I and class II specificities: a new strategy for vaccine design. Cancer Res. 62: 3630-3635
14. Coral S., Sigalotti L., Altomonte M., Engelsberg A., Colizzi F., Cattarossi I. et al. (2002) 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine-induced expression of functional cancer testis antigens in human renal cell carcinoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Clin. Cancer Res. 8: 2690-2695
15. Slingluff C. L. Jr, Yamshchikov G., Neese P., Galavotti H., Eastham S., Engelhard V. H. et al. (2001) Phase I trial of a melanoma vaccine with gp100(280-288) peptide and tetanus helper peptide in adjuvant: immunologic and clinical outcomes. Clin. Cancer Res. 7:3012-3024
16. Banchereau J. and Steinman R. M. (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature. 392: 245-252
17. Reis e Sousa C. (2001) Dendritic cells as sensors of infection. Immunity 14: 495-498
18. Dallal R. M. and Lotze M. T. (2000) The dendritic cell and human cancer vaccines. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12: 583-588
19. Shortman K. and Liu Y. J. (2002) Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes. Nature Rev. Immunol. 2: 151-161
20. Maraskovsky E., Brasel K., Teepe M., Roux E. R., Lyman S. D., Shortman K. et al. (1996) Dramatic increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: multiple dendritic cell subpopulations identified. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1953-1962
21. Pulendran B., Banchereau J., Burkeholder S., Kraus E., Guinet E., Chalouni C. et al. (2000) Flt3-ligand and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilize distinct human dendritic cell subsets in vivo. J. Immunol. 165: 566-572
22. Pulendran B., Banchereau J., Maraskovsky E. and Maliszewski C. (2001) Modulating the immune response with dendritic cells and their growth factors. Trends Immunol. 22: 41-47
23. Jager E., Ringhoffer M., Dienes H. P., Arand M., Karbach J., Jager D. et al. (1996) Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor enhances immune responses to melanoma-associated peptides in vivo. Int. J. Cancer. 67: 54-62
24. Leong S. P., Enders-Zohr P., Zhou Y. M., Stuntebeck S., Habib F. A., Allen R. E. Jr et al. (1999) Recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and autologous melanoma vaccine mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Immunother. 22: 166-174
25. Mellstedt H., Fagerberg J. and Osterborg A. (1999) Local low-dose of soluble GM-CSF significantly augments an immune response against tumour antigens in man. Eur. J. Cancer. 35: S29-S32
26. Kass E., Panicali D. L., Mazzara G., Schlom J. and Greiner J. W. (2001) Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor produced by recombinant avian poxviruses enriches the regional lymph nodes with antigen-presenting cells and acts as an immunoadjuvant. Cancer Res. 61: 206-214
27. Nguyen C. L., Bui J. T., Demcheva M., Vournakis J. N., Cole D. J. and Gillanders W. E. (2001) Sustained release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from a modular peptide-based cancer vaccine alters vaccine microenvironment and enhances the antigen-specific T-cell response. J. Immunother. 24: 420-429
28. Disis M. L., Rinn K., Knutson K. L., Davis D., Caron D., dela Rosa C. et al. (2002) Flt3 ligand as a vaccine adjuvant in association with HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccines in patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers. Blood 99: 2845-2850
29. Fong L., Hou Y., Rivas A., Benike C., Yuen A., Fisher G. A. et al. (2001) Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 8809-8814
30. Vicari A. P. and Caux C. (2002) Chemokines in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13: 143-154
31. Caux C, Vanbervliet B., Massacrier C., Ait-Yahia S., Vaure C., Chemin K. et al. (2002) Regulation of dendritic cell recruitment by chemokines. Transplantation 73: S7-S11
32. Soiffer R., Lynch T., Mihm M., Jung K., Rhuda C., Schmollinger J. C. et al. (1998) Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13141-13146
33. Dilloo D., Bacon K., Holden W., Zhong W., Burdach S., Zlotnik A. et al. (1996) Combined chemokine and cytokine gene transfer enhances antitumor immunity. Nat. Med. 2: 1090-1095
34. Darji A., Chakraborty T., Wehland J. and Weiss S. (1997) TAP-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of soluble proteins using listeriolysin. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 1353-1359
35. Haicheur N., Bismuth E., Bosset S., Adotevi O., Warnier G., Lacabanne V. et al. (2000) The B subunit of Shiga toxin fused to a tumor antigen elicits CTL and targets dendritic cells to allow MHC class I-restricted presentation of peptides derived from exogenous antigens. J. Immunol. 165: 3301-3308
36. Zhou F., Rouse B. T. and Huang L. (1992) Prolonged survival of thymoma-bearing mice after vaccination with a soluble protein antigen entrapped in liposomes: a model study. Cancer Res. 52: 6287-6291
37. Lee R. S., Tartour E., van der Bruggen P., Vantomme V., Joyeux I., Goud B. et al. (1998) Major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble tumor antigen fused to the B-fragment of Shiga toxin. Eur. J. Immunol. 28: 2726-2737
38. Guermonprez P., Ladant D., Karimova G., Ullmann A. and Leclerc C. (1999) Direct delivery of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to the MHC class I antigen presentation pathway. J. Immunol. 162: 1910-1916
39. Fayolle C., Ladant D., Karimova G., Ullmann A. and Leclerc C. (1999) Therapy of murine tumors with recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase carrying a cytotoxic T cell epitope. J. Immunol. 162: 4157-4162
40. Guermonprez P., Khelef N., Blouin E., Rieu P., Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Guiso N., et al. (2001) The adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis binds to target cells via the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin (CD11b/CD18). J. Exp. Med. 193: 1035-1044
41. Jeannin P., Renno T., Goetsch L., Miconnet I., Aubry J. P., Delneste Y. et al. (2000) OmpA targets dendritic cells, induces their maturation and delivers antigen into the MHC class I presentation pathway. Nat. Immunol. 1: 502-509
42. Cho H. J., Takabayashi K., Cheng P. M., Nguyen M. D., Corr M., Tuck S. et al. (2000) Immunostimulatory DNA-based vaccines induce cytotoxic lymphocyte activity by a T-helper cell-independent mechanism. Nat. Biotechnol. 18: 509-514
43. Hemmi H., Takeuchi O., Kawai T., Kaisho T., Sato S., Sanjo H. et al. (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408: 740-745
44. Gupta R. K. and Siber G. R. (1995) Adjuvants for human vaccines-current status, problems and future prospects. Vaccine 13: 1263-1276
45. Azuma I. and Seya T. (2001) Development of immunoadjuvants for immunotherapy of cancer. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1: 1249-1259
46. Takeuchi O. and Akira S. (2001). Toll-like receptors: their physiological role and signal transduction system. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1: 625-635
47. Janeway C. A. Jr and Medzhitov R. (2002) Innate immune recognition. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 20: 197-216
48. Barton G. M. and Medzhitov R. (2002) Control of adaptive immune responses by Toll-like receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14: 380-383
49. Kadowaki N., Ho S., Antonenko S., de Waal Malefyt R., Kastelein R. A., Bazan F. et al. (2001) Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. J. Immunol. 194: 863-870
50. Krieg A. M. and Davis H. L. (2001) Enhancing vaccines with immune stimulatory CpG DNA. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 3: 15-24
51. Gallucci S., Lolkema M. and Matzinger P. (1999) Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 5: 1249-1255
52. Ohashi K., Burkart V., Flohe S. and Kolb H. (2000) Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex. J. Immunol. 154: 558-561
53. Srivastava P. K. and Amato R. J. (2001) Heat shock proteins: the 'Swiss Army Knife' vaccines against cancers and infectious agents. Vaccine 19: 2590-2597
54. Sabbatini P. J., Kudryashov V., Ragupathi G., Danishefsky S. J., Livingston P. O., Bornmann W et al. (2000) Immunization of ovarian cancer patients with a synthetic Lewis(y)-protein conjugate vaccine: a phase 1 trial. Int. J. Cancer 87: 79-85
55. Gilewski T., Adluri S., Ragupathi G., Zhang S., Yao T. J., Panageas K. et al. (2000) Vaccination of high-risk breast cancer patients with mucin-1 (MUC1) keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate plus QS-21. Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 1693-1701
56. Chapman P. B., Morrisey D., Panageas K. S., Williams L., Lewis J. J., Israel R. J. et al. (2000) Vaccination with a bivalent G(M2) and G(D2) ganglioside conjugate vaccine: a trial comparing doses of G(D2)-keyhole limpet hemocyanm Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 4658-4662
57. Weinberg A. D., Rivera M. M., Prell R., Morris A., Ramstad T., Vetto J. T. et al. (2000) Engagement of the OX-40 receptor in vivo enhances antitumor immunity. J. Immunol. 164: 2160-2169
58. van Mierlo G. J., den Boer A. T., Medema J. P., van Der Voort E. I., Fransen M. F., Offringa R. et al. (2002) CD40 stimulation leads to effective therapy of CD40- tumors through induction of strong systemic cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 5561-5566
59. Wilcox R. A., Flies D. B., Zhu G., Johnson A. J., Tamada K., Chapoval A. I. et al. (2002) Provision of antigen and CD137 signaling breaks immunological ignorance, promoting regression of poorly immunogenic tumors. J. Clin. Invest. 109: 651-659
60. Borysiewicz L. K., Fiander A., Nimako M., Man S., Wilkinson G. W., Westmoreland D. et al. (1996) A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, E6 and E7 proteins as immunotherapy for cervical cancer. Lancet 347: 1523-1527
61. Tso C. L., Zisman A., Pantuck A., Calilliw R., Hernandez J. M., Paik S. et al. (2001) Induction of G250-targeted and T-cell-mediated antitumor activity against renal cell carcinoma using a chimeric fusion protein consisting of G250 and granulocyte/monocyte-colony stimulating factor. Cancer Res. 61: 7925-7933
62. Srivastava P. (2002) Roles of heat-shock proteins in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2: 185-194
63. Graner M., Raymond A., Romney D., He L., Whitesell L. and Katsanis E. (2000) Immunoprotective activities of multiple chaperone proteins isolated from murine B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 6: 909-915
64. Janetzki S., Palla D., Rosenhauer V., Lochs H., Lewis J. J. and Srivastava P. K. (2000) Immunization of cancer patients with autologous cancer-derived heat shock protein gp96 preparations: a pilot study. Int. J. Cancer 88: 232-238
65. Manjili M. H., Henderson R., Wang X. Y., Chen X., Li Y., Repasky E. et al. (2002) Development of a recombinant HSP110-HER-2/neu vaccine using the chaperoning properties of HSP110. Cancer Res. 62: 1737-1742
66. Hsu F. J., Caspar C. B., Czerwinski D., Kwak L. W., Liles T. M., Syrengelas A. et al. (1997) Tumor-specific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoma - long-term results of a clinical trial. Blood 89: 3129-3135
67. Lunde E., Munthe L. A., Vabo A., Sandlie I. and Bogen B. (1999) Antibodies engineered with IgD specificity efficiently deliver integrated T-cell epitopes for antigen presentation by B cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 17: 670-675
68. Lunde E., Western K. H., Rasmussen I. B., Sandlie I. and Bogen B. (2002) Efficient delivery of T cell epitopes to APC by use of MHC class II-specific Troybodies. J. Immunol. 168: 2154-2162
69. Gurunathan S., Klinman D. M. and Seder R. A. (2000) DNA vaccines: immunology, application, and optimization. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18: 927-974
70. Mincheff M., Tchakarov S., Zoubak S., Loukinov D., Botev C., Altankova I. et al. (2000) Naked DNA and adenoviral immunizations for immunotherapy of prostate cancer: a phase I/II clinical trial. Eur. Urol. 38: 208-217
71. You Z., Hester J., Rollins L., Spagnoli G. C., van der Bruggen P. and Chen S. Y. (2001) A retrogen strategy for presentation of an intracellular tumor antigen as an exogenous antigen by dendritic cells induces potent antitumor T helper and CTL responses. Cancer Res. 61: 197-205
72. You Z., Huang X., Hester J., Toh H. C. and Chen S. Y. (2001) Targeting dendritic cells to enhance DNA vaccine potency. Cancer Res. 61: 3704-3711
73. Hung C. F., Hsu K. F., Cheng W. F., Chai C. Y., He L., Ling M. et al. (2001) Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by linkage of antigen gene to a gene encoding the extracellular domain of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand. Cancer Res. 61: 1080-1088
74. Hung C. F., He L., Juang J., Lin T. J., Ling M. and Wu T. C. (2002) Improving DNA vaccine potency by linking Marek's disease virus type 1 VP22 to an antigen. J. Virol. 76: 2676-2682
75. Chen C. H., Wang T. L., Hung C. F., Yang Y., Young R. A., Pardoll D. M. et al. (2000) Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by linkage of antigen gene to an HSP70 gene. Cancer Res. 60: 1035-1042
76. Deliyannis G., Boyle J. S., Brady J. L., Brown L. E. and Lew A. M. (2000) A fusion DNA vaccine that targets antigen-presenting cells increases protection from viral challenge. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 6676-6680
77. Correale P., Cusi M. G., Sabatino M., Micheli L., Pozzessere D., Nencini C. et al. (2001) Tumour-associated antigen (TAA)-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response in vitro and in a mouse model, induced by TAA-plasmids delivered by influenza virosomes. Eur. J. Cancer 37: 2097-2103
78. Tanaka M., Kaneda Y., Fujii S., Yamano T., Hashimoto K., Huang S. K. et al. (2002) Induction of a systemic immune response by a polyvalent melanoma-associated antigen DNA vaccine for prevention and treatment of malignant melanoma. Mol. Ther. 5: 291-299
79. Nestle F. O., Alijagic S., Gilliet M., Sun Y., Grabbe S., Dummer R. et al. (1998) Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 4: 328-332
80. Schuler-Thurner B., Dieckmann D., Keikavoussi P., Bender A., Maczek C., Jonuleit H. et al. (2000) Mage-3 and influenza-matrix peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells are inducible in terminal stage HLA-A2.1+ melanoma patients by mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 165: 3492-3496
81. Thurner B., Haendle I., Roder C., Dieckmann D., Keikavoussi P., Jonuleit H. et al. (1999) Vaccination with mage-3 A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1669-1678
82. Mackensen A., Herbst B., Chen J. L., Kohler G., Noppen C., Herr W. et al. (2000) Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. Int. J. Cancer 86: 385-392
83. Nair S. K., Hull S., Coleman D., Gilboa E., Lyerly H. K. and Morse M. A. (1999) Induction of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in vitro using autologous dendritic cells loaded with CEA peptide or CEA RNA in patients with metastatic malignancies expressing CEA. Int. J. Cancer 82: 121-124
84. Murphy G. P., Elgamal A. A., Troychak M. J. and Kenny G. M. (2000) Follow-up ProstaScint scans verify detection of occult soft-tissue recurrence after failure of primary prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 42: 315-317
85. Brossart P., Wirths S., Stuhler G., Reichardt V. L., Kanz L. and Brugger W (2000) Induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in vivo after vaccinations with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Blood 96: 3102-3108
86. Yu J. S., Wheeler C. J., Zeltzer P. M., Ying H., Finger D. N., Lee P. K. et al. (2001) Vaccination of malignant glioma patients with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells elicits systemic cytotoxicity and intracranial T-cell infiltration. Cancer Res. 61: 842-847
87. Hsu F. J., Benike C., Fagnoni F., Liles T. M., Czerwinski D., Taidi B. et al. (1996) Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2: 52-58
88. Reichardt V. L., Okada C. Y., Liso A., Benike C. J., Stockerl-Goldstein K. E., Engleman E. G. et al. (1999) Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma - a feasibility study. Blood. 93: 2411-2419
89. Philip R., Alters S. E., Brunette E., Ashton J., Gadea J., Yau J. et al. (2000) Dendritic cells loaded with MART-1 peptide or infected with adenoviral construct are functionally equivalent in the induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in patients with melanoma. J. Immunother. 23: 168-176
90. Ashley D. M., Faiola B., Nair S., Hale L. P., Bigner D. D. and Gilboa E. (1997) Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extracts or tumor RNA induce antitumor immunity against central nervous system tumors. J. Exp. Med. 186: 1177-1182
91. Boczkowski D., Nair S. K, Snyder D. and Gilboa E. (1996) Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 184: 465-472
92. Jenne L., Arrighi J. F., Jonuleit H., Saurat J. H. and Hauser C. (2000) Dendritic cells containing apoptotic melanoma cells prime human CD8+ T cells for efficient tumor cell lysis. Cancer Res. 60: 4446-4452
93. Albert M. L., Pearce S. F., Francisco L. M., Sauter B., Roy P., Silverstein R. L. et al. (1998) Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 188: 1359-1368
94. DeMatos P., Abdel-Wahab Z., Vervaert C., Hester D. and Seigler H. (1998) Pulsing of dendritic cells with cell lysates from either B16 melanoma or MCA-106 fibrosarcoma yields equally effective vaccines against B16 tumors in mice. J. Surg. Oncol. 68: 79-91
95. Kugler A., Stuhler G., Walden P., Zoller G., Zobywalski A., Brossart P. et al. (2000) Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat. Med. 6: 332-336
96. Dhodapkar M. V., Steinman R. M., Krasovsky J., Munz C. and Bhardwaj N. (2001) Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 193: 233-238
97. Miescher S., Whiteside T., Moretta L. and von Fliedner V. (1987) Clonal and frequency analyses of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes from human solid tumors. J. Immunol. 138: 4004-4011
98. Miescher S., Stoeck M., Qiao L. B. C., Barrelet L. and von Fliedner V. (1988) Proliferative and cytolytic potentials of purified human tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. Impaired response to mitogen-driven stimulation despite T-cell receptor expression. Int. J. Cancer 42: 659-666
99. Whiteside T. (1999) Signaling defects in T lymphocytes of patients with malignancy. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 48: 346-352
100. Radoja S. and Frey A. B. (2000) Cancer-induced defective cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector function: another mechanism how antigenic tumors escape immune-mediated killing. Mol. Med. 6: 465-479
101. Kono K., Ressing M. E., Brandt R. M., Melief C. J., Potkul R. K., Andersson B. et al. (1996) Decreased expression of signal-transducing zeta chain in peripheral T cells and natural killer cells in patients with cervical cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2: 1825-1828
102. Matsuda M., Petersson M., Lenkei R., Taupin J. L., Magnusson I., Mellstedt H. et al. (1995) Alterations in the signal-transducing molecules of T cells and NK cells in colorectal tumor-infiltrating, gut mucosal and peripheral lymphocytes: correlation with the stage of the disease. Int. J. Cancer 61: 765-772
103. Nakagomi H., Petersson M., Magnusson I., Juhlin C., Matsuda M., Mellstedt H. et al. (1993) Decreased expression of the signal-transducing zeta chains in tumor-infiltrating T-cells and NK cells of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 53: 5610-5612
104. Reichert T. E., Day R., Wagner E. M. and Whiteside T. L. (1998) Absent or low expression of the zeta chain in T cells at the tumor site correlates with poor survival in patients with oral carcinoma. Cancer Res. 58: 5344-5347
105. Kuss I., Saito T., Johnson J. T. and Whiteside T. L. (1999) Clinical significance of decreased zeta chain expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 5: 329-334
106. Ahuja S. S., Paliogianni F., Yamada H., Balow J. E. and Boumpas D. T. (1993) Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on early and late activation events in human T cells. J. Immunol. 150: 3109-3118
107. Siepl C., Bodmer S., Frei K, MacDonald H. R., De Martin R., Hofer E. et al. (1988) The glioblastoma-derived T cell suppressor factor/transforming growth factor-beta 2 inhibits T cell growth without affecting the interaction of interleukin 2 with its receptor. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 593-600
108. Wahl S. M., Hunt D. A., Wong H. L., Dougherty S., McCartney-Francis N., Wahl L. M. et al. (1988) Transforming growth factor-beta is a potent immunosuppressive agent that inhibits IL-1-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. J. Immunol. 140: 3026-3032
109. Ortaldo J. R., Mason A. T., O'Shea J. J., Smyth M. J., Falk L. A., Kennedy I. C. et al. (1991) Mechanistic studies of transforming growth factor-beta inhibition of IL-2-dependent activation of CD3-large granular lymphocyte functions. Regulation of IL-2R beta (p75) signal transduction. J. Immunol. 146: 3791-3798
110. Smyth M. J., Strobl S. L.,Young H. A., Ortaldo J. R. and Ochoa A. C. (1991) Regulation of lymphokine-activated killer activity and pore-forming protein gene expression in human peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes. Inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta. J. Immunol. 146: 3289-3297
111. King C., Davies J., Mueller R., Lee M. S., Krahl T., Yeung B. et al. (1998) TGF-beta1 alters APC preference, polarizing islet antigen responses toward a Th2 phenotype. Immunity 8: 601-613
112. Tsushima H., Ito N., Tamura S., Matsuda Y., Inada M., Yabuuchi I. et al. (2001) Circulating transforming growth factor beta 1 as a predictor of liver metastasis after resection in colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 7: 1258-1262
113. Doran T., Stuhlmiller H., Kim J. A., Martin E. W. Jr and Triozzi P. L. (1997) Oncogene and cytokine expression of human colorectal tumors responding to immunotherapy. J. Immunother. 20: 372-376
114. Shah A. H. and Lee C. (2000) TGF-beta-based immunotherapy for cancer: breaching the tumor firewall. Prostate 45: 167-172
115. Moore K. W., de Waal Malefyt R., Coffman R. L. and O'Garra A. (2001) Interleukin- 10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19: 683-765
116. Pawelec G., Heinzel S., Kiessling R., Muller L., Ouyang Q. and Zeuthen J. (2000) Escape mechanisms in tumor immunity: a year 2000 update. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 11: 97-133
117. O'Connell J., O'Sullivan G. C., Collins J. K. and Shanahan F. (1996) The Fas counterattack: Fas-mediated T cell killing by colon cancer cells expressing Fas ligand. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1075-1082
118. Hahne M., Rimoldi D., Schroter M., Romero P., Schreier M., French L. E. et al. (1996) Melanoma cell expression of Fas(Apo-1/CD95) ligand: implications for tumor immune escape. Science 274: 1363-1366
119. Strand S., Hofmann W. J., Hug H., Muller M., Otto G., Strand D. et al. (1996) Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells - a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat. Med. 2: 1361-1366
120. Saas P., Walker P. R., Hahne M., Quiquerez A. L., Schnuriger V., Perrin G. et al. (1997) Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain? J. Clin. Invest. 99: 1173-1178
121. Restifo N. P. (2000) Not so Fas: re-evaluating the mechanisms of immune privilege and tumor escape. Nat. Med. 6: 493-495
122. Restifo N. P. (2001) Countering the 'counterattack' hypothesis. Nat. Med. 7: 259
123. Chappell D. B., Zaks T. Z., Rosenberg S. A. and Restifo N. P. (1999) Human melanoma cells do not express Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand. Cancer Res. 59: 59-62
124. Kang S. M., Lin Z., Ascher N. L. and Stock P. G. (1998) Fas ligand expression on islets as well as multiple cell lines results in accelerated neutrophilic rejection. Transplant Proc. 30: 538
125. Favre-Felix N., Fromentin A., Hammann A., Solary E., Martin F. and Bonnotte B. (2000) Cutting edge: the tumor counterattack hypothesis revisited: colon cancer cells do not induce T cell apoptosis via the Fas (CD95, APO-1) pathway. J. Immunol. 164: 5023-5027
126. Allison J., Georgiou H. M., Strasser A. and Vaux D. L. (1997) Transgenic expression of CD95 ligand on islet beta cells induces a granulocytic infiltration but does not confer immune privilege upon islet allografts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 3943-3947
127. Kang S. M., Hoffmann A., Le D., Springer M. L., Stock P. G. and Blau H. M. (1997) Immune response and myoblasts that express Fas ligand. Science 278: 1322-1324
128. Kang S. M., Schneider D. B., Lin Z., Hanahan D., Dichek D. A., Stock P. G. et al. (1997) Fas ligand expression in islets of Langerhans does not confer immune privilege and instead targets them for rapid destruction. Nat. Med. 3: 738-743
129. Seino K., Kayagaki N., Fukao K., Okumura K. and Yagita H. (1997) Rejection of Fas ligand-expressing grafts. Transplant Proc. 29: 1092-1093
130. Kurooka M., Nuovo G. J., Caligiuri M. A. and Nabel G. J. (2002) Cellular localization and function of Fas ligand (CD95L) in tumors. Cancer Res. 62: 1261-1265
131. De Baetselier P., Katzav S., Gorelik E., Feldman M. and Segal S. (1980) Differential expression of H-2 gene products in tumour cells in associated with their metastatogenic properties. Nature 288: 179-181
132. Ferrone S. and Marincola F. M. (1995) Loss of HLA class I antigens by melanoma cells: molecular mechanisms, functional significance and clinical relevance. Immunol. Today. 16: 487-494
133. Garrido F., Ruiz-Cabello F., Cabrera T., Perez-Villar J. J., Lopez-Botet M., Duggan-Keen M. et al. (1997) Implications for immunosurveillance of altered HLA class I phenotypes in human tumours. Immunol. Today 18: 89-95
134. Gilboa E., Nair S. K. and Lyerly H. K. (1998) Immunotherapy of cancer with dendritic-cell-based vaccines. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 46: 82-87
135. Riker A., Cormier J., Panelli M., Kammula U., Wang E., Abati A. et al. (1999) Immune selection after antigen-specific immunotherapy of melanoma. Surgery 126: 112-120
136. Anichini A., Molla A., Mortarini R., Tragni G., Bersani I., Di Nicola M. et al. (1999) An expanded peripheral T cell population to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-defined, melanocyte-specific antigen in metastatic melanoma patients impacts on generation of peptide-specific CTLs but does not overcome tumor escape from immune surveillance in metastatic lesions. J. Exp. Med. 190: 651-667
137. Lehmann F., Marchand M., Hainaut P., Pouillart P., Sastre X., Ikeda H. et al. (1995) Differences in the antigens recognized by cytolytic T cells on two successive metastases of a melanoma patient are consistent with immune selection. Eur. J. Immunol. 25: 340-347
138. Cohen E. P. and Kim T. S. (1994) Neoplastic cells that express low levels of MHC class I determinants escape host immunity. Semin. Cancer Biol. 5: 419-428
139. Cromme F. V., Airey J., Heemels M. T., Ploegh H. L., Keating P. J., Stern P. L. et al. (1994) Loss of transporter protein, encoded by the TAP-1 gene, is highly correlated with loss of HLA expression in cervical carcinomas. J. Exp. Med. 179: 335-340
140. Cormier J. N., Panelli M. C., Hackett J. A., Bettinotti M. P., Mixon A., Wunderlich J. et al. (1999) Natural variation of the expression of HLA and endogenous antigen modulates CTL recognition in an in vitro melanoma model. Int. J. Cancer 80: 781-790
141. Robbins P. F., El-Gamil M, Li Y. F., Kawakami Y., Loftus D., Appella E. et al. (1996) A mutated beta-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 183: 1185-1192
142. Coulie P. G., Lehmann F., Lethe B., Herman J., Lurquin C., Andrawiss M. et al. (1995) A mutated intron sequence codes for an antigenic peptide recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7976-7980
143. Wolfel T., Hauer M., Schneider J, Serrano M., Wolfel C., Klehmann-Hieb E. et al. (1995) A p16INK4a-insensitive CDK4 mutant targeted by cytolytic T lymphocytes in a human melanoma. Science 269: 1281-1284
144. Seliger B., Maeurer M. J. and Ferrone S. (2000) Antigen-processing machinery breakdown and tumor growth. Immunol. Today. 21: 455-464
145. Seliger B., Dunn T., Schwenzer A., Casper J., Huber C. and Schmoll H. J. (1997) Analysis of the MHC class I antigen presentation machinery in human embryonal carcinomas: evidence for deficiencies in TAP, LMP and MHC class I expression and their upregulation by IFN-gamma. Scand. J. Immunol. 46: 625-632
146. Murray P. G., Constandinou C. M., Crocker J., Young L. S. and Ambinder R. F. (1998) Analysis of major histocompatibility complex class I, TAP expression and LMP2 epitope sequence in Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin's disease. Blood 92: 2477-2483
147. Kaklamanis L., Leek R., Koukourakis M., Gatter K. C. and Harris A. L. (1995) Loss of transporter in antigen processing 1 transport protein and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in metastatic versus primary breast cancer. Cancer Res. 55: 5191-5194
148. Chen H. L., Gabrilovich D., Tampe R., Girgis K. R., Nadaf S. and Carbone D. P. (1996) A functionally defective allele of TAP1 results in loss of MHC class I antigen presentation in a human lung cancer. Nat. Genet. 13: 210-213
149. Bicknell D. C., Rowan A. and Bodmer W. F. (1994) Beta 2-microglobulin gene mutations: a study of established colorectal cell lines and fresh tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4751-4756
150. Borrow P. and Shaw G. M. (1998) Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte escape viral variants: how important are they in viral evasion of immune clearance in vivo? Immunol. Rev. 164: 37-51
151. Restifo N. P., Marincola F. M., Kawakami Y., Taubenberger J., Yannelli J. R. and Rosenberg S. A. (1996) Loss of functional beta 2-microglobulin in metastatic melanomas from five patients receiving immunotherapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88: 100-108
152. Velders M. P., Schreiber H. and Kast W. M. (1998) Active immunization against cancer cells: impediments and advances. Semin. Oncol. 25: 697-706
153. Paul P., Rouas-Freiss N., Khalil-Daher I., Moreau P., Riteau B., Le Gal F. A. et al. (1998) HLA-G expression in melanoma: a way for tumor cells to escape from immunosurveillance. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 95: 4510-4515
154. Cabestre F. A., Moreau P., Riteau B., Ibrahim E. C., Le Danff C., Dausset J. et al. (1999) HLA-G expression in human melanoma cells: protection from NK cytolysis. J. Reprod. Immunol. 43: 183-193
155. Wiendl H., Mitsdoerffer M, Hofmeister V., Wischhusen J., Bornemann A.,
156. Davies B., Hiby S, Gardner L., Loke Y. W. and King A. (2001) HLA-G expression by tumors. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 45: 103-107
157. Frumento G., Franchello S., Palmisano G. L., Nicotra M. R., Giacomini P., Loke Y. W. et al. (2000) Melanomas and melanoma cell lines do not express HLA-G, and the expression cannot be induced by gammaIFN treatment. Tissue Antigens 56: 30-37
158. Ugurel S., Reinhold U. and Tilgen W (2002) HLA-G in Melanoma: a new strategy to escape from immunosurveillance? Onkologie 25: 129-134