Susceptibility and biomarker knowledge for improvement of environmental health

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

Volumn 206, Issue 4-5, 2003, Pages 401-412

  Salama, Salama A ^a   Au, William W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Biomarkers; Environmental health; Gene mutations; Liver cancer; Oral cancer; Susceptibility

Indexed keywords

AFLATOXIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CANCER MODEL; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH PROMOTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MASS SCREENING; MEDICAL INFORMATION; MOUTH CANCER; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING CESSATION; TECHNIQUE;

EID: 0042427416     PISSN: 14384639     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00237     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Ahsan, H., Wang, L. Y., Chen, C. J., Tsai, W. Y. and Santella, R. M.: Variability in aflatoxin-albumin adduct levels and effects of hepatitis B and C virus infection and glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotype. Environ. Health Perspect. 109, 833-837 (2001).
2. Albertini, R. J., Nicklas, J. A., Fuscoe, J. C., Skopek, T. R., Branda, R. F. and O'Neill J. P.: In vivo mutations in human blood cells: biomarkers for molecular epidemiology. Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 135-141 (1993).
3. Armstrong, W. B., Kennedy, A. R., Wan, X. S., Taylor, T. H., Nguyen, Q. A., Jensen, J., Thompson, W., Lagerberg, W. and Meyskens, F. L. Jr.: Clinical modulation of oral leukoplakia and protease activity by Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate in a phase IIa chemoprevention trial. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 4684-4691 (2000).
4. Arutiunian, R. M., Tumanian, E. R. and Shirinian, G. S.: An analysis of the micronuclei in the oral mucosa for assessing the cytogenetic effect of environmental pollutants. Tsitol. Genet. 24, 57-60 (1990).
5. Axéll, T.: Oral mucosal changes related to smokeless tobacco usage: research findings in Scandinavia. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 29, 299-302 (1993).
6. Badawi, A. F. and Badr, M. Z.: Chemoprevention of breast cancer by targeting cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Int. J. Oncol. 20, 1109-1122 (2002).
7. Balasenthil, S., Rao, K. S. and Nagin, i S.: Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by garlic. J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 31, 142-146 (2002).
8. Bhuvaneswari, V., Velmurugan, B., Balasenthil, S., Ramachandran, C. R. and Nagini, S.: Chemopreventive efficacy of lycopene on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Fitoterapia 72, 865-874 (2001).
9. Bloching, M., Hofmann, A., Lautenschlager, C., Berghaus, A. and Grummt, T.: Exfoliative cytology of normal buccal mucosa to predict the relative risk of cancer in the upper aerodigestive tract using the MN-assay. Oral Oncol. 36, 550-555 (2000).
10. Brennan, P.: Gene-environment interaction and etiology of cancer: what does it mean and how can we measure it?. Carcinogenesis 23, 381-387 (2002).
11. Bressac, B., Kew, M., Wands, J. and Ozturk, M.: Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 350, 429-431 (1991).
12. Busby, W. F. and Wogan, G. N.: Aflatoxins. In Searle, C. E. (ed.) Chemical Carcinogens. American Chemical Society, pp. 945-1136 Washington, DC (1984).
13. Cariello, N. F., Cui, L. and Skopek, T. R.: In vitro mutational spectrum of aflatoxin B1 in the human hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene. Cancer Res. 54, 4436-4441 (1994).
14. Cariello, N. F. and Skopek, T. R.: Analysis of mutations occurring at the human hprt locus. J. Mol. Biol. 231, 41-57 (1993).
15. Cavin, C., Mace, K., Offord, E. A. and Schilter, B.: Protective effects of coffee diterpenes against aflatoxin B1-induced genotoxicity: mechanisms in rat and human cells. Food Chem. Toxicol, 39, 549-556 (2001).
16. Challen, C., Lunec, J., Warren, W., Collier, J. and Bassendine, M. F.: Analysis of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinomas from Britain. Hepatology 16, 1362-1366 (1992).
17. Chang, M. H. and Chen, D. S.: Prospects for hepatitis B virus eradication and control of hepatocellular carcinoma. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 13, 511-517 (1999).
18. Chang, M. C., Ho, Y. S., Lee, J. J., Kok, S. H., Hahn, L. J. and Jeng, J. H.: Prevention of the areca nut extract-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis of gingival keratinocytes by vitamin C and thiol compounds. Oral Oncol. 38, 258-265 (2002).
19. Chen, C. J., Yu, M. W., Liaw, Y. F., Wang, L. W., Chiamprasert, S., Matin, F., Hirvonen, A., Bell, D. A. and Santella, R. M.: Chronic hepatitis B carriers with null genotypes of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms who are exposed to aflatoxin are at increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59, 128-134 (1996).
20. Chen, S. Y., Chen, C.J., Tsai, W. Y., Ahsan, H., Liu, T. Y., Lin, J. T. and Santella, R. M.: Associations of plasma aflatoxin B1-albumin adduct level with plasma selenium level and genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1. Nutr. Cancer 38, 179-185 (2000).
21. Contreras Vidaurre, E. G., Bagan Sebastian, J. V., Gavalda, C. and Torres Cifuentes, E. F.: Retinoids: application in premalignant lesions and oral cancer. Med. Oral 6, 114-123 (2001).
22. Deng, Z. L. and Ma, Y.: Aflatoxin sufferer and p53 gene mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 4, 28-29 (1998).
23. Dominguez-Malagon, H. and Gaytan-Graham, S.: Hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 25, 497-516 (2001).
24. Donnelly, P. J., Stewart, R. K., Ali, S. L., Conlan, A. A., Reid, K. R., Petsikas, D. and Massey, T. E.: Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 in human lung. Carcinogenesis 17, 2487-2494 (1996).
25. Egner, P. A., Wang, J. B., Zhu, Y. R., Zhang, B. C., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q. N., Qian, G. S., Kuang, S. Y., Gange, S. J., Jacobson, L. P., Helzlsouer, K. J., Bailey, G. S., Groopman, J. D. and Kensler, T. W.: Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 14601-14606 (2001).
26. Geisler, S. A. and Olshan, A. F.: GSTM1, GSTT1, and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a mini-HuGE review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154, 95-105 (2001).
27. Giovannelli, L., Campisi, G., Lama, A., Giambalvo, O., Osborn, J., Margiotta, V. and Ammatuna, P.: Human papillomavirus DNA in oral mucosal lesions. J. Infect. Dis. 185, 833-836 (2002).
28. Groopman, J. D., DeMatos, P., Egner, P. A., Love-Hunt, A. and Kensler, T. W.: Molecular dosimetry of urinary aflatoxin-N7-guanine and serum aflatoxin-albumin adducts predicts chemoprotection by 1,2-dithiole-3-thione in rats. Carcinogenesis 13, 101-106 (1992).
29. Groopman, J. D., Hasler, J. A., Trudel, L. J., Pikul, A., Donahue, P. R. and Wogan, G. N.: Molecular dosimetry in rat urine of aflatoxin-N7-guanine and other aflatoxin metabolites by multiple monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and immunoaffinity/high performance liquid chromatography. Cancer Res. 52, 267-274 (1992).
30. Groopman, J. D. and Kensler, T. W.: The light at the end of the tunnel for chemical-specific biomarkers: daylight or headlight?. Carcinogenesis 20, 1-11 (1999).
31. Guengerich, F. P., Johnson, W. W., Shimada, T., Ueng, Y. F., Yamazaki, H. and Langouet, S.: Activation and detoxication of aflatoxin B1. Mutat Res. 402, 121-128 (1998).
32. Heo, M. Y., Sohn, S. J. and Au, W. W.: Antigenotoxicity of galangin as a cancer chemopreventive agent candidate. Mutat. Res. 488, 135-150 (2001).
33. Hsu, I. C., Metcalf, R. A., Sun, T., Welsh, J. A., Wang, N. J. and Harris, C. C.: Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature 350, 427-428 (1991).
34. Hsu, S. D., Singh, B. B., Lewis, J. B., Borke, J. L., Dickinson, D. P., Drake, L., Caughman, G. B. and Schuster, G. S.: Chemoprevention of oral cancer by green tea. Gen. Dent. 50, 140-146 (2002).
35. Hu, K.Q:. Rationale and feasibility of chemoprovention of hepatocellular carcinoma by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 139, 234-243 (2002).
36. International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Aflatoxins. IARC, Lyon. (1987).
37. Jackson, P. E. and Groopman, J. D.: Aflatoxin and liver cancer. Baillieres Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 13, 545-555 (1999).
38. Jeng, J. H., Ho, Y. S., Chan, C. P., Wang, Y. J., Hahn, L. J., Lei, D., Hsu, C. C. and Chang, M. C.: Areca nut extract up-regulates prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression of human oral keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 21, 1365-1370 (2000).
39. Johnson, W. W., Yamazaki, H., Shimada, T., Ueng, Y. F. and Guengerich, F. P.: Aflatoxin B1 8,9-epoxide hydrolysis in the presence of rat and human epoxide hydrolase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10, 672-676 (1997).
40. Kang, M. K. and Park, N. H.: Conversion of normal to malignant phenotype: telomere shortening, telomerase activation, and genomic instability during immortalization of human oral keratinocytes. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 12, 38-54 (2001).
41. Kelly, V. P., Ellis, E. M., Manson, M. M., Chanas, S. A., Moffat, G. J., McLeod, R., Judah, D. J., Neal, G. E. and Hayes, J. D.: Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis by coumarin, a natural benzopyrone that is a potent inducer of aflatoxin B1-aldehyde reductase, the glutathione S-transferase A5 and P1 subunits, and AD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase in rat liver. Cancer Res. 60, 957-969 (2000).
42. Kensler, T. W., Curphey, T. J., Maxiutenko, Y. and Roebuck B. D.: Chemoprotection by organosulfur inducers of phase 2 enzymes: dithiolethiones and dithiins. Drug Metabol. Drug Interact. 17, 3-22 (2000).
43. Kensler, T. W., Gange, S. J., Egner, P. A., Dolan, P. M., Munoz, A., Groopman, J.D., Rogers, A. E. and Roebuck, B. D.: Predictive value of molecular dosimetry: individual versus group effects of oltipraz on aflatoxin-albumin adducts and risk of liver cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 6, 603-610 (1997).
44. Kensler, T. W., Groopman, J. D., Sutter, T. R., Curphey, T. J. and Roebuck, B. D.: Development of cancer chemopreventive agents: oltipraz as a paradigm. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12, 113-126 (1999).
45. Kietthubthew, S., Sriplung, H. and Au, W. W.: Genetic and environmental interactions on oral cancer in Southern Thailand. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37, 111-116 (2001).
46. Kirby, G. M., Batist, G., Alpert, L., Lamoureux, E., Cameron, R. G. and Alaoui-Jamali, M. A.: Overexpression of cytochrome P-450 isoforms involved in aflatoxin B1 bioactivation in human liver with cirrhosis and hepatitis. Toxicol. Pathol. 24, 458-467 (1996).
47. Kirk, G. D., Camus-Randon, A. M., Mendy, M., Goedert, J. J., Merle, P., Trepo, C., Brechot, C., Hainaut, P. and Montesano, R.: Ser-249 p53 mutations in plasma DNA of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from The Gambia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 148-153 (2000).
48. Kwak, M. K., Egner, P. A., Dolan, P. M., Ramos-Gomez, M., Groopman, J. D., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M. and Kensler, T. W.: Role of phase 2 enzyme induction in chemoprotection by dithiolethiones. Mutat. Res. 480-481, 305-315 (2001).
49. Lee, Y. I., Lee, S., Das, G. C., Park, U. S., Park, S. M. and Lee, Y. I.: Activation of the insulin-like growth factor II transcription by aflatoxin B1 induced p53 mutant 249 is caused by activation of transcription complexes; implications for a gain-of-function during the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 19, 3717-3726 (2000).
50. Liu, S., Park, J. Y., Schantz, S. P., Stern, J. C. and Lazarus, P.: Elucidation of CYP2E1 5′ regulatory RsaI/Pstl allelic variants and their role in risk for oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 37, 437-445 (2001).
51. Llewellyn, C. D., Johnson, N. W. and Warnakulasuriya, K. A.: Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in young people - a comprehensive literature review. Oral Oncol. 37, 401-418 (2001).
52. Lunn, R. M., Langlois, R. G., Hsieh, L. L., Thompson, C. L. and Bell, D. A.: XRCC1 polymorphisms: effects on aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts and glycophorin A variant frequency. Cancer Res. 59, 2557-2561 (1999).
53. Lunn, R. M., Zhang, Y. J., Wang, L. Y., Chen, C. J., Lee, P. H., Lee, C. S., Tsai, W. Y. and Santella, R. M.: p53 mutations, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and aflatoxin exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Res. 57, 3471-3477 (1997).
54. McMahon, B. J., Helminiak, C., Wainwright, R. B., Bulkow, L., Trimble, B. A. and Wainwright, K.: Frequency of adverse reactions to hepatitis B vaccine in 43,618 persons. Am. J. Med. 92, 254-256 (1992).
55. Miller, C. S. and Johnstone, B. M.: Human papillomavirus as a risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis, 1982-1997. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 91, 622-635 (2001).
56. Morris, S. M., Aidoo, A., Chen, J. J., Chou, M. W. and Casciano, D. A.: Aflatoxin B1-induced hprt mutations in splenic lymphocytes of Fischer 344 rats. Results of an intermittent feeding trial. Mutat Res. 423, 33-38 (1999).
57. Muto, S., Fujita, K., Yamazaki, Y. and Kamataki, T.: Inhibition by green tea catechins of metabolic activation of procarcinogens by human cytochrome P450. Mutat. Res. 479, 197-206 (2001).
58. Nagpal, J. K., Patnaik, S. and Das, B. R.: Prevalence of high-risk human papilloma virus types and its association with P53 codon 72 polymorphism in tobacco addicted oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients of Eastern India. Int. J. Cancer 97, 649-453 (2002).
59. Nayak, S., Sashidhar, R. B. and Bhat, R. V.: Quantification and validation of enzyme immunoassay for urinary aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine adduct for biological monitoring of aflatoxins. Analyst 126, 179-183 (2001).
60. NIEHS. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Symposium on the Environmental Genome Project (1997).
61. Palanee, T., Dutton, M. F. and Chuturgoon, A. A.: Cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and its chemically synthesised epoxide derivative on the A549 human epithelioid lung cell line. Mycopathologia 151, 155-159 (2001).
62. Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P. and Ferlay, J.: Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers. Int. J. Cancer 54, 594-606 (1993).
63. Piyathilake, C. J., Macaluso, M., Hine, R. J., Vinter, D. W., Richards, E. W. and Krumdieck, C. L.: Cigarette smoking, intracellular vitamin deficiency, and occurrence of micronuclei in epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 4, 751-758 (1995).
64. Qian, G. S., Ross, R. K., Yu, M. C., Yuan, J. M., Gao, Y. T., Henderson, B. E., Wogan, G. N. and Groopman, J. D.: A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 3, 3-10 (1994).
65. Qin, G., Ning, Y. and Lotlikar, P. D.: Chemoprevention of aflatoxin B1-initiated and carbon tetrachloride-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat by green tea. Nutr. Cancer 38, 215-222 (2000).
66. Reichart, P. A.: Identification of risk groups for oral precancer and cancer and preventive measures. Clin. Oral Investig. 5, 207-213 (2001).
67. Ross, R. K., Yuan, J. M., Yu, M. C., Wogan, G. N., Qian, G. S., Tu, J. T., Groopman, J. D., Gao, Y. T. and Henderson, B. E.: Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 339, 943-946 (1992).
68. Rossing, M. A., Vaughan, T. L., McKnight, B.: Diet and pharyngeal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 44, 593-597 (1989).
69. Salama, S. A., Serrana, M. and Au, W. W.: Biomonitoring using accessible human cells for exposure and health risk assessment. Mutat. Res. 436, 99-112 (1999).
70. Santana, J. C., Delgado, L., Miranda, J. and Sanchez, M.: Oral cancer case finding program (OCCFP). Oral Oncol. 33, 10-12 (1997).
71. Schwartz, J., Shklar, G. and Trickler, D.: p53 in the anticancer mechanism of vitamin E. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 29B, 313-318 (1993).
72. Sciubba, J. J.: Oral cancer. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2, 239-251 (2001).
73. Scully, C. and Bedi, R.: Ethnicity and oral cancer. Lancet Oncol. 1, 37-42 (2000).
74. Siess, M. H., LeBon, A. M., Canivenc-Lavier, M. C. and Suschetet, M.: Mechanisms involved in the chemoprevention of flavonoids. Biofactors 12, 193-199 (2000).
75. Smela, M. E., Hamm, M. L., Henderson, P. T., Harris, C. M., Harris, T. M. and Essigmann, J. M.: The aflatoxin B1 formamidopyrimidine adduct plays a major role in causing the types of mutations observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 6655-6660 (2002).
76. Spengler, R. F. and Falk, H.: Future directions of environmental public health research: ATSDR's 2002-2010 agenda for six priority focus areas. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205, 77-83 (2002).
77. Sreelekha, T. T., Ramadas, K., Pandey, M., Thomas, G., Nalinakumari, K. R. and Pillai, M. R.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in Indian oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 37, 593-598 (2001).
78. Stern, M. C., Umbach, D. M., Yu, M. C., London, S. J., Zhang, Z. Q. and Taylor, J. A.: Hepatitis B, aflatoxin B(1), and p53 codon 249 mutation in hepatocellular carcinomas from Guangxi, People's Republic of China, and a meta-analysis of existing studies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 10, 617-625 (2001).
79. Stewart, R. K., Smith, G. B., Donnelly, P. J., Reid, K. R., Petsikas, D., Conlan, A. A. and Massey, T. E.: Glutathione S-transferase-catalyzed conjugation of bioactivated aflatoxin B(1) in human lung: differential cellular distribution and lack of significance of the GSTM1 genetic polymorphism. Carcinogenesis 20, 1971-1977 (1999).
80. Stich, H. F., Curtis, J. R. and Parida, B. B.: Application of the micronucleus test to exfoliated cells of high cancer risk groups: tobacco chewers. Int. J. Cancer 30, 553-559 (1982).
81. Stuver, S. O.: Towards global control of liver cancer?. Semin. Cancer Biol. 8, 299-306 (1998).
82. Sun, C. A., Wang, L. Y., Chen, C. J., Lu, S. N., You, S. L., Wang, L. W., Wang, Q., Wu, D. M. and Santella, R. M.: Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 associated with susceptibility to aflatoxin-related hepatocarcinogenesis among chronic hepatitis B carriers: a nested case-control study in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis 22, 1289-1294 (2001).
83. Thomas, A. and Kearsley, J.: Betel quid and oral cancer: a review. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 29, 251-255 (1993).
84. Thomas, S. and Wilson, A.: A quantitative evaluation of the aetiological role of betel quid in oral carcinogenesis. Eur. J. Cancer B. Oral Oncol. 29, 265-271 (1993).
85. Tillonen, J., Homann, N., Rautio, M., Jousimies-Somer, H. and Salaspuro, M.: Role of yeasts in the salivary acetaldehyde production from ethanol among risk groups for ethanol-associated oral cavity cancer. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 23, 1409-1415 (1999).
86. Topcu, Z., Chiba, I., Fujieda, M., Shibata, T., Ariyoshi, N., Yamazaki, H., Sevgican, F., Muthumala, M., Kobayashi, H. and Kamataki, T.: CYP2A6 gene deletion reduces oral cancer risk in betel quid chewers in Sri Lanka. Carcinogenesis 23, 595-598 (2002).
87. Van Vleet, T. R., Mace, K. and Coulombe, R. A. Jr.: Comparative aflatoxin B(1) activation and cytotoxicity in human bronchial cells expressing cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4. Cancer Res. 62, 105-112 (2002).
88. Vinies, P. and Veglia, F.: Selection and validation of biomarkers for chemoprevention: the contribution of epidemiology. In: Biomarkers in Cancer Prevention (Miller AB, Bartsch H, Boffetta P, Dragsted L, Vainio H, ed.) IARC Scientific Publications No. 154, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon (2001).
89. Vogelstein, B. and Kinzler, K. W.: Achilles' heel of cancer? Nature 412, 865-866 (2001).
90. Wang, S. S., O'Neill, J. P., Qian, G. S., Zhu, Y. R., Wang, J. B., Armenian, H., Zarba, A., Wang, J. S., Kensler, T. W., Cariello, N. F., Groopman, J. D. and Swenberg, J. A.: Elevated HPRT mutation frequencies in aflatoxin-exposed residents of daxin, Qidong county, People's Republic of China. Carcinogenesis 20, 2181-2184 (1999).
91. Wang, J. S., Qian, G. S., Zarba, A., He, X., Zhu, Y. R., Zhang, B. C., Jacobson, L., Gange, S. J., Munoz, A., Kensler, T. W., et al.: Temporal patterns of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and antigen-negative residents of Daxin, Qidong County, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5, 253-261 (1996).
92. Wang, J. S., Abubaker, S., He, X., Sun, G., Strickland, P. T. and Groopman, J. D.: Development of aflatoxin B(1)-lysine adduct monoclonal antibody for human exposure studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 2712-2717 (2001).
93. Wild, C. P., Yin, F., Turner, P. C., Chemin, I., Chapot, B., Mendy, M., Whittle, H., Kirk, G. D. and Hall, A. J.: Environmental and genetic determinants of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in the Gambia. Int. J. Cancer 86, 1-7 (2000).
94. Willett, W. C.: Balancing life-style and genomics research for disease prevention. Science 296, 695-698 (2002).
95. Wogan, G. N.: Impacts of chemicals on liver cancer risk. Semin. Cancer Biol. 10, 201-210 (2000).
96. Yamagata, R., Shimoyama, T., Fukuda, S., Yoshimura, T., Tanaka, M. and Munakata, A.: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased in early intestinal-type gastric cancer and gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 359-363 (2002).
97. Yang, C. F., Liu, J., Wasser, S., Shen, H. M., Tan, C. E. and Ong, C. N.: Inhibition of ebselen on aflatoxin B(1)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Fischer 344 rats. Carcinogenesis 21, 2237-2243 (2000).
98. Yatim, A. M. and Sachan, D. S.: Carnitine alters binding of aflatoxin to DNA and proteins in rat hepatocytes and cell-free systems. J. Nutr. 131, 1903-1908 (2001).
99. Yu, M. W. and Chen, C. J.: Hepatitis B and C viruses in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 17, 71-91 (1994).
100. Yu, M. W., Lien, J. P., Chiu, Y. H., Santella, R. M., Liaw, Y. F. and Chen, C. J.: Effect of aflatoxin metabolism and DNA adduct formation on hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers in Taiwan. J. Hepatol. 27, 320-330 (1997).
101. Zheng, Z., Park, J. Y., Guillemette, C., Schantz, S. P. and Lazarus, P.: Tobacco carcinogen-detoxifying enzyme UGT1A7 and its association with orolaryngeal cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93, 1411-1418 (2001).