Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography: Development and optimization of techniques for paramagnetic and hyperpolarized contrast media

Acta Radiologica

Volumn 44, Issue SUPPL. 429, 2003, Pages 1-30

  Svensson, Jonas ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Angiography; Contrast enhanced MRA; Hyperpolarized; Magnetic resonance

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; DISEASES; IMAGE PROCESSING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE MEASUREMENT; PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE; RELAXATION PROCESSES;

CONTRAST-ENHANCED MRA; HYPERPOLARIZED CONTRAST MEDIA; VASCULAR ENHANCEMENT;

ANGIOGRAPHY;

CARBON; CONTRAST MEDIUM; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; GADOLINIUM; XENON;

ANIMAL; BLOOD VESSEL; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MALE; METHODOLOGY; RAT; REVIEW; WISTAR RAT;

ANIMALS; BLOOD VESSELS; CARBON ISOTOPES; CONTRAST MEDIA; GADOLINIUM; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MALE; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; XENON ISOTOPES;

EID: 0041508799     PISSN: 02841851     EISSN: 16000455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0455.44.s.429.1.x     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. 129Xe. Nature 370 (1994), 199.
2. ALFIDI R. J., MASARYK T. J., HAACKE E. M., et al.: MR angiography of peripheral, carotid, and coronary arteries. Am. J. Roentgenol. 149 (1987), 1097.
3. ANZAI Y., PRINCE M. R., CHENEVERT T. L., et al.: MR angiography with an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide blood pool agent. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 (1997), 209.
4. 3He. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 192.
5. 3He. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A. 402 (1998), 327.
6. BIFONE A., SONG Y. Q., SEYDOUX R., et al.: NMR of laser-polarized xenon in human blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996), 12932.
7. BJÖRNERUD A. & MYHR G. MR-kontrastmidler - virkningsmekanismer. In: Fokus På MRI Og Bruk Av Kontrastmidler. Edited by G. MYHR, K. NORDLID, A. BJÖRNERUD, & E. G. LIHAUG.: Nycomed Imaging, AS, Oslo 1996, p. 42.
8. BLUEMKE D. A., DARROW R. D., GUPTA R., TADIKONDA S. K. & DOMOULIN C. L.: 3D contrast enhanced phase contrast angiograhy: utility for arterial/venous segmentation. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 7th Scientific Meeting, Philadelphia, USA 1999, p. 1237.
9. BOCK M., SCHOENBERG S. O., FLOEMER F. & SCHAD L. R.: Separation of arteries and veins in 3D MR angiography using correlation analysis. Magn. Reson. Med. 43 (2000), 481.
10. BOSMANS H., WILMS G., DYMARKOWSKI S. & MARCHAL G.: Basic principles of MRA. Eur. J. Radiol. 38 (2001), 2.
11. CALLOT V., CANET E., BROCHOT J., et al.: Vascular and perfusion imaging using encapsulated laser-polarized helium. MAGMA 12 (2001a), 16.
12. 3He. Magn. Reson. Med. 46 (2001b), 535.
13. CARROLL T. J.: The emergence of time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR imaging for intracranial angiography. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23 (2002), 346.
14. CARROLL T. J., KOROSEC F. R., SWAN J. S., GRIST T. M., FRAYNE R. & MISTRETTA C. A.: Method for rapidly determining and reconstructing the peak arterial frame from a time-resolved CE-MRA exam. Magn. Reson. Med. 44 (2000), 817.
15. CARROLL T. J., KOROSEC F. R., SWAN J. S., HANY T. F., GRIST T. M. & MISTRETTA C. A.: The effect of injection rate on time-resolved contrast-enhanced peripheral MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 14 (2001), 401.
16. CHAKERES D. W., SCHMALBROCK P., BROGAN M., YUAN C. & COHEN L.: Normal venous anatomy of the brain: demonstration with gadopentetate dimeglumine in enhanced 3-D MR angiography. Am. J. Roentgenol. 156 (1991), 161.
17. 3He microspheres as a novel vascular signal source for MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 43 (2000), 440.
18. 3He microbubbles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998), 108325.
19. CREASY J. L., PRICE R. R., PRESBREY T., GOINS D., PARTAIN C. L., KESSLER R. M.: Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 175 (1990), 280.
20. DEIMLING M. & HEID O.: Magnetization prepared TrueFISP imaging. Proceedings Society of Magnetic Resonance, Scientific Meeting. San Fransisco, USA 1994, p. 495.
21. DU J., MAZAHERI Y., CARROLL T. J., ESPARSA COSS E., GRIST T. M., MISTRETTA C. A.: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 8th Scientific Meeting, Denver, USA 2000, p. 1807.
22. DUHAMEL G., CHOQUET P., GRILLON E., et al.: Xenon-129 MR imaging and spectroscopy of rat brain using arterial delivery of hyperpolarized xenon in a lipid emulsion. Magn. Reson. Med. 46 (2001), 208.
23. DUMOULIN C. L.: Phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography. Neuroimag. Clin. North Am. 2 (1992), 657.
24. DUMOULIN C. L. & HART H. R. JR: Magnetic resonance angiography. Radiology 161 (1986), 717.
25. EARLS J. P., ROFSKY N. M., DECORATO D. R., KRINSKY G. A. & WEINREB J. C.: Breath-hold single-dose gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR aortography: usefulness of a timing examination and MR power injector. Radiology 201 (1996), 705.
26. EDELSTEIN W. A., GLOVER G. H., HARDY C. J. & REDINGTON R. W.: The intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio in NMR imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 3 (1986), 604.
27. ENGELBRECHT M. R., SAEED M., WENDLAND M. F., CANET E., OKSENDAL A. N. & HIGGINS C. B.: Contrast-enhanced 3D-TOF MRA of peripheral vessels: intravascular versus extracellular MR contrast media. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 (1998), 616.
28. FELMLEE J. P. & EHMAN R. L.: Spatial presaturation. a method for suppressing flow artifacts and improving depiction of vascular anatomy in MR imaging. Radiology 164 (1987), 559.
29. FISCHER H. & LADEBECK R.: Echo-Planar Imaging Image Artifacts. In: Echo Planar Imaging - Theory, Technique and Application. Edited by F. SCHMITT, M. K. STEHLING & R. TURNER. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 1998, p. 192.
30. FOO T. K., HO V. B., HOOD M. N. et al.: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 7th Scientific Meeting. Philadelphia, USA 1999, p. 2182.
31. FOO T. K., SARANATHAN M., PRINCE M. R. & CHENEVERT T. L.: Automated detection of bolus arrival and initiation of data acquisition in fast, three-dimensional, gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 203 (1997), 275.
32. FRITZ HANSEN T., ROSTRUP E., LARSSON H. B., SONDERGAARD L., RING P. & HENRIKSEN O.: Measurement of the arterial concentration of Gd-DTPA using MRI. a step toward quantitative perfusion imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 225.
33. GAO J. H., HOLLAND S. K. & GORE J. C.: Nuclear magnetic resonance signal from flowing nuclei in rapid imaging using gradient echoes. Med. Phys. 15(1988), 809.
34. GAO J. H., LEMEN L., XIONG J., PATYAL B. & FOX P. T.: Magnetization and diffusion effects in NMR imaging of hyperpolarized substances. Magn. Reson. Med. 37 (1997), 153.
35. 3He to human lung imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 43 (2000), 290.
36. GOLAY X., BROWN S. J., ITOH R. & MELHEM E. R.: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced carotid MR angiography using sensitivity encoding (SENSE). Am. J. Neuroradiol. 22 (2001), 1615.
37. 13C-Angiography. Acad. Radiol. 9 (2002), S507.
38. GOLMAN K., AXELSSON O., JOHANNESSON H., MANSSON S., OLOFSSON C. & PETERSSON J. S.: Parahydrogen-induced polarization in imaging: subsecond (13) C angiography. Magn. Reson. Med. 46 (2001), 1.
39. GOYEN M., RUEHM S. G. & DEBATIN J. F.: MR-angiography. the role of contrast agents. Eur J. Radiol. 34 (2000), 247.
40. GRIST T. M., KOROSEC F. R., PETERS D. C., et al.: Steady-state and dynamic MR angiography with MS-325: initial experience in humans. Radiology 207 (1998), 539.
41. GRIST T. M., SPROAT I. A., KENNEL T. W., KOROSEC F. R. & SWAN J. S.: MR angiography of the renal arteries during a breath-hold using gadolinium-enhanced 3D TOF with k-space zero-filling and a contrast timing scan. Proceedings International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 4th Annual Meeting, New York, USA 1996.
42. GULLBERG G. T., WEHRLI F. W., SHIMAKAWA A. & SIMONS M.: A.: MR vascular imaging with a fast gradient refocusing pulse sequence and reformatted images from transaxial sections. Radiology 165 (1987), 241.
43. HAACKE E. M., BROWN R. W., THOMPSON M. R. & VENKATESAN R.: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Physical Principles and Sequence Design. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA 1999.
44. HAACKE E. M., MASARYK T. J., WIELOPOLSKI P. A., et al.: Optimizing blood vessel contrast in fast three-dimensional MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 14 (1990), 202.
45. HANY T. F., MCKINNON G. C., LEUNG D. A., PFAMMATTER T. & DEBATIN J. F.: Optimization of contrast timing for breath-hold three-dimensional MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 (1997), 551.
46. HAUSMANN R., LEWIN J. S. & LAUB G.: Phase-contrast MR angiography with reduced acquisition time: new concepts in sequence design. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1 (1991), 415.
47. HENDRICK R. E. & HAACKE E. M.: Basic physics of MR contrast agents and maximization of image contrast. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 3 (1993), 137.
48. HENNIG J., NAUERTH A. & FRIEDBURG H.: RARE imaging: a fast imaging method for clinical MR. Magn. Reson. Med. 3 (1986), 823.
49. HENNIG J., SCHEFFLER K., LAUBENBERGER J. & STRECKER R.: Time-resolved projection angiography after bolus injection of contrast agent. Magn. Reson. Med. 37 (1997), 341.
50. HIMM J. F.: The Solubility of Xenon in Simple Organic Solvents and in Aqueous Amino Acid Solutions, PhD Thesis. Michigan State University, USA 1986.
51. HO K. Y., LEINER T. & VAN ENGELSHOVEN J. M.: MR angiography of run-off vessels. Eur. Radiol. 9 (1999a), 1285.
52. HO V. B., CHOYKE P. L., FOO T. K., et al.: Automated bolus chase peripheral MR angiography. initial practical experiences and future directions of this work-in-progress. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999b), 376.
53. ITO K., KATO J., OKADA S. & KUMAZAKI T.: K-space filter effect in three-dimensional contrast MR angiography. Acta Radiol. 38 (1997), 173.
54. KAANDORP D. W., KOPINGA K. & WIJN P. F.: Venous signal suppression in 3D dynamic Gd-enhanced carotid artery imaging using the eigenimage filter. Magn. Reson. Med. 42 (1999), 307.
55. KELLER P. J., DRAYER B. P., FRAM E. K., WILLIAMS K. D., DUMOULIN C. L. & SOUZA S. P.: MR angiography with two-dimensional acquisition and three-dimensional display. Work in progress. Radiology 173 (1989), 527.
56. KLISCH J., STRECKER R., HENNIG J. & SCHUMACHER M.: Time-resolved projection MRA. clinical application in intracranial vascular malformations. Neuroradiology 42 (2000), 104.
57. KNOPP M. V., VON TENGG-KOBLIGK H., FLOEMER F. & SCHOENBERG S. O.: Contrast agents for MRA. future directions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999), 314.
58. KOROSEC F. R., FRAYNE R., GRIST T. M. & MISTRETTA C. A.: Time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 345.
59. KOROSEC F. R., TURSKI P. A., CARROLL T. J., MISTRETTA C. A. & GRIST T. M.: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the carotid bifurcation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999), 317.
60. KOUWENHOVEN M. & CONTRAST-ENHANCED M. R.: Angiography, methods, limitations and possibilities. Acta Radiol. Suppl. 38 (1997), 57.
61. KROFT L. J. & DE ROOS A.: Blood pool contrast agents for cardiovascular MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999), 395.
62. LAUB G. & PURDY D. E.: Variable Tip-angle Slab Selection for improved three dimensional MR Angiography. Proceedings Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. New York, USA 1992, p. 167.
63. LAUB G. A. & KAISER W. A.: MR angiography with gradient motion refocusing. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 12 (1988), 377.
64. LAUFFER R. B., PARMELEE D. J., DUNHAM S. U., et al.: MS-325: albumin-targeted contrast agent for MR angiography. Radiology 207 (1998), 529.
65. LAVINI C., PAYNE G. S., LEACH M. O. & BIFONE A.: Intravenous delivery of hyperpolarized (129) Xe: a compartmental model. NMR Biomed. 13 (2000), 238.
66. LEI T., UDUPA J. K., SAHA P. K. & ODHNER D.: Arteryvein separation via MRA - an image processing approach. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 20 (2001), 689.
67. LENZ G. W., HAACKE E. M., MASARYK T. J. & LAUB G.: In-plane vascular imaging, pulse sequence design and strategy. Radiology 166 (1988), 875.
68. LIHAUG E. G.: MR-kontrastmidler - utivikling, oversikt, egenskaper. In: Fokus På MRI Og Bruk Av Kontrastmidler. Edited by G. MYHR, K. NORDLID, A. BJÖRNERUD & E. G. LIHAUG. Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo 1996, p. 56.
69. LIN W., HAACKE E. M., SMITH A. S. & CLAMPITT M. E.: Gadolinium-enhanced high-resolution MR angiography with adaptive vessel tracking: preliminary results in the intracranial circulation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2 (1992), 277.
70. LISTERUD J., EINSTEIN S., OUTWATER E. & KRESSEL H. Y.: First principles of fast spin echo. Magn. Reson. Q 8 (1992), 199.
71. LJUNGGREN S.: A simple graphical representation of fourier-based-imaging methods. J. Magn. Reson. 54 (1983), 338.
72. MACFALL J. R., CHARLES H. C., BLACK R. D., et al.: Human lung air spaces: potential for MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3. Radiology 200 (1996), 553.
73. MAKI J. H., CHENEVERT T. L. & PRINCE M. R.: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Top Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 (1996a), 322.
74. MAKI J. H., PRINCE M. R., LONDY F. J. & CHENEVERT T. L.: The effects of time varying intravascular signal intensity and k-space acquisition order on three-dimensional MR angiography image quality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 6 (1996b), 642.
75. MAKI J. H., WILSON G. J., EUBANK W. B. & HOOGEVEEN R. M.: Utilizing SENSE to achieve lower station sub-millimeter isotropic resolution and minimal venous enhancement in peripheral MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 15 (2002), 484.
76. MARCHAL G., BOSMANS H., VAN FRAEYENHOVEN L., et al.: Intracranial vascular lesions, optimization and clinical evaluation of three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. Radiology 175 (1990), 443.
77. MARCHAL G., BOSMANS H., VAN HECKE P., JIANG Y. B., AERTS P. & BAUER H.: Experimental Gd-DTPA polylysine enhanced MR angiography: sequence optimization. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15 (1991), 711.
78. MARTIN C. C., WILLIAMS R. F., GAO J. H., NICKERSON L. D., XIONG J. & FOX P. T.: The pharmacokinetics of hyperpolarized xenon: implications for cerebral MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 (1997), 848.
79. MASARYK T. J., MODIC M. T., ROSS J. S., et al.: Intracranial circulation: preliminary clinical results with three-dimensional (volume) MR angiography. Radiology 171 (1989a), 793.
80. MASARYK T. J., MODIC M. T., RUGGIERI P. M., et al.: Three-dimensional (volume) gradient-echo imaging of the carotid bifurcation: preliminary clinical experience. Radiology 171 (1989b), 801.
81. MASARYK T. J., ROSS J. S., MODIC M. T., LENZ G. W. & HAACKE E. M.: Carotid bifurcation. MR imaging. Work in progress. Radiology 166 (1988), 461.
82. MAZAHERI Y., CARROLL T. J. & DU J., et al.: Combined time-resolved and high-spatial-resolution 3D MRA using an extended adaptive acquisition. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 15 (2002), 291.
83. MAZAHERI Y., CARROLL T. J., KOROSEC F. R., et al.: High Resolution CE-MRA Using Dual-Resolution Acquisition and Segmentation Based on Spatial Frequency-Dependent 2D Temporal Correlation. Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 8th Scientific Meeting. Denver, USA 2000, p. 189.
84. MEANEY J. F., JOHANSSON L. O., AHLSTROM H. & PRINCE M. R.: Pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999), 326.
85. MORAN P. R.: A flow velocity zeugmatographic interlace for NMR imaging in humans. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1 (1982), 197.
86. 129Xe gas: preliminary human results. Magn. Reson. Med. 37 (1997), 809.
87. 129Xe dissolved in a lipid emulsion. Magn. Reson. Med. 41 (1999), 1058.
88. MÖLLER H. E., CHEN X. J., SAAM B., et al.: of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases. Magn. Reson. Med. 47 (2002), 1029.
89. NAGELE T., KLOSE U., GRODD W., NUSSLIN F. & VOIGT K.: Nonlinear excitation profiles for three-dimensional inflow MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 5 (1995), 416.
90. OPPELT A., GRAUMANN R., BARFUSS H., FISCHER H., HARTL W. & SCHAJOR W.: FISP - a new fast MRI sequence. Electromedica 54 (1986), 15.
91. PARKER D. L., YUAN C. & BLATTER D. D.: MR angiography by multiple thin slab 3D acquisition. Magn. Reson. Med. 17 (1991), 434.
92. PELC N. J., BERNSTEIN M. A., SHIMAKAWA A. & GLOVER G. H.: Encoding strategies for three-direction phase-contrast MR imaging of flow. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1 (1991), 405.
93. 129Xe magnetic resonance in humans. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 340.
94. PETERSSON D. C., KOROSEC F. R., GRIST T. M., et al.: Undersampled projection reconstruction applied to MR angiography. Magn. Reson. Med. 43 (2000), 91.
95. PETERSSON J. S.: k-Space models in MRI Using the Concept of Partitions. PhD Thesis. Lund University, Malmö 1998.
96. PETERSSON J. S. & CHRISTOFFERSSON J. O.: A multi-dimensional partition analysis of SSFP image pulse sequences. Magn. Reson. Imaging 15 (1997), 451.
97. PETERSSON J. S., CHRISTOFFERSSON J. O. & GOLMAN K.: MRI simulation using the k-space formalism. Magn. Reson. Imaging 11 (1993), 557.
98. PRIATNA A. & PASCHAL C. B.: Variable-angle uniform signal excitation (VUSE) for three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 5 (1995), 421.
99. PRINCE M. R. & GADOLINIUM-ENHANCED M. R.: aortography. Radiology 191 (1994), 155.
100. PRINCE M. R., CHENEVERT T. L., FOO T. K., LONDY F. J., WARD J. S. & MAKI J. H.: Contrast-enhanced abdominal MR angiography: optimization of imaging delay time by automating the detection of contrast material arrival in the aorta. Radiology 203 (1997), 109.
101. PRINCE M. R., NARASIMHAM D. L., STANLEY J. C., et al.: Breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. Radiology 197 (1995), 785.
102. PRINCE M. R., YUCEL E. K., KAUFMAN J. A., HARRISON D. C. & GELLER S. C.: Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional abdominal MR arteriography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 3 (1993), 877.
103. PRUESSMANN K. P., WEIGER M., SCHEIDEGGER M. B. & BOESIGER P.: SENSE, sensitivity encoding for fast MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 42 (1999), 952.
104. PURDY D., CADENA G. & LAUB G.: The design of variable Tip-angle Slab Selection (TONE) pulses for improved 3D MR angiography. Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. New York 1992, p. 882.
105. ROGOWSKA J.: Overview and Fundamentals of Medical Image Segmentation. In: Handbook of Medical Imaging, Processing and Analysis.Edited by I. N. BANKMAN. Academic Press, London 2000, p. 69.
106. RUGGIERI P. M., LAUB G. A., MASARYK T. J. & MODIC M. T.: Intracranial circulation: pulse-sequence considerations in three-dimensional (volume) MR angiography. Radiology 171 (1989), 785.
107. RUNGE V. M. & NELSON K. L.: Contrast Agents. In: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 1. Edited by D. D. STARK & W. G. BRADLEY. Mosby Inc, St. Louis, Missouri, USA 1999, p. 257.
108. SAEED M., WENDLAND M. F. & HIGGINS C. B.: Blood pool MR contrast agents for cardiovascular imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 12 (2000), 890.
109. SALERNO M., ALTES T. A., MUGLER J. P., NAKATSU M., HATABU H. & DE LANGE E. E.: Hyperpolarized noble gas MR imaging of the lung: potential clinical applications. Eur. J. Radiol. 40 (2001), 33.
110. SALERNO M., DE LANGE E. E., ALTES T. A., TRUWIT J. D., BROOKEMAN J. R. & MUGLER J. P.: Emphysema, hyperpolarized helium 3 diffusion MR imaging of the lungs compared with spirometric indexes - initial experience. Radiology 222 (2002), 252.
111. SCHOENBERG S. O., BOCK M., FLOEMER F., et al.; High-resolution pulmonary arterio- and venography using multiple-bolus multiphase 3D-Gd-mRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 10 (1999), 339.
112. SHETTY A. N., BIS K. G., KIRSCH M., WEINTRAUB J. & LAUB G.: Contrast-enhanced breath-hold three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography in the evaluation of renal arteries: optimization of technique and pitfalls. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 12 (2000), 912.
113. SHETTY A. N., BIS K. G., VRACHTOLIS T. G., KIRSCH M., SHIRKHODA A. & ELLWOOD R.: Contrast-enhanced 3D MRA with centric ordering in k space. A preliminary clinical experience in imaging the abdominal aorta and renal and peripheral arterial vasculature. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 (1998), 603.
114. SODICKSON D. K. & MANNING W. J.: Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH): fast imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays. Magn. Reson. Med. 38 (1997), 591.
115. SODICKSON D. K., MCKENZIE C. A., LI W., WOLFF S., MANNING W. J. & EDELMAN R. R.: Contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography with simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics: a pilot study. Radiology 217 (2000), 284.
116. STEFANCIK R. M. & SONKA M.: Highly automated segmentation of arterial and venous trees from three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 17 (2001), 37.
117. STEPHENS J. C., LINK J., GRASSNER J., et al.: Contrast-enhanced, K-space-centered, breath-hold MR angiography of the renal arteries and the abdominal aorta. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7 (1997), 617.
118. STROUSE P. J., PRINCE M. R. & CHENEVERT T. L.: Effect of the rate of gadopentetate dimeglumine administration on abdominal vascular and soft-tissue MR imaging enhancement patterns. Radiology 201 (1996), 809.
119. SUNDGREN P. C., SUNDEN P., LINDGREN A., LANKE J., HOLTAS S. & LARSSON E. M.: Carotid artery stenosis: contrast-enhanced MR angiography with two different scan times compared with digital subtraction angiography. Neuroradiology 44 (2002), 592.
120. 13C MR angiography using trueFISP. Proc. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 10th Scientific Meeting. Honolulu, USA 2002, p. 2010.
121. 129Xe. Magn. Reson. Med. 38 (1997), 695.
122. TIZON X. & SMEDBY O.: Segmentation with gray-scale connectedness can separate arteries and veins in MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 15 (2002), 438.
123. TWIEG D. B.: The k-trajectory formulation of the NMR imaging process with applications in analysis and synthesis of imaging methods. Med. Phys. 10 (1983), 610.
124. VAN DER MEULEN P., GROEN J. P., TINUS A. M. & BRUNTINK G.: Fast Field Echo imaging, an overview and contrast calculations. Magn. Reson. Imaging 6 (1988), 355.
125. VIGEN K. K., PETERS D. C., GRIST T. M., BLOCK W. F. & MISTRETTA C. A.: Undersampled projection-reconstruction imaging for time-resolved contrast-enhanced imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 43 (2000), 170.
126. VOSSHENRICH R. & FISCHER U.: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of abdominal vessels: is there still a role for angiography? Eur. Radiol. 12 (2002), 218.
127. VRACHLIOTIS T. G., BIS K. G., SHETTY A. N. & RAVIKRISHAN K. P.: Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of the pulmonary vascular tree. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 18 (2002), 283.
128. 129Xe. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 183.
129. WALKER T. G. & HAPPER W.: Spin-exchange optical pumping of noble-gas nuclei. Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 (1997), 629.
130. WANG Y., JOHNSTON D. L., BREEN J. F. & HUSTON J., et al.: Dynamic MR digital subtraction angiography using contrast enhancement, fast data acquisition, and complex subtraction. Magn. Reson. Med. 36 (1996), 551.
131. WANG Y. YU Y, LI D., et al.: Artery and vein separation using susceptibility-dependent phase in contrast-enhanced MRA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 12 (2000), 661.
132. WEIGER M., PRUESSMANN K. P., KASSNER A., et al.: Contrast-enhanced 3D MRA using SENSE. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 12 (2000), 671.
133. WEINMANN H. J., BRASCH R. C., PRESS W. R. & WESBEY G. E.: Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent. Am. J. Roentgenol. 142 (1984), 619.
134. WILD J. M., SCHMIEDESKAMP J., PALEY M. N. J., et al.: MR imaging of the lungs with hyperpolarized helium-3 gas transported by air. Phys. Med. Biol. 47 (2002), N185.
135. WILMAN A. H. & RIEDERER S. J.: Performance of an elliptical centric view order for signal enhancement and motion artifact suppression in breath-hold three-dimensional gradient echo imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 38 (1997a), 793.
136. WILMAN A. H., RIEDERER S. J., KING B. F., DEBBINS J. P., ROSSMAN P. J. & EHMAN R. L.: Fluoroscopically triggered contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography with elliptical centric view order: application to the renal arteries. Radiology 205 (1997b), 137.
137. WOLBER J., ROWLAND I. J., LEACH M. O. & BIFONE A.: Perfluorocarbon emulsions as intravenous delivery media for hyperpolarized xenon. Magn. Reson. Med. 41 (1999), 442.