The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and Alzheimer's disease?

JRAAS - Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 80-93

  Kehoe, Patrick G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ACE; ACE1; Alzheimer's disease; Ang IV; Association; AT4; Cardiovascular disease; Gene; Haplotypes; Myocardial infarction; Polymorphism

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANGIOTENSIN; ANGIOTENSIN I; APOLIPOPROTEIN; BETA SECRETASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE; DNA; LISINOPRIL; PRESENILIN 1; PRESENILIN 2;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISEASE COURSE; DNA POLYMORPHISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENE DELETION; GENE INSERTION; GENE MUTATION; HAPLOTYPE; HUMAN; MEMORY DISORDER; META ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; PATHOGENESIS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOM;

EID: 0038827396     PISSN: 14703203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.017     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Butler R, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and cardiovascular disease. Clin Science 1997;93:391-400.
2. Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L et al. Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction. Nature 1992;359:641-3.
3. Rigat B, Hubert C, Corvol P et al. PCR detection of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the human angiotensin converting enzyme (DCP1) (dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1). Nuc Acids Res 1992;20:1433.
4. Cambien F, Alhenc-Gelas F, Herberth B et al. Familial resemblance of plasma angiotensinogen-converting enzyme level - The Nancy study. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43:774-80.
5. Tiret L, Rigat B, Visvikis S et al. Evidence from combined linkage and segregation analysis that a variant of the angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE) gene controls plasma ACE. Am J Hum Genet 1992;51:197-205.
6. Cox R, Bouzekri N, Martin S et al. Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) plasma concentration is influenced by multiple ACE-linked quantitative trait nucleotides. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:2969-77.
7. The SOLVD Investigators. Effects of enalapril on survival inpatients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302.
8. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:669-77.
9. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) study investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342:821-8.
10. Schacter F, Faure-Delanef L, Guenot F et al. Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci. Nat Genet 1994;6:29-32.
11. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sug CF. Apolipoprotein-E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1988;8:1-21.
12. Kuusi T, Nieminen MS, Ehnholm C et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease: increased prevalence of apolipoprotein E-4 in angiographically verified coronary patients. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9:237-41.
13. Van Bockxmeer FM, Mamotte CDS. Apolipoprotein E4 homozygosity in young men with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1992;340:879-80.
14. Pedro-Botet J, Senti M, Nogues X et al. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in men with ischaemic stroke: role of lipoprotein(a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism. Stroke 1992;23:1556-62.
15. Saunders AM, Strittmater WJ, Schmechel D et al. Association of apolipoprotein E allele E4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1467-72.
16. Antuono P, Beyer J. The burden of dementia. Theoret Med 1999;20:3-13.
17. Tanzi RE, Bertram L. New Frontiers in Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. Neuron 2001;32:181-4.
18. Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002;297:353-6.
19. Goate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M et al. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1991;349:704-06.
20. Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y et al. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995;375:754-60.
21. Rogaev EI, Sherrington R, Rogaeva EA et al. Familial Alzheimer's disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer's disease type 3 gene. Nature 1995;376:775-8.
22. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D et al. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:1977-81.
23. Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL et al. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA 1997; 278:1349-56.
24. Daw E, Payami H, Nemens EJ et al. The Number of Trait Loci in Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:196-204.
25. Poirier J. Apolipoprotein E and cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2003;9:94-101.
26. St George-Hyslop PH. The molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psych 2000;47:183-99.
27. Pericak-Vance MA, Bass MP, Yamaoka LH et al. Complete genomic screen inlate-onset Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for a new locus on chromosome 12. JAMA 1997;278:1237-41.
28. Kehoe P, Wavrant-De Vrieze F, Crook R et al. A full genome scan for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 1998;8:237-45.
29. Wu B, Holmans P Wavrant-De Vrieze F et al. Genetic studies on chromosome 12p11-12 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease.JAMA 1998;280:619-22.
30. Myers A, Holmans P, Marshall H et al. Susceptibility locus for Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 10. Science 2000; 290:2304-05.
31. Stewart R. Cardiovascular factors in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuro, Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;65:143-7.
32. Breteler MMB. Vascular Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: An epidemiologic perspective. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21:153-60.
33. Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996;347:1141-5.
34. Hoyer S. The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic (type II) Alzheimer disease: an update. J Neural Transm 2002;109:341-60.
35. Perez A, Morelli L, Cresto JC et al. Degradation of soluble amyloid b-peptides 1-40, 1-42, and the Dutch variant 1-40 Q by insulin degrading enzyme from Alzhiemer disease and control brain. Neurochem Res 2000;25:247-55.
36. Danesh J, Lewington S. Plasma homocysteine and coronary heart disease: systematic review of published epidemiological studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 1998;5:229-32.
37. Bots ML, Launer JL, Lindemans J et al. Homocysteine and short term risk of myocardial infarction and stroke in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:38-44.
38. Perry IJ, Refsum H, Morris RW et al. Prospective study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Lancet 1995;346:1395-8.
39. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26.
40. Skoog I, Wallin A, Fredman P et al. A population study on blood-brain barrier function in 85-year-olds. Neurology 1998;50:966-71.
41. Kehoe PG, Russ C, McIlroy S et al. Variation in DCP1, encoding ACE, is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 1999;21:71-2.
42. Pope A, Hess HH, Lewin E. Studies on the micro chemical pathology of human cerebral cortex. In: Cohen MM, Snider RS (eds.). Morphological and Biochemical correlates of neuronal activity. New York: Harper and Row, 1964;98-111.
43. Arregui A, Perry EK, Rossor MN et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme in Alzheimer's Disease: Increased activity in caudate nucleus and cortical areas. J Neurochem 1982;38:1490-2.
44. Zubenko GS, Volicer L, Direnfield LK et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and supranuclear palsy. Brain Res 1985;238:215-21.
45. Zubenko GS, Marquis JK, Volicer L et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme, acetyl-cholinesterase and dopamine metabolites in dementia associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: A correlative study. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:1365-81.
46. Barnes NM, Cheng CHK, Costall B et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme density is increased in temporal cortex from patients with Alzhiemer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 200:289-92.
47. Kalaria RN, Harik SI. Reduced glucose transported at the blood-brain barrier and in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 1989;53:1083-8.
48. McGeer EG, Singh EA (1992) Angiotensin-converting enzyme in cortical tissue in Alzheimer's and some other Neurological Diseases. Dementia 1992;3:299-303.
49. Amouyel P, Richard F, Cottel D et al. The deletion allele of the angiotensin 1 converting enzyme gene as a genetic susceptibility factor for cognitive impairment. Neurosci Letts 1996;217:203-05.
50. Tysoe C, Galinsky D, Robinson D et al. Analysis of alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, presenilin-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase loci as candidates for dementia. Am J Med Genet (Neuropsych Genet) 1997;74:207-12.
51. Chapman J, Wang N, Treves TA et al. ACE, MTHFR, factor V Leiden, and APOE polymorphisms in patients with vascular and Alzheimer's dementia. Stroke 1998;29:1401-04.
52. Scacchi R, De Bernardini L, Mantuano E et al. DNA polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B and angiotensin I-converting enzyme genes and relationships with lipid levels in Italian patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998;9:186-90.
53. Shanmugam V, Sell KW, Saha BH. Mistyping ACE heterozygotes. PCR Methods Appl 1993;3:120-1.
54. Lindpaintner K, Pfeffer MA, Kreutz R et al. A prospective evaluation of an angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and the risk of ischaemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1995;332:706-11.
55. Fatter LA, Sherbatich T, Keryanov SA et al. Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2000;57:210-14.
56. Yang JD, Feng G, Zhang J et al. Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and late onset Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Neurosci Letts 2000;295:41-4.
57. Cheng CY, Hong CJ, Liu HC et al. Study of the association between Alzheimer's disease and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism using DNA from lymphocytes. Eur Neurol 2002;47:26-9.
58. Narain Y, Yip A, Murphy T et al. The ACE gene and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. J Med Genet 2000;37:695-7.
59. Lendon CL, Thaker U, Harris JM et al. The angiotensin 1-converting enzyme insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism does not influence the extent of amyloid or tau pathology in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Letts 2002;328:314-18.
60. Buss S, Muller-Thomsen T, Hock C et al. No association between DCP1 genotype and late-onset Alzheimer disease. Am J Med Genet 2002;114:440-5.
61. Myllykangas L, Polvikoski T, Sulkava R et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: a genetic association study in a population aged 85 or over. Neurosci Letts 2000;292:195-8.
62. Hu J, Miyatake F, Aizu Y et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype is associated with Alzheimer disease in the Japanese population. Neurosci Letts 1999;277:65-7.
63. Alvarez R, Alvarez V, Lahoz CH et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme and endothelial nitric oxide synthase DNA polymorphisms and late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:733-6.
64. Mattila KM, Rinne JO, Roytta M et al. Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase 1 (DCP1) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene interactions with the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele as risk factors in Alzheimer's disease and in Parkinson's disease with coexisting Alzheimer pathology. J Med Genet 2000; 37:766-70.
65. Panza F, Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A et al. Shifts in angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion allele frequency across Europe: implications in Alzheimer's disease risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003 (in press).
66. Monastero R, Calderella R, Mannino M et al. Lack of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Letts 2002; 335:147-9.
67. Palumbo B, Cadini D, Nocentini G et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme deletion allele in different kinds of dementia disorders. Neurosci Letts 1999;267:97-100.
68. Zuliani G, Ble A, Zanca R et al. Genetic polymorphisms in older subjects with vascular or Alzheimer's dementia. Acta Neurol Scand 2001;103:304-08.
69. Prince JA, Feuk L, Sawyer SL et al. Lack of association findings in complex disease: an analysis of 15 polymorphisms in prior candidate genes for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2001;9:437-44.
70. Isbir T, Agachan B, Yilmaz H et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2000;18:141-2.
71. Crawford F, Abdullah L, Schinka J et al. Gender-specific association of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2000;280:215-19.
72. Perry RT, Collins JS, Harrell LE, Acton RT, Go RC. Investigation of association of 13 polymorphisms in eight genes in southeastern African American Alzheimer disease patients as compared to age-matched controls. Am J Med Genet 2001;105:332-42.
73. Kehoe PG, Katzov H, Feuk L et al. Haplotypes extending across ACE are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2003;12:859-67.
74. Hu J, Igarashi A, Kamata M et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme degrades Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide (A beta); retards A beta aggregation, deposition, fibril formation; and inhibits cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2001;276:47863-8.
75. McKenzie CA, Abecasis GR, Keavney B et al. Trans-ethnic fine mapping of a quantitative trait locus for circulating angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE). Hum Mol Genet 2001;10:1077-84.
76. Keavney B, McKenzie CA, Connell JM et al. Measured haplotype analysis of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene. Hum Mol Genet 1998;7:1745-51.
77. Farrall M, Keavney B, McKenzie C et al. Fine-mapping of an ancestral recombination breakpoint in DCP1. Nat Genet 1999;23:270-1.
78. Soubrier F, Martin S, Alonso A et al. High-resolution genetic mapping of the ACE-linked QTL influencing circulating ACE activity. Eur J Hum Genet 2002;10:553-61.
79. McKenzie CA, Juliet C, Forrester T et al. Segregation and linkage analysis of serum angiotensin 1 converting enzyme levels: evidence from two quantitative loci. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:1426-35.
80. Zhu X, Bouzekri N, Southam L et al. Linkage and association analysis of angiotensin 1 converting enzyme (ACE)-gene polymorphisms with ACE concentration and blood pressure. Am J Hum Genet 2001;68:1139-48.
81. Johnson GC, Esposito L, Barratt BJ et al. Haplotype tagging for the identification of common disease genes. Nat Genet 2001;29:233-7.
82. Rieder MJ, Taylor SL, Clark AG et al. Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. Nat Genet 1999;22:59-62.
83. Vauquelin G, Michotte Y, Smolders I et al. Cellular targets for angiotensin II fragments: pharmacological and molecular evidence. JRAAS 2002;3:195-204.
84. Belmin J, Levy BI, Michel JB. Changes in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis in later life. Drugs Aging 1994;5:391-400.
85. Brazsko JJ, Kupryszewski G, Witczuk B et al. Angiotensin II (3-8)-hexapeptide affects motor activity, performance of passive avoidance and a conditioned avoidance response in rats. Neuroscience 1988;27:777-83.
86. Wright JW, Miller-Wing AV, Shaffer MJ et al. Angiotensin II(3-8) (ANG IV) hippocampal binding: potential role in the facilitation of memory. Brain Res Bull 1993;32:497-502.
87. Wright JW, Krebs LT, Stobb JW et al. The angiotensin IV system: functional implications. Front Neuroendocrinol 1995;16:23-52.
88. Wright JW, Clemens JA, Panetta JA et al. Effects of LY231617 and angiotensin IV on ischaemia-induced deficits in circular water maze and passive avoidance performance in rats. Brain Res 1996;717:1-11.
89. Wright JW, Stubley L, Pedersen ES et al. Contributions to the brain angiotensin IV-AT4 receptor subtype system to spatial learning. J Neurosci 1999;19:3952-61.
90. Tchekalarova J, Kambourova T, Georgiev V. Interaction between angiotensin IV and adenosine A(I) receptor related drugs in passive avoidance conditioning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2001;123:113-16.
91. Kramár EA, Armstrong DL, Ikeda S et al. The effects of angiotensin IV analogs on long-term potentiation within the CA1 region of the hippocampus in vitro. Brain Res 2001;897:114-21.
92. Lee J, Chai S, Mendelsohn FA et al. Potentiation of cholinergic transmission in the rat hippocampus by angiotensin IV and LVV-hemorphin-7. Neuropharmacology 2001;40:618-23.
93. Kakinuma Y, Hama H, Sugiyama F et al. Anti-apoptotic action of angiotensin fragments to neuronal cells from angiotensinogen knock-out mice. Neurosci Lett 1997;232:167-70.
94. Kakinuma Y. Impaired blood-brain barrier function in angiotensinogen-deficient mice. Nature Med 1998;4:1078-80.
95. Pawlikowski M, Kunert-Radek J. Angiotensin IV stimulates the proliferation of rat anterior pituitary cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;232:292-3.
96. Albiston AL, McDowall SG, Matsacos D et al. Evidence that the angiotensin IV (AT4) receptor is the enzyme insulin-regulated aminopeptidase. J Biol Chem 2001;276:48623-6.
97. Wright JW, Kramár EA, Meighan SE et al. Extracellular matrix molecules, long-term potentiation, memory consolidation and the brain angiotensin system. Peptides 2002;23:221-46.
98. Backstrom JR, Giselle PL, Cullen MJ et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is synthesised in neurons of the human hippocampus and is capable of degrading the antyloid-b peptide (1-40). J Neurosci 1998;16:7910-19.
99. Backstrom JR, Miller CA, Tökés ZA. Characterisation of neutral proteinases from Alzheimer-affected and control brain specimens: identification of calcium-dependent metalloproteinases from hippocampus. J Neurochem 1992;58:983-92.
100. Sims NR. Energy metabolism, oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegeneration 1996;5:435-40.
101. Manfredi G, Beal MF. The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Pathol 2000;10:462-72.
102. Paolisso G, Tagliamonte, MR, De Lucia D et al. ACE polymorphism and insulin action in older subjects and healthy centenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001;49:610-14.
103. Parvathy S, Oppong SY, Karran EH et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme secretase is inhibited by zinc metalloproteinase inhibitors and requires its substrate to be inserted in a lipid bilayer. Biochem J 1997;327:37-43.
104. Parvathy S, Hussain I, Karran EH et al. Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein a-secretase is inhibited by hydroxamic acid-based zinc metalloprotease inhibitors: similarities to the angiotensin converting enzyme secretase. Biochemistry 1998;37:1680-5.
105. Bulpitt CJ, Fletcher AE. Cognitive function and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in comparison with other antihypertensive drugs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 19(suppl 6):S100-S104.
106. In't Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A et al. Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22:407-12.