메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 457-469

Evolution experiments with microorganisms: The dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL GENOME; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC DRIFT; GENETIC SELECTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; MICROBIAL GENETICS; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS GENOME; YEAST;

EID: 0038441327     PISSN: 14710056     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nrg1088     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (1070)

References (137)
  • 1
    • 0001895697 scopus 로고
    • eds Bryson, V. & Vogel, H. J., Academic Press, New York
    • Zuckerkandl, E. & Pauling, L. in Evolving Genes and Proteins (eds Bryson, V. & Vogel, H. J.) 97-166 (Academic Press, New York, 1965).
    • (1965) Evolving Genes and Proteins , pp. 97-166
    • Zuckerkandl, E.1    Pauling, L.2
  • 7
    • 0037649311 scopus 로고
    • Evolution observed
    • Ryan, F. J. Evolution observed. Sci. Am. 189, 78-82 (1953).
    • (1953) Sci. Am. , vol.189 , pp. 78-82
    • Ryan, F.J.1
  • 8
    • 0000388857 scopus 로고
    • Evolution under interspecific competition: Field experiments on terrestrial salamanders
    • Hairston, N. G. Evolution under interspecific competition: field experiments on terrestrial salamanders. Evolution 34, 409-420 (1980).
    • (1980) Evolution , vol.34 , pp. 409-420
    • Hairston, N.G.1
  • 9
    • 0001271789 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms
    • Woese, C. R. & Fox, G. E. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5088-5090 (1977).
    • (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.74 , pp. 5088-5090
    • Woese, C.R.1    Fox, G.E.2
  • 10
    • 0034691077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteria are different: Observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes
    • Levin, B. R. & Bergstrom, C. T. Bacteria are different: observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6981-6985 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 6981-6985
    • Levin, B.R.1    Bergstrom, C.T.2
  • 11
    • 0037649310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapman & Hall, New York
    • Bell, G. C. Selection (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1997).
    • (1997) Selection
    • Bell, G.C.1
  • 12
    • 0026070176 scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of relative fitness and great adaptability of clonal populations of RNA viruses
    • Holland, J. J., de la Torre, J. C., Clarke, D. K. & Duarte, E. A. Quantitation of relative fitness and great adaptability of clonal populations of RNA viruses. J. Virol. 65, 2960-2967 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Virol. , vol.65 , pp. 2960-2967
    • Holland, J.J.1    De la Torre, J.C.2    Clarke, D.K.3    Duarte, E.A.4
  • 13
    • 0026279651 scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations
    • Lenski, R. E., Rose, M. R., Simpson, S. C. & Tadler, S. C. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. Am. Nat. 138, 1315-1341 (1991).
    • (1991) Am. Nat. , vol.138 , pp. 1315-1341
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Rose, M.R.2    Simpson, S.C.3    Tadler, S.C.4
  • 14
    • 0002368051 scopus 로고
    • eds Nei, M. & Koehn, R. K., Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts
    • Hall, B. G. in Evolution of Genes and Proteins (eds Nei, M. & Koehn, R. K.) 234-257 (Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1983).
    • (1983) Evolution of Genes and Proteins , pp. 234-257
    • Hall, B.G.1
  • 16
    • 0028995991 scopus 로고
    • Mutation and adaptation: The directed mutation controversy in evolutionary perspective
    • Sniegowski, P. D. & R. E. Lenski. Mutation and adaptation: the directed mutation controversy in evolutionary perspective. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 553-578 (1995).
    • (1995) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.26 , pp. 553-578
    • Sniegowski, P.D.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 17
    • 0037398954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulating general mutation rates: Examination of the hypermutable state model for Cairnsian adaptive mutation
    • Roth J. R. et al. Regulating general mutation rates: examination of the hypermutable state model for Cairnsian adaptive mutation. Genetics 163, 1483-1496 (2003).
    • (2003) Genetics , vol.163 , pp. 1483-1496
    • Roth, J.R.1
  • 18
    • 0025639253 scopus 로고
    • Enzyme activity and fitness: Evolution in solution
    • Dykhuizen, D. E. & Dean, A. M. Enzyme activity and fitness: evolution in solution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5, 257-262 (1990).
    • (1990) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.5 , pp. 257-262
    • Dykhuizen, D.E.1    Dean, A.M.2
  • 19
    • 0007578768 scopus 로고
    • eds Baumberg, S., Young, J. P. W., Saunders, S. R. & Wellington, E. M. H., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Dykhuizen, D. E. in Population Genetics of Bacteria (eds Baumberg, S., Young, J. P. W., Saunders, S. R. & Wellington, E. M. H.) 161-173 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995).
    • (1995) Population Genetics of Bacteria , pp. 161-173
    • Dykhuizen, D.E.1
  • 20
    • 0025527885 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of natural selection in bacteria
    • Dykhuizen, D. E. Experimental studies of natural selection in bacteria. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21, 373-398 (1990).
    • (1990) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.21 , pp. 373-398
    • Dykhuizen, D.E.1
  • 22
    • 0031714655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of adaptation: The distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution
    • Orr, H. A. The population genetics of adaptation: the distribution of factors fixed during adaptive evolution. Evolution 52, 935-949 (1998).
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 935-949
    • Orr, H.A.1
  • 25
    • 0028365256 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: A 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations
    • Lenski, R. E. & Travisano, M. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6808-6814 (1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 6808-6814
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Travisano, M.2
  • 26
    • 0034641929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations
    • Cooper, V. S. & Lenski, R. E. The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Nature 407, 736-739 (2000). This article shows the dynamics of adaptation to glucose over 20,000 generations, along with resource specialization that is caused primarily by antagonistic pleiotropy.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 736-739
    • Cooper, V.S.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 27
    • 0029072721 scopus 로고
    • Exponential increases of RNA virus fitness during repeated transmission
    • Novella, I. S. et al. Exponential increases of RNA virus fitness during repeated transmission. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5841-5844 (1995).
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.92 , pp. 5841-5844
    • Novella, I.S.1
  • 28
    • 0030823001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus
    • Bull, J. J. et al. Exceptional convergent evolution in a virus. Genetics 147, 1497-1507 (1997).
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.147 , pp. 1497-1507
    • Bull, J.J.1
  • 29
    • 2642589991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evalutionary dynamics of fitness recovery from the debilitating effects of Muller's ratchet
    • Elena, S. F. et al. Evalutionary dynamics of fitness recovery from the debilitating effects of Muller's ratchet. Evolution 52, 309-314 (1998).
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 309-314
    • Elena, S.F.1
  • 30
    • 0037649306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evalution in Escherichia coli. XI. Rejection of non-transitive interactions as cause of declining rate of adaptation
    • De Visser, J. A. G. M. & Lenski, R. E. Long-term experimental evalution in Escherichia coli. XI. Rejection of non-transitive interactions as cause of declining rate of adaptation. BMC Evol. Biol. 2, 19 (2002).
    • (2002) BMC Evol. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 19
    • De Visser, J.A.G.M.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 31
    • 0033055004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution by small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus φ6
    • Burch, C. L. & Chao, L. Evolution by small steps and rugged landscapes in the RNA virus φ6. Genetics 151, 921-927 (1999).
    • (1999) Genetics , vol.151 , pp. 921-927
    • Burch, C.L.1    Chao, L.2
  • 32
    • 0030017289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations
    • Elena, S. F., Cooper, V. S. & Lenski, R. E. Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science 272, 1802-1804 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1802-1804
    • Elena, S.F.1    Cooper, V.S.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 33
    • 2542583245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population
    • Gemish, P. J. & Lenski, R. E. The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population. Genetica 102/103, 127-144 (1998).
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 127-144
    • Gemish, P.J.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 34
    • 0035970061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations
    • Imhof, M. & Schlötterer, C. Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1113-1117 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 1113-1117
    • Imhof, M.1    Schlötterer, C.2
  • 35
    • 0037172667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness effects of fixed beneficial mutations in microbial populations
    • Rozen, D. E., De Visser, J. A. G. M. & Gerrish, P. J. Fitness effects of fixed beneficial mutations in microbial populations. Curr. Biol. 12, 1040-1045 (2002).
    • (2002) Curr. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 1040-1045
    • Rozen, D.E.1    De Visser, J.A.G.M.2    Gerrish, P.J.3
  • 36
    • 0033555421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in a sexual populations
    • De Visser, J. A. G. M., Zeyl, C. W., Gemsh, P. J., Blanchard, J. L. & Lenski, R. E. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in a sexual populations. Science 283, 404-406 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 404-406
    • De Visser, J.A.G.M.1    Zeyl, C.W.2    Gemsh, P.J.3    Blanchard, J.L.4    Lenski, R.E.5
  • 37
    • 0033616661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic evolution during a 10,000-generation experiment with bacteria
    • Papadopoulos, D. et al. Genomic evolution during a 10,000-generation experiment with bacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3807-3812 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 3807-3812
    • Papadopoulos, D.1
  • 38
    • 0036811766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness evolution and the rise of mutator alleles in experimental Escherichia coli populations
    • Shaver, A. C. et al. Fitness evolution and the rise of mutator alleles in experimental Escherichia coli populations. Genetics 162, 557-566 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.162 , pp. 557-566
    • Shaver, A.C.1
  • 39
    • 0033543602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses
    • Miralles, R., Gerrish, P. J., Moya, A. & Elena, S. F. Clonal interference and the evolution of RNA viruses. Science 285, 1745-1747 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1745-1747
    • Miralles, R.1    Gerrish, P.J.2    Moya, A.3    Elena, S.F.4
  • 40
    • 0034026084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diminishing returns of population size in the rate of RNA virus adaptation
    • Miralles, R., Moya, A. & Elena, S. F. Diminishing returns of population size in the rate of RNA virus adaptation. J. Virol. 74, 3566-3571 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 3566-3571
    • Miralles, R.1    Moya, A.2    Elena, S.F.3
  • 41
    • 0036811120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of adaptive convergence in experimental populations of RNA viruses
    • Cuevas, J. M., Elena, S. F. & Moya, A. Molecular basis of adaptive convergence in experimental populations of RNA viruses. Genetics 162, 533-542 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.162 , pp. 533-542
    • Cuevas, J.M.1    Elena, S.F.2    Moya, A.3
  • 42
    • 0028598147 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for multiple adaptive peaks from populations of bacteria evolving in a structured habitat
    • Korona, R., Nakatsu, C. H., Forney, L. J. & Lenski, R. E. Evidence for multiple adaptive peaks from populations of bacteria evolving in a structured habitat. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9037-9041 (1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 9037-9041
    • Korona, R.1    Nakatsu, C.H.2    Forney, L.J.3    Lenski, R.E.4
  • 43
    • 0034097526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. IX. The rate of accumulation of variation of fitness under selection
    • Goho, S. & Bell, G. The ecology and genetics of fitness in Chlamydomonas. IX. The rate of accumulation of variation of fitness under selection. Evolution 54, 416-424 (2000).
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 416-424
    • Goho, S.1    Bell, G.2
  • 44
    • 0028163119 scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. II. Changes in lifehistory traits during adaptation to a seasonal environment
    • Vasi, F., Travisano, M. & Lenski, R. E. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. II. Changes in lifehistory traits during adaptation to a seasonal environment. Am. Nat. 144, 432-456 (1994).
    • (1994) Am. Nat. , vol.144 , pp. 432-456
    • Vasi, F.1    Travisano, M.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 45
    • 0000595610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • eds Brown, J. H. & West, G. B., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK
    • Lenski, R. E. & Mongold, J. A. in Scaling in Biology (eds Brown, J. H. & West, G. B.) 221-235 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK, 2000).
    • (2000) Scaling in Biology , pp. 221-235
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Mongold, J.A.2
  • 46
    • 0035043486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid phenotypic change and diversification of a soil bacterium during 1000 generations of experimental evolution
    • Riley, M. S., Cooper, V. S., Lenski, R. E., Forney, L. J. & Marsh T. L. Rapid phenotypic change and diversification of a soil bacterium during 1000 generations of experimental evolution. Microbiology 147, 995-1006 (2001).
    • (2001) Microbiology , vol.147 , pp. 995-1006
    • Riley, M.S.1    Cooper, V.S.2    Lenski, R.E.3    Forney, L.J.4    Marsh, T.L.5
  • 47
    • 0027503713 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. II. Thermal niches of experimental lines of Escherichia coli
    • Bennett, A. F. & Lenski, R. E. Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. II. Thermal niches of experimental lines of Escherichia coli. Evolution 47, 1-12 (1993).
    • (1993) Evolution , vol.47 , pp. 1-12
    • Bennett, A.F.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 48
    • 0030009207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IV. Targets of selection and the specificity of adaptation
    • Travisano, M. & Lenski, R. E. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IV. Targets of selection and the specificity of adaptation. Genetics 143, 15-26 (1996).
    • (1996) Genetics , vol.143 , pp. 15-26
    • Travisano, M.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 49
    • 0038663483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. X. Quantifying the fundamental and realized niche
    • Cooper, V. S. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. X. Quantifying the fundamental and realized niche. BMC Evol. Biol. 2, 12 (2002).
    • (2002) BMC Evol. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 12
    • Cooper, V.S.1
  • 50
    • 0028977087 scopus 로고
    • Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution
    • Trevisano, M., Mongoid, J. A., Bennett, A. F. & Lenski, R. E. Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science 267, 87-90 (1995).
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 87-90
    • Trevisano, M.1    Mongoid, J.A.2    Bennett, A.F.3    Lenski, R.E.4
  • 51
    • 0034632830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood
    • Burch, C. L. & Chao, L. Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood. Nature 406, 625-628 (2000).
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 625-628
    • Burch, C.L.1    Chao, L.2
  • 53
    • 0030636538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel molecular evolution of deletions and nonsense mutations in bacteriophage T7
    • Cunningham, C. W. et al. Parallel molecular evolution of deletions and nonsense mutations in bacteriophage T7. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14, 113-116 (1997).
    • (1997) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 113-116
    • Cunningham, C.W.1
  • 54
    • 0033575348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different trajectories of parallel evolution during viral adaptation
    • Wichman, H. A., Badgett, M. R., Scott, L. A., Boulianne, C. M. & Bull, J. J. Different trajectories of parallel evolution during viral adaptation. Science 285, 422-424 (1999).
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 422-424
    • Wichman, H.A.1    Badgett, M.R.2    Scott, L.A.3    Boulianne, C.M.4    Bull, J.J.5
  • 55
    • 0034731035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evolution recapitulates natural evolution
    • Wichman, H. A., Yarber, C. D., Scott, L. A. & Bull, J. J. Experimental evolution recapitulates natural evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 355, 1-8 (2000). A remarkable study of parallel and convergent molecular evolution that is based on the whole-genome sequencing of viruses.
    • (2000) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.355 , pp. 1-8
    • Wichman, H.A.1    Yarber, C.D.2    Scott, L.A.3    Bull, J.J.4
  • 56
    • 0034035485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Big-benefit mutations in bacteriophage inhibited with heat
    • Bull, J. J., Badgett, M. R. & Wichman, H. A. Big-benefit mutations in bacteriophage inhibited with heat. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 942-950 (2000).
    • (2000) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.17 , pp. 942-950
    • Bull, J.J.1    Badgett, M.R.2    Wichman, H.A.3
  • 57
    • 0037381428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of DNA sequence evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli during 20,000 generations
    • Lenski, R. E., Winkworth, C. L. & Riley, M. A. Rates of DNA sequence evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli during 20,000 generations. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 498-508 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.56 , pp. 498-508
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Winkworth, C.L.2    Riley, M.A.3
  • 58
    • 0037417962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of evolution in E. coli
    • Cooper, T. F., Rozen, D. E. & Lenski, R. E. Parallel changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of evolution in E. coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1072-1077 (2003). Whole-genome arrays show parallel changes in gene expression, which led to the discovery of beneficial mutations in an important regulatory gene.
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , pp. 1072-1077
    • Cooper, T.F.1    Rozen, D.E.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 59
    • 0033028251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OmpF changes and the complexity of Escherichia coli adaptation to prolonged lactose limitation
    • Zhang, E. & Ferenci, T. OmpF changes and the complexity of Escherichia coli adaptation to prolonged lactose limitation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176, 395-401 (1999).
    • (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , vol.176 , pp. 395-401
    • Zhang, E.1    Ferenci, T.2
  • 60
    • 0033068938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive mgl-regulatory mutations and genetic diversity evolving in glucose-limited Escherichia coli populations
    • Notley-McRobb, L. & Ferenci, T. Adaptive mgl-regulatory mutations and genetic diversity evolving in glucose-limited Escherichia coli populations. Env. Microbiol. 1, 33-43 (1999).
    • (1999) Env. Microbiol. , vol.1 , pp. 33-43
    • Notley-McRobb, L.1    Ferenci, T.2
  • 61
    • 0033068946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generation of multiple co-existing mal-regulatory mutations through polygenic evolution in glucose-limited populations of Escherichia coli
    • Notley-McRobb, L. & Ferenci, T. The generation of multiple co-existing mal-regulatory mutations through polygenic evolution in glucose-limited populations of Escherichia coli. Env. Microbiol. 1, 45-52 (1999). Candidate loci that are involved in glucose transport show diverse mutational pathways to enhanced fitness in chemostat-adapted populations.
    • (1999) Env. Microbiol. , vol.1 , pp. 45-52
    • Notley-McRobb, L.1    Ferenci, T.2
  • 62
    • 0034532082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental analysis of molecular events during mutational periodic selections in bacterial evolution
    • Notley-McRobb, L. & Ferenci, T. Experimental analysis of molecular events during mutational periodic selections in bacterial evolution. Genetics 156, 1493-1501 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 1493-1501
    • Notley-McRobb, L.1    Ferenci, T.2
  • 63
    • 0028094645 scopus 로고
    • Microbial evolution in a simple unstructured environment: Genetic differentiation in Escherichia coli
    • Rosenzweig, R. F., Sharp, R. R., Treves, D. S. & Adams, J. Microbial evolution in a simple unstructured environment: genetic differentiation in Escherichia coli. Genetics 137, 903-917 (1994).
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.137 , pp. 903-917
    • Rosenzweig, R.F.1    Sharp, R.R.2    Treves, D.S.3    Adams, J.4
  • 64
    • 0031876504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated evolution of an acetate-crossfeeding polymorphism in long-term populations of Escherichia coli
    • Treves, D. S., Manning, S. & Adams, J. Repeated evolution of an acetate-crossfeeding polymorphism in long-term populations of Escherichia coli. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15, 789-797 (1998).
    • (1998) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 789-797
    • Treves, D.S.1    Manning, S.2    Adams, J.3
  • 65
    • 0026522792 scopus 로고
    • Selection of laboratory wildtype phenotype from natural isolates of Escherichia coli in chemostats
    • Mikkola, R. & Kurland, C. G. Selection of laboratory wildtype phenotype from natural isolates of Escherichia coli in chemostats. Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 394-402 (1992).
    • (1992) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.9 , pp. 394-402
    • Mikkola, R.1    Kurland, C.G.2
  • 66
    • 0027510647 scopus 로고
    • Microbial competition: Escherichia coli mutants that take over stationary phase cultures
    • Zambrano, M. M., Siegele, D. A., Almiron, M., Tormo, A. & Kolter, R. Microbial competition: Escherichia coli mutants that take over stationary phase cultures. Science 259, 1757-1760 (1993). Selection under starvation conditions favours mutations in a σ-factor.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 1757-1760
    • Zambrano, M.M.1    Siegele, D.A.2    Almiron, M.3    Tormo, A.4    Kolter, R.5
  • 67
    • 0033616769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of microbial diversity during prolonged starvation
    • Finkel, S. E. & Kolter, R. Evolution of microbial diversity during prolonged starvation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4023-4027 (1999).
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 4023-4027
    • Finkel, S.E.1    Kolter, R.2
  • 68
    • 0033912882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged stationary-phase incubation selects for Irp mutations in Escherichia coli K-12
    • Zinser, E. R. & Kolter, R. Prolonged stationary-phase incubation selects for Irp mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 182, 4361-4365 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Bacteriol. , vol.182 , pp. 4361-4365
    • Zinser, E.R.1    Kolter, R.2
  • 69
    • 0025919511 scopus 로고
    • Identification of adaptive changes in an evolving population of Escherichia coli: The role of changes with regulatory and highly pleiotropic effects
    • Kurlandzka, A., Rosenzweig, R. F. & Adams, J. Identification of adaptive changes in an evolving population of Escherichia coli: the role of changes with regulatory and highly pleiotropic effects. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8, 261-281 (1991).
    • (1991) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.8 , pp. 261-281
    • Kurlandzka, A.1    Rosenzweig, R.F.2    Adams, J.3
  • 70
    • 0033578424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic changes in gene expression patterns following adaptive evolution in yeast
    • Ferea, T. L., Botstein, D., Brown, P. O. & Rosenzweig, R. F. Systematic changes in gene expression patterns following adaptive evolution in yeast. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9721-9726 (1999). The first application of gene-expression arrays to experimental evolution, showing parallel changes in central metabolism in three yeast lines.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.96 , pp. 9721-9726
    • Ferea, T.L.1    Botstein, D.2    Brown, P.O.3    Rosenzweig, R.F.4
  • 71
    • 0041625721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary changes in heat-inducible gene expression in lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature
    • in the press
    • Riehle, M. R., Bennett, A. F., Lenski, R. E. & Long, A. D. Evolutionary changes in heat-inducible gene expression in lines of Escherichia coli adapted to high temperature. Physiol. Genomics (in the press).
    • Physiol. Genomics
    • Riehle, M.R.1    Bennett, A.F.2    Lenski, R.E.3    Long, A.D.4
  • 72
    • 0034051543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of drug resistance in experimental populations of Candida albicans
    • Cowen, L. E. et al. Evolution of drug resistance in experimental populations of Candida albicans. J. Bacteriol. 182, 1515-1522 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Bacteriol. , vol.182 , pp. 1515-1522
    • Cowen, L.E.1
  • 73
    • 0037047077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population genomics of drug resistance in Candida albicans
    • Cowen, L. E. et al. Population genomics of drug resistance in Candida albicans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 9284-9289 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 9284-9289
    • Cowen, L.E.1
  • 74
    • 0016669094 scopus 로고
    • Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees
    • King, M.-C. & Wilson, A. C. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188, 107-116 (1975).
    • (1975) Science , vol.188 , pp. 107-116
    • King, M.-C.1    Wilson, A.C.2
  • 75
    • 0027021398 scopus 로고
    • The population biology and evolutionary significance of Ty elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Wilke, C. M., Maimer, E. & Adams, J. The population biology and evolutionary significance of Ty elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetica 86, 155-173 (1992).
    • (1992) Genetica , vol.86 , pp. 155-173
    • Wilke, C.M.1    Maimer, E.2    Adams, J.3
  • 76
    • 0037058930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristic genome rearrangements in experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Dunham, M. J. et al. Characteristic genome rearrangements in experimental evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16144-16149 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 16144-16149
    • Dunham, M.J.1
  • 77
    • 0028911404 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of IS-related genetic rearrangements in resting Escherichia coli K-12
    • Naas, T., Blot, M., Fitch, W. M. & Arber, W. Dynamics of IS-related genetic rearrangements in resting Escherichia coli K-12. Mol. Biol. Evol. 12, 198-207 (1995). Shows the usefulness of transposable elements for discovering cryptic genetic changes, even in cultures that are 'stored' at room temperature.
    • (1995) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.12 , pp. 198-207
    • Naas, T.1    Blot, M.2    Fitch, W.M.3    Arber, W.4
  • 78
    • 0033786720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IX. Characterization of insertion sequence-mediated mutations and rearrangements
    • Schneider, D., Duperchy, E., Coursange, E., Lenski, R. E. & Blot, M. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IX. Characterization of insertion sequence-mediated mutations and rearrangements. Genetics 156, 477-488 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 477-488
    • Schneider, D.1    Duperchy, E.2    Coursange, E.3    Lenski, R.E.4    Blot, M.5
  • 79
    • 0035046481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms causing rapid and parallel losses of ribose catabolism in evolving populations of Escherichia coli B
    • Cooper, V. S., Schneider, D., Blot, M. & Lenski, R. E. Mechanisms causing rapid and parallel losses of ribose catabolism in evolving populations of Escherichia coli B. J. Bacteriol. 183, 2834-2841 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Bacteriol. , vol.183 , pp. 2834-2841
    • Cooper, V.S.1    Schneider, D.2    Blot, M.3    Lenski, R.E.4
  • 80
    • 0035895278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic architecture of thermal adaptation in Escherichia coli
    • Riehle, M. M., Bennett, A. F. & Long, A. D. Genetic architecture of thermal adaptation in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 525-530 (2001).
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 525-530
    • Riehle, M.M.1    Bennett, A.F.2    Long, A.D.3
  • 83
    • 0001333091 scopus 로고
    • A complex community in a simple habitat: An experimental study with bacteria and phage
    • Chao, L., Levin, B. R. & Stewart, F. M. A complex community in a simple habitat: an experimental study with bacteria and phage. Ecology 58, 369-378 (1977).
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 369-378
    • Chao, L.1    Levin, B.R.2    Stewart, F.M.3
  • 84
    • 0022216068 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on the coevolution of bacteria and virulent phage: A model, some experiments, and predictions for natural communities
    • Lenski, R. E. & Levin, B. R. Constraints on the coevolution of bacteria and virulent phage: a model, some experiments, and predictions for natural communities. Am. Nat. 125, 585-602 (1985).
    • (1985) Am. Nat. , vol.125 , pp. 585-602
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Levin, B.R.2
  • 85
    • 0001498389 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies of pleiotropy and eplstasis in Escherichia coli. I. Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4
    • Lenski, R. E. Experimental studies of pleiotropy and eplstasis in Escherichia coli. I. Variation in competitive fitness among mutants resistant to virus T4. Evolution 42, 425-432 (1988).
    • (1988) Evolution , vol.42 , pp. 425-432
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 86
    • 0034049514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consequences of growth of a mutator strain of Escherichia coli as measured by loss of function among multiple gene targets and loss of fitness
    • Funchain, P., Yeung, A. Stewart, J. L., Lin, R., Slupsa, M. M. & Miller, J. H. The consequences of growth of a mutator strain of Escherichia coli as measured by loss of function among multiple gene targets and loss of fitness. Genetics 154, 959-970 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.154 , pp. 959-970
    • Funchain, P.1    Yeung, A.2    Stewart, J.L.3    Lin, R.4    Slupsa, M.M.5    Miller, J.H.6
  • 87
    • 0035970874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and benefits of high mutation rates: Adaptive evolution of bacteria in the mouse gut
    • Giraud, A. et al. Costs and benefits of high mutation rates: adaptive evolution of bacteria in the mouse gut. Science 291, 2606-2608 (2001). Pioneering work that shows that rigorous evolution experiments can be carried out in animal hosts, and also indicates important effects of mutator genotypes.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 2606-2608
    • Giraud, A.1
  • 88
    • 0029666981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. IV. Adaptation of Escherichia coli at a niche boundary
    • Mongold, J. A., Bennett, A. F. & Lenski, R. E. Evolutionary adaptation to temperature. IV. Adaptation of Escherichia coli at a niche boundary. Evolution 50, 35-43 (1996).
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 35-43
    • Mongold, J.A.1    Bennett, A.F.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 89
    • 0028812486 scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. III. Variation among replicate populations in correlated responses to novel environments
    • Travisano, M., Vasi, F. & Lenski, R. E. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. III. Variation among replicate populations in correlated responses to novel environments. Evolution 49, 189-200 (1995).
    • (1995) Evolution , vol.49 , pp. 189-200
    • Travisano, M.1    Vasi, F.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 90
    • 0031004133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. VI. Environmental constraints on adaptation and divergence
    • Travisano, M. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. VI. Environmental constraints on adaptation and divergence. Genetics 146, 471-479 (1997).
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.146 , pp. 471-479
    • Travisano, M.1
  • 91
    • 0000139226 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of competitive ability in Escherichia coli
    • Dykhuizen, D. & Hartl, D. Evolution of competitive ability in Escherichia coli. Evolution 35, 581-594 (1981).
    • (1981) Evolution , vol.35 , pp. 581-594
    • Dykhuizen, D.1    Hartl, D.2
  • 92
    • 0033037217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary tradeoffs under conditions of resource abundance and scarcity: Experiments with bacteria
    • Velicer, G. J. & Lenski, R. E. Evolutionary tradeoffs under conditions of resource abundance and scarcity: experiments with bacteria. Ecology 80, 1168-1179 (1999).
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1168-1179
    • Velicer, G.J.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 93
    • 85047678881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. III. Evolution of specialist and generalist types in environments that vary in space and time
    • Reboud, X. & Bell, G. Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. III. Evolution of specialist and generalist types in environments that vary in space and time. Heredity 78, 507-514 (1997).
    • (1997) Heredity , vol.78 , pp. 507-514
    • Reboud, X.1    Bell, G.2
  • 94
    • 0028838604 scopus 로고
    • Extreme fitness differences in mammalian and insect hosts after continuous replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in sandly cells
    • Novella, I. S. et al. Extreme fitness differences in mammalian and insect hosts after continuous replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in sandly cells. J. Virol. 69, 6805-6809 (1995).
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 6805-6809
    • Novella, I.S.1
  • 95
    • 0033978271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary reversals during viral adaptation to alternating hosts
    • Crill, W. D., Wichman, H. A. & Bull, J. J. Evolutionary reversals during viral adaptation to alternating hosts. Genetics 154, 27-37 (2000).
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.154 , pp. 27-37
    • Crill, W.D.1    Wichman, H.A.2    Bull, J.J.3
  • 96
    • 0034535109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost of host radiation in an RNA virus
    • Turner, P. E. & Elena, S. F. Cost of host radiation in an RNA virus. Genetics 156, 1465-1670 (2000). A study, using viruses, that shows the tradeoffs on the original host during adaptation to new hosts, as well as selection for generalists in fluctuating environments.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 1465-1670
    • Turner, P.E.1    Elena, S.F.2
  • 97
    • 0035047929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential evolution of eastern equine encephalitis virus populations in response to host cell type
    • Cooper, L. A. & Scott, T. W. Differential evolution of eastern equine encephalitis virus populations in response to host cell type. Genetics 157, 1403-1412 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.157 , pp. 1403-1412
    • Cooper, L.A.1    Scott, T.W.2
  • 98
    • 0032924195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells
    • Weaver, W. C., Brault, A. C., Kang, W. & Holland, J. J. Genetic and fitness changes accompanying adaptation of an arbovirus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J. Virol. 73, 4316-4326 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 4316-4326
    • Weaver, W.C.1    Brault, A.C.2    Kang, W.3    Holland, J.J.4
  • 99
    • 0033515583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evolutionary stasis during alternating replication of an arbovirus in insect and mammalian cells
    • Novella, I. S., Hershey, C. L., Escarmis, C., Domingo, E. & Holland, J. J. Lack of evolutionary stasis during alternating replication of an arbovirus in insect and mammalian cells. J. Mol. Biol. 287, 459-465 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.287 , pp. 459-465
    • Novella, I.S.1    Hershey, C.L.2    Escarmis, C.3    Domingo, E.4    Holland, J.J.5
  • 100
    • 0032553467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evolution of parasites
    • Ebert, D. Experimental evolution of parasites. Science 282, 1432-1435 (1998).
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 1432-1435
    • Ebert, D.1
  • 102
    • 0020625499 scopus 로고
    • Transposable elements as mutator genes in evolution
    • Chao, L., Vargas, C., Spear, B. B. & Cox, E. C. Transposable elements as mutator genes in evolution. Nature 303, 633-635 (1983).
    • (1983) Nature , vol.303 , pp. 633-635
    • Chao, L.1    Vargas, C.2    Spear, B.B.3    Cox, E.C.4
  • 103
    • 0030620272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution
    • Taddei, F. et al. Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution. Nature 387, 700-702 (1997). A theoretical model that shows the complex dynamics and effects of alleles that cause increased mutation rates in asexual populations.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 700-702
    • Taddei, F.1
  • 104
    • 0029860724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High mutation frequencies among Escherichia coli and Salmonella pathogens
    • LeClerc, J. E., Li, B., Payne, W. L. & Cebula, T. A. High mutation frequencies among Escherichia coli and Salmonella pathogens. Science 274, 1208-1211 (1996).
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1208-1211
    • LeClerc, J.E.1    Li, B.2    Payne, W.L.3    Cebula, T.A.4
  • 105
    • 0034685940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection
    • Oliver, A., Canton, R., Campo, P., Baquero, F. & Blázquez, J. High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection. Science 288, 1251-1253 (2000).
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 1251-1253
    • Oliver, A.1    Canton, R.2    Campo, P.3    Baquero, F.4    Blázquez, J.5
  • 106
    • 0031023159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proliferation of mutators in a cell population
    • Mao, E. F., Lane, L. Lee, J. & Miller, J. H. Proliferation of mutators in a cell population. J. Bacteriol. 179, 417-422 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Bacteriol. , vol.179 , pp. 417-422
    • Mao, E.F.1    Lane, L.2    Lee, J.3    Miller, J.H.4
  • 107
    • 0030620273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli
    • Sniegowski, P. D., Gerrish, P. J. & Lenski, R. E. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coll. Nature 387, 703-705 (1997). This article documents the spontaneous evolution of repair-defective mutators during long-term adaptation to a new environment.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 703-705
    • Sniegowski, P.D.1    Gerrish, P.J.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 108
    • 0036860714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enrichment and elimination of mutY mutators in Escherichia coli populations
    • Notley-McRobb, L., Seeto, S. & Ferenci, T. F. Enrichment and elimination of mutY mutators in Escherichia coli populations. Genetics 162, 1055-1062 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.162 , pp. 1055-1062
    • Notley-McRobb, L.1    Seeto, S.2    Ferenci, T.F.3
  • 109
    • 0021032993 scopus 로고
    • Competition between high and low mutating strains of Escherichia coli
    • Chao, L. & Cox, E. C. Competition between high and low mutating strains of Escherichia coli. Evolution 37, 125-134 (1983). An elegant experiment showing how the fate of a mutator allele depends, in a stochastic manner, on its abundance in a population.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 125-134
    • Chao, L.1    Cox, E.C.2
  • 110
    • 1842472689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic and genomic evolution during a 20,000-generation experiment with the bacterium, Escherichia coli
    • in the press
    • Lenski, R. E. Phenotypic and genomic evolution during a 20,000-generation experiment with the bacterium, Escherichia coli. Plant Breed. Rev. (in the press).
    • Plant Breed. Rev.
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 111
    • 50549201557 scopus 로고
    • The relation of recombination to mutational advance
    • Muller, H. J. The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mut. Res. 1, 2-9 (1964).
    • (1964) Mut. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 2-9
    • Muller, H.J.1
  • 112
    • 0018029597 scopus 로고
    • The accumulation of deleterious genes in a population: Muller's ratchet
    • Haigh, J. The accumulation of deleterious genes in a population: Muller's ratchet. Theor. Pop. Biol. 14, 251-267 (1978).
    • (1978) Theor. Pop. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 251-267
    • Haigh, J.1
  • 113
    • 0001057383 scopus 로고
    • The viability of near-normal irradiated chromosomes
    • Bateman, A. J. The viability of near-normal irradiated chromosomes. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 1, 170-180 (1959).
    • (1959) Int. J. Radiat. Biol. , vol.1 , pp. 170-180
    • Bateman, A.J.1
  • 114
    • 0031769320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inference of genome-wide mutation rates and distribution of mutation effects for fitness traits: A simulation study
    • Keightley, P. D. Inference of genome-wide mutation rates and distribution of mutation effects for fitness traits: a simulation study. Genetics 150, 1283-t293 (1998).
    • (1998) Genetics , vol.150 , pp. 1283-1293
    • Keightley, P.D.1
  • 115
    • 0000577181 scopus 로고
    • The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. VII. Synergistic interaction of spontaneous mutant polygenes controlling viability
    • Mukai, T. The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. VII. Synergistic interaction of spontaneous mutant polygenes controlling viability. Genetics 61, 749-761 (1969).
    • (1969) Genetics , vol.61 , pp. 749-761
    • Mukai, T.1
  • 116
    • 0023713896 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of sex in RNA viruses
    • Chao, L. Evolution of sex in RNA viruses. J. Theor. Biol. 133, 99-112 (1988).
    • (1988) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.133 , pp. 99-112
    • Chao, L.1
  • 117
    • 0023737547 scopus 로고
    • Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction
    • Kondrashov, A. S. Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction. Nature 336, 435-440 (1988).
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 435-440
    • Kondrashov, A.S.1
  • 118
    • 0027486081 scopus 로고
    • Classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis
    • Kondrashov, A. S. Classification of hypotheses on the advantage of amphimixis. J. Hered. 84, 372-387 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Hered. , vol.84 , pp. 372-387
    • Kondrashov, A.S.1
  • 119
    • 0025682946 scopus 로고
    • Mutation load and the survival of small populations
    • Lynch, M. & Gabriel, W. Mutation load and the survival of small populations. Evolution 44, 1725-1737 (1990).
    • (1990) Evolution , vol.44 , pp. 1725-1737
    • Lynch, M.1    Gabriel, W.2
  • 120
    • 0029866448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated evolution and Muller's ratchet in endosymbiotic bacteria
    • Moran, N. A. Accelerated evolution and Muller's ratchet in endosymbiotic bacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 2873-2878 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.93 , pp. 2873-2878
    • Moran, N.A.1
  • 121
    • 0034972360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutational meltdown in laboratory yeast populations
    • Zeyl, C., Mizesko, M. & De Visser, J. A. G. M. Mutational meltdown in laboratory yeast populations. Evolution 55, 909-917 (2001).
    • (2001) Evolution , vol.55 , pp. 909-917
    • Zeyl, C.1    Mizesko, M.2    De Visser, J.A.G.M.3
  • 122
    • 0025244957 scopus 로고
    • Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet
    • Chao, L. Fitness of RNA virus decreased by Muller's ratchet. Nature 348, 454-455 (1990). An early study that shows the rapid decline in fitness of populations propagated through severe bottlenecks.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 454-455
    • Chao, L.1
  • 124
    • 0030606306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic lesions associated with Muller's ratchet in a RNA virus
    • Escarmis, C. et al. Genetic lesions associated with Muller's ratchet in a RNA virus. J. Mol. Biol. 264, 255-267 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.264 , pp. 255-267
    • Escarmis, C.1
  • 125
    • 0032748221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rate of deleterious mutation and the distribution of its effects on fitness in vesicular stomatitis virus
    • Elena, S. F. & Moya, A. Rate of deleterious mutation and the distribution of its effects on fitness in vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Evol. Biol. 12, 1078-1088 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 1078-1088
    • Elena, S.F.1    Moya, A.2
  • 126
    • 0343963783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of deleterious mutation-accumulation on the fitness of RNA bacteriophage MS2
    • de la Peña, M., Elena, S. F. & Moya, A. Effect of deleterious mutation-accumulation on the fitness of RNA bacteriophage MS2. Evolution 54, 686-691 (2000).
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 686-691
    • De la Peña, M.1    Elena, S.F.2    Moya, A.3
  • 127
    • 0345471842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drastic fitness loss in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon serial bottleneck events
    • Yuste, E., Sánchez-Palomino, S., Casado, C., Domingo, E. & López-Galíndez, C. Drastic fitness loss in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon serial bottleneck events. J. Virol. 73, 2745-2751 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.73 , pp. 2745-2751
    • Yuste, E.1    Sánchez-Palomino, S.2    Casado, C.3    Domingo, E.4    López-Galíndez, C.5
  • 128
    • 0029931416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimate of the genomic mutation rate deleterious to overall fitness in E. coli
    • Kibota, T. T. & Lynch, M. Estimate of the genomic mutation rate deleterious to overall fitness in E. coli. Nature 381, 694-696 (1996).
    • (1996) Nature , vol.381 , pp. 694-696
    • Kibota, T.T.1    Lynch, M.2
  • 129
    • 0037161813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endosymbiotic bacteria: GroEL buffers against deleterious mutations
    • Fares, M. A., Ruiz-González, M. X., Moya, A., Elena, S. F. & Barrio, E. Endosymbiotic bacteria: GroEL buffers against deleterious mutations. Nature 417, 398 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 398
    • Fares, M.A.1    Ruiz-González, M.X.2    Moya, A.3    Elena, S.F.4    Barrio, E.5
  • 130
    • 0034765995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct estimate of the mutation rate and the distribution of fitness effects in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Wloch, D. M., Szafraniec, K., Borts, R. H. & Korona, R. Direct estimate of the mutation rate and the distribution of fitness effects in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 159, 441-452 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 441-452
    • Wloch, D.M.1    Szafraniec, K.2    Borts, R.H.3    Korona, R.4
  • 131
    • 0035148461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the rate and distribution of fitness effects of spontaneous mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Zeyl, C. & De Visser, J. A. G. M. Estimates of the rate and distribution of fitness effects of spontaneous mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 157, 53-61 (2001).
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.157 , pp. 53-61
    • Zeyl, C.1    De Visser, J.A.G.M.2
  • 132
    • 0035913336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rate leads to survival of the flattest
    • Wilke, C. O, Wang, J., Ofria, C., Lenski, R. E. & Adami, C. Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rate leads to survival of the flattest. Nature 412, 331-333 (2001).
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 331-333
    • Wilke, C.O.1    Wang, J.2    Ofria, C.3    Lenski, R.E.4    Adami, C.5
  • 133
    • 0034615640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pervasive compensatory adaptation in Escherichia coli
    • Moore, F. B.-G., Rozen, D. E. & Lenski, R. E. Pervasive compensatory adaptation in Escherichia coli. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 515-522 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.267 , pp. 515-522
    • Moore, F.B.-G.1    Rozen, D.E.2    Lenski, R.E.3
  • 134
    • 0034625007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computation, prediction, and experimental tests of fitness for bacteriophage T7 mutants with permuted genomes
    • Endy, D., You, L. C., Yin, J. & Molineux, I. J. Computation, prediction, and experimental tests of fitness for bacteriophage T7 mutants with permuted genomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5375-5380 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 5375-5380
    • Endy, D.1    You, L.C.2    Yin, J.3    Molineux, I.J.4
  • 135
    • 0036239186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dependence of epistasis on environment and mutation severity as revealed by in silico mutagenesis of phage T7
    • You, L. C. & Yin, J. Dependence of epistasis on environment and mutation severity as revealed by in silico mutagenesis of phage T7. Genetics 160, 1273-1281 (2002).
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.160 , pp. 1273-1281
    • You, L.C.1    Yin, J.2
  • 136
    • 0037079023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escherichia coli K-12 undergoes adaptive evolution to achieve in silico predicted optimal growth
    • Ibarra, R. U., Edwards, J. S. & Palsson, B. O. Escherichia coli K-12 undergoes adaptive evolution to achieve in silico predicted optimal growth. Nature 420, 186-189 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 186-189
    • Ibarra, R.U.1    Edwards, J.S.2    Palsson, B.O.3
  • 137
    • 0038668776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary origin of complex features
    • Lenski, R. E., Ofria, C., Pennock, R. T. & Adami, C. The evolutionary origin of complex features. Nature 423, 139-144 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , pp. 139-144
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Ofria, C.2    Pennock, R.T.3    Adami, C.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.