Pulmonary fibrosis: Cellular and molecular events

Pathology International

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 133-145

  Razzaque, Mohammed S ^a,b   Taguchi, Takashi ^b  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Collagen; Fibrogenic factors; Fibrosis; Lung

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIN 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 47; INTERLEUKIN 4; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; SCATTER FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

CELL INFILTRATION; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; CYTOKINE RELEASE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROBLAST; FIBROGENESIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INTERSTITIUM; LUNG FIBROSIS; MONONUCLEAR CELL; MOUSE; MYOFIBROBLAST; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WOUND HEALING;

CYTOKINES; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; LUNG; PULMONARY FIBROSIS; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 0037353255     PISSN: 13205463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01446.x     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Zhang K, Phan SH. Cytokines and pulmonary fibrosis. Biol Signals 1996; 5: 232-9.
2. Marshall RP, McAnulty RJ, Laurent GJ. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: is there a fibrosis gene? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 129: 107-20.
3. Gauldie J, Sime PJ, Xing Z, Marr B, Tremblay GM. Transforming growth factor-beta gene transfer to the lung induces myofibroblast presence and pulmonary fibrosis. Curr Top Pathol 1999; 93: 35-45.
4. Razzaque MS, Koji T, Harada T, Taguchi T. Localization in situ of type VI collagen protein and its mRNA in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis using renal biopsy sections. Histochem Cell Biol 1999; 111: 1-6.
5. Konomi H, Sano J, Nagai Y. Immunohistochemical localization of type I, III and IV (basement membrane) collagens in the liver. Acta Pathol Jpn 1981; 31: 973-8.
6. Razzaque MS, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Tissue and molecular events in human conjunctival scarring in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Histol Histopathol 2001; 16: 1203-12.
7. Mutsaers SE, Bishop JE, McGrouther G, Laurent GJ. Mechanisms of tissue repair: from wound healing to fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997; 29: 5-17.
8. Razzaque MS, Taguchi T. Cellular and molecular events leading to renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Med Electron Microsc 2002; 35: 68-80.
9. Razzaque MS, Koji T, Harada T, Taguchi T. Identification of type VI collagen synthesizing cells in human diabetic glomerulosclerosis using renal biopsy sections. Anal Cell Pathol 1997; 15: 175-81.
10. Maríkovsky M, Breuing K, Liu PY et al. Appearance of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in wound fluid as a response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3889-93.
11. Seppa H, Grotendorst G, Seppa S, Schiffmann E, Martin GR. Platelet-derived growth factor in chemotactic for fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 1982; 92: 584-8.
12. Nissen NN, Polverini PJ, Koch AE, Volin MV, Gamelli RL, DiPietro LA. Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates angiogenic activity during the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 1445-52.
13. Tonnesen MG, Feng X, Clark RA. Angiogenesis in wound healing. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2000; 5: 40-46.
14. Takehara K. Growth regulation of skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2000; 24: S70-77.
15. Hsu M, Peled ZM, Chin GS, Liu W, Longaker MT. Ontogeny of expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), TGF-beta 3, and TGF-beta receptors I and II in fetal rat fibroblasts and skin. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107: 1787-94.
16. Lin RY, Adzick NS. The role of the fetal fibroblast and transforming growth factor-beta in a model of human fetal wound repair. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996; 5: 165-74.
17. Hwang EA, Lee HB, Tark KC. Comparison of bone morphogenetic protein receptors expression in the fetal and adult skin. Yonsei Med J 2001; 42: 581-6.
18. Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Cass DL, Martin B, Adzick NS. Diminished interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in the fetal wound healing response. J Surg Res 1998; 77: 80-84.
19. Liechty KW, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM. Diminished interleukin 6 (IL-6) production during scarless human fetal wound repair. Cytokine 2000; 12: 671-6.
20. Stelnicki EJ, Chin GS, Gittes GK, Longaker MT. Fetal wound repair: where do we go from here? Semin Pediatr Surg 1999; 8: 124-30.
21. Peled ZM, Chin GS, Liu W, Galliano R, Longaker MT. Response to tissue injury. Clin Plast Surg 2000; 27: 489-500.
22. Coultas DB, Zumwalt RE, Black WC, Sobonya RE. The epidemiology of interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 967-72.
23. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Mossman B et al. Future research directions in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: summary of a national heart, lung, and blood institute working group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 236-46.
24. Cass DL, Bullard KM, Sylvester KG et al. Epidermal integrin expression is upregulated rapidly in human fetal wound repair. J Pediatr Surg 1998; 33: 312-16.
25. Stenback F, Wasenius VM, Sotaniemi EA. Interstitial collagen in alcoholic human liver. Histol Histopathol 1987; 2: 401-11.
26. Freeman AJ, Dore GJ, Law MG et al. Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2001; 34: 809-16.
27. Razzaque MS, Koji T, Taguchi T, Harada T, Nakane PK. In situ localization of type III and type IV collagen-expressing cells in human diabetic nephropathy. J Pathol 1994; 174: 131-8.
28. Bohle A, Wehrmann M, Bogenschutz O et al. The long-term prognosis of the primary glomerulonephritides. A morphological and clinical analysis of 1747 cases. Pathol Res Pract 1992; 188: 908-24.
29. Razzaque MS, Koji T, Kawano H, Harada T, Nakane PK, Taguchi T. Glomerular expression of type III and type IV collagens in benign nephrosclerosis: immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. Pathol Res Pract 1994; 190: 493-9.
30. Lopez B, Gonzalez A, Varo N, Laviades C, Querejeta R, Diez J. Biochemical assessment of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1222-6.
31. Razzaque MS, Ahsan N, Taguchi T. Role of apoptosis in fibrogenesis. Nephron 2002; 90: 365-72.
32. Cheng M, Razzaque MS, Nazneen A, Taguchi T. Expression of the heat shock protein 47 in gentamicin-treated rat kidneys. Int J Exp Pathol 1998; 79: 125-32.
33. Hay J, Shahzeidi S, Laurent G. Mechanisms of bleomycin-induced lung damage. Arch Toxicol 1991; 65: 81-94.
34. Houghton DC, Hartnett M, Campbell-Boswell M, Porter G, Bennett W. A light and electron microscopic analysis of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Am J Pathol 1976; 82: 589-612.
35. Razzaque MS, Taguchi T. Localization of HSP47 in cisplatin-treated rat kidney: possible role in tubulointerstitial damage. Clin Exp Nephrol 1999; 3: 222-8.
36. Lympany PA, Du Bois RM. Diffuse lung disease: product of genetic susceptibility and environmental encounters. Thorax 1997; 52: 92-4.
37. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2001 and by the ERS Executive Committee, June 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 277-304.
38. Adzick NS, Lorenz HP. Cells, matrix, growth factors, and the surgeon. The biology of scarless fetal wound repair. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 10-18.
39. Pforte A, Gerth C, Voss A et al. Proliferating alveolar macrophages in BAL and lung function changes in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 951-5.
40. Pantelidis P, Southcott AM, Black CM, Du Bois RM. Up-regulation of IL-8 secretion by alveolar macrophages from patients with fibrosing alveolitis: a subpopulation analysis. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 108: 95-104.
41. Southcott AM, Jones KP, Li D et al. Interleukin-8. Differential expression in lone fibrosing alveolitis and systemic sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1604-12.
42. Carre PC, Mortenson RL, King TE Jr, Noble PW, Sable CL, Riches DW. Increased expression of the interleukin-8 gene by alveolar macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A potential mechanism for the recruitment and activation of neutrophils in lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1802-10.
43. Nagaoka I, Trapnell BC, Crystal RG. Upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor-A and -B gene expression in alveolar macrophages of individuals with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 2023-7.
44. Khalil N, Bereznay O, Sporn M, Greenberg AH. Macrophage production of transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast collagen synthesis in chronic pulmonary inflammation. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 727-37.
45. Yang N, Isbel NM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ et al. Local macrophage proliferation in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 143-51.
46. Razzaque MS, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Role of enhanced expression of m-CSF in conjunctiva affected by cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 2977-83.
47. Lan HY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Mu W, Atkins RC. Local macrophage proliferation in the pathogenesis of glomerular crescent formation in rat anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 233-40.
48. Lehnert BE, Valdez YE, Lehnert NM, Park MS, Englen MD. Stimulation of rat and murine alveolar macrophage proliferation by lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 375-85.
49. Gruber R, Pforte A, Beer B, Riethmuller G. Determination of gamma/delta and other T-lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood from patients with sarcoidosis and idiopathic fibrosis of the lung. APMIS 1996; 104: 199-205.
50. Fireman E, Vardinon N, Burke M et al. Predictive value of response to treatment of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 706-11.
51. Hocher B, Schwarz A, Fagan KA et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic lung inflammation in ET-1 transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23: 19-26.
52. Gharaee-Kermani M, Nozaki Y, Hatano K, Phan SH. Lung interleukin-4 gene expression in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine 2001; 15: 138-47.
53. Fonseca C, Abraham D, Black CM. Lung fibrosis. Semin Immunopathol 1999; 21: 453-74.
54. Murrell GA, Francis MJ, Bromley L. Modulation of fibroblast proliferation by oxygen free radicals. Biochem J 1990; 265: 659-65.
55. Cantin AM, North SL, Hubbard RC, Crystal RG. Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 152-7.
56. Cantin AM, North SL, Fells GA, Hubbard RC, Crystal RG. Oxidant-mediated epithelial cell injury in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1665-73.
57. Zhang K, Gharaee-Kermani M, McGarry B, Phan SH. In situ hybridization analysis of rat lung alpha 1 (I) and alpha 2 (I) collagen gene expression in pulmonary fibrosis induced by endotracheal bleomycin injection. Lab Invest 1994; 70: 192-202.
58. Razzaque MS, Taguchi T. The possible role of colligin/HSP47, a collagen-binding protein, in the pathogenesis of human and experimental fibrotic diseases. Histol Histopathol 1999; 14: 1199-212.
59. Specks U, Nerlich A, Colby TV, Wiest I, Timpl R. Increased expression of type VI collagen in lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1956-64.
60. Roman J. Extracellular matrix and lung inflammation. Immunol Res 1996; 15: 163-78.
61. Juliano RL, Haskill S. Signal transduction from the extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol 1993; 120: 577-85.
62. Selman M, King TE, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 136-51.
63. Yaguchi T, Fukuda Y, Ishizaki M, Yamanaka N. Immunohistochemical and gelatin zymography studies for matrix metalloproteinases in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pathol Int 1998; 48: 954-63.
64. Madtes DK, Elston AL, Kaback LA, Clark JG. Selective induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24: 599-607.
65. Selman M, Ruiz V, Cabrera S et al. TIMP-1-2-3, and -4 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A prevailing nondegradative lung microenvironment? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279: L562-74.
66. Huovila AP, Almeida EA, White JM. ADAMs and cell fusion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1996; 8: 692-9.
67. Hurskainen TL, Hirohata S, Seldin MF, Apte SS. ADAM-TS5, ADAM-TS6 and ADAM-TS7, novel members of a new family of zinc metalloproteases. General features and genomic distribution of the ADAM-TS family. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 25 555-63.
68. Diamantis I, Luthi M, Hosli M, Reichen J. Cloning of the rat ADAMTS-1 gene and its down regulation in endothelial cells in cirrhotic rats. Liver 2000; 20: 165-72.
69. Corbel M, Caulet-Maugendre S, Germain N, Molet S, Lagente V, Boichot E. Inhibition of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat. J Pathol 2001; 193: 538-45.
70. Senoo H, Hata R. Extracellular matrix regulates and 1-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate further modulates morphology, proliferation, and collagen synthesis of perisinusoidal stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 200: 999-1006.
71. Carloni V, Romanelli RG, Pinzani M, Laffi G, Gentilini P. Expression and function of integrin receptors for collagen and laminin in cultured human hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1127-36.
72. Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H et al. The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Cell 1999; 96: 319-28.
73. Massague J. How cells read TGF-beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000; 1: 69-78.
74. Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW. Neutralisation of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 or exogenous addition of TGF-beta 3 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring. J Cell Sci 1995; 108: 985-1002.
75. Isaka Y, Tsujie M, Ando Y et al. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides block interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1885-92.
76. Khalil N, O'Connor RN, Unruh HW et al. Increased production and immunohistochemical localisation of transforming growth factor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5: 155-62.
77. Gurujeyalakshmi G, Hollinger MA, Giri SN. Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA expression by taurine and niacin in the bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18: 334-42.
78. Wang Q, Wang Y, Hyde DM et al. Reduction of bleomycin induced lung fibrosis by transforming growth factor beta soluble receptor in hamsters. Thorax 1999; 54: 805-12.
79. Zhao J, Shi W, Chen H, Warburton D. Smad7 and Smad6 differentially modulate transforming growth factor beta-induced inhibition of embryonic lung morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 23 992-7.
80. Nakao A, Fujii M, Matsumura R et al. Transient gene transfer and expression of Smad7 prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 5-11.
81. Cerwenka A, Swain SL. TGF-beta1: immunosuppressant and viability factor for T lymphocytes. Microbes Infect 1999; 1: 1291-6.
82. Reinhold D, Wrenger S, Kahne T, Ansorge S. HIV-1 Tat: immunosuppression via TGF-beta1 induction. Immunol Today 1999; 20: 384-5.
83. Gorham JD, Lin JT, Sung JL, Rudner LA, French MA. Genetic regulation of autoimmune disease: BALB/c background TGF-beta 1-deficient mice develop necroinflammatory IFN-gamma-dependent hepatitis. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6413-22.
84. Bradham DM, Igarashi A, Potter RL, Grotendorst GR. Connective tissue growth factor: a cysteine-rich mitogen secreted by human vascular endothelial cells is related to the SRC-induced immediate early gene product CEF-10. J Cell Biol 1991; 114: 1285-94.
85. Grotendorst GR. Connective tissue growth factor: a mediator of TGF-beta action on fibroblasts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997; 8: 171-9.
86. Kothapalli D, Hayashi N, Grotendorst GR. Inhibition of TGF-beta-stimulated CTGF gene expression and anchorage-independent growth by cAMP identifies a CTGF-dependent restriction point in the cell cycle. FASEB J 1998; 12: 1151-61.
87. Goldschmeding R, Aten J, Ito Y, Blom I, Rabelink T, Weening JJ. Connective tissue growth factor: just another factor in renal fibrosis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 296-9.
88. Gupta S, Clarkson MR, Duggan J, Brady HR. Connective tissue growth factor: potential role in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1389-99.
89. Pan LH, Yamauchi K, Uzuki M et al. Type II alveolar epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts express connective tissue growth factor in IPF. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 1220-27.
90. Allen JT, Knight RA, Bloor CA, Spiteri MA. Enhanced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (connective tissue growth factor) expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21: 693-700.
91. Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K, Petkov V, Block L-H. A preliminary study of long term treatment with interferon gamma-1b and low dose prednisolone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1264-9.
92. Russell FD, Molenaar P. The human heart endothelin system: ET-1 synthesis, storage, release and effect. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21: 353-9.
93. Kirchengast M, Munter K. Endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in cardiovascular remodeling. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 221: 312-25.
94. Saleh D, Furukawa K, Tsao MS et al. Elevated expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: possible involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 16: 187-93.
95. Abraham DJ, Vancheeswaran R, Dashwood MR et al. Increased levels of endothelin-1 and differential endothelin type A and B receptor expression in scleroderma-associated fibrotic lung disease. Am J Pathol 1997; 151: 831-41.
96. Giaid A, Michel RP, Stewart DJ, Sheppard M, Corrin B, Hamid Q. Expression of endothelin-1 in lungs of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 1993; 341: 1550-54.
97. Reichenberger F, Schauer J, Kellner K, Sack U, Stiehl P, Winkler J. Different expression of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with pulmonary diseases. Lung 2001; 179: 163-74.
98. Teder P, Noble PW. A cytokine reborn? Endothelin-1 in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23: 7-10.
99. Aubert JD, Carnal B, Ricou J, Fioroni P, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, Pinet F. Characterization of the enzyme involved in the processing of big endothelin-1 in human lung epithelial cells. Pulmon Pharmacol Ther 1998; 11: 209-13.
100. Park S-H, Saleh D, Giaid A, Michel RP. Increased endothelin-1 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and the effect of an endothelin receptor antagonist. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 600-608.
101. Moss ML, Jin SL, Milla ME et al. Cloning of a disintegrin metalloproteinase that processes precursor tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. Nature 1997; 385: 733-6.
102. Decoster E, Vanhaesebroeck B, Vandenabeele P, Grooten J, Fiers W. Generation and biological characterization of membrane-bound, uncleavable murine tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 18 473-8.
103. Ortiz LA, Lasky J, Lungarella G et al. Upregulation of the p75 but not the p55 TNF-alpha receptor mRNA after silica and bleomycin exposure and protection from lung injury in double receptor knockout mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 825-33.
104. Ohtsuka Y, Munakata M, Ukita H et al. Increased susceptibility to silicosis and TNF-alpha production in C57BL/6J mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2144-9.
105. Sueoka N, Sueoka E, Miyazaki Y et al. Molecular pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonitis with TNF-alpha transgenic mice. Cytokine 1998; 10: 124-31.
106. Ortiz LA, Lasky J, Hamilton RF Jr et al. Expression of TNF and the necessity of TNF receptors in bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24: 721-43.
107. Nagata K. Expression and function of heat shock protein 47: a collagen-specific molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. Matrix Biol 1998; 16: 379-86.
108. Razzaque MS, Kumatori A, Harada T, Taguchi T. Coexpression of collagens and collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 in human diabetic nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. Nephron 1998; 80: 434-43.
109. Naitoh M, Hosokawa N, Kubota H et al. Upregulation of HSP47 and collagen type III in the dermal fibrotic disease, keloid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 280: 1316-22.
110. Masuda H, Fukumoto M, Hirayoshi K, Nagata K. Coexpression of the collagen-binding stress protein HSP47 gene and the alpha 1 (I) and alpha 1 (III) collagen genes in carbon tetrachloride induced rat liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 2481-8.
111. Razzaque MS, Taguchi T. Collagen-binding heat shock protein (HSP) 47 expression in anti-thymocyte serum (ATS)-induced glomerulonephritis. J Pathol 1997; 183: 24-9.
112. Razzaque MS, Hossain MA, Kohno S, Taguchi T. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat is associated with increased expression of collagen-binding heat shock protein (HSP) 47. Virchows Arch 1998; 432: 455-60.
113. Razzaque MS, Nazneen A, Taguchi T. Immunolocalization of collagen and collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 in fibrotic lung diseases. Modern Pathol 1998; 11: 1183-8.
114. Razzaque MS, Shimokawa I, Nazneen A et al. Life-long dietary restriction modulates the expression of collagens and collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 in aged Fischer 344 rat kidney. Histochem J 1999; 31: 123-32.
115. Antoniades HN, Bravo MA, Avila RE et al. Platelet-derived growth factor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1055-64.
116. Yoshida M, Sakuma J, Hayashi S et al. A histologically distinctive interstitial pneumonia induced by overexpression of the interleukin 6, transforming growth factor β1, or platelet-derived growth factor B gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9570-74.
117. Homma S, Nagaoka I, Abe H et al. Localisation of platelet-derived growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I in the fibrotic lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 2084-9.
118. Unemori EN, Pickford LB, Salles AL et al. Relaxin induces an extracellular matrix-degrading phenotype in human lung fibroblasts in vitro and inhibits lung fibrosis in a murine model in vivo. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2739-45.
119. Hewitson TD, Kelynack KJ, Tait MG et al. Pirfenidone reduces in vitro rat renal fibroblast activation and mitogenesis. J Nephrol 2001; 14: 453-60.
120. Miric G, Dallemagne C, Endre Z, Margolin S, Taylor SM, Brown L. Reversal of cardiac and renal fibrosis by pirfenidone and spironolactone in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133: 687-94.
121. Tada S, Nakamuta M, Enjoji M et al. Pirfenidone inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28: 522-7.
122. Suga H, Teraoka S, Ota K et al. Preventive effect of pirfenidone against experimental sclerosing peritonitis in rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1995; 47: 287-91.
123. Angulo P, MacCarty RL, Sylvestre PB et al. Pirfenidone in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 157-61.
124. Iyer SN, Margolin SB, Hyde DM, Giri SN. Lung fibrosis is ameliorated by pirfenidone fed in diet after the second dose in a three-dose bleomycin-hamster model. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:119-32.
125. Iyer SN, Gurujeyalakshmi G, Giri SN. Effects of pirfenidone on transforming growth factor-beta gene expression at the transcriptional level in bleomycin hamster model of lung fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 29: 367-73.
126. Nicod LP. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 1999; 354: 268-9.
127. Raghu G, Johnson WC, Lockhart D, Mageto Y. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with a new antifibrotic agent, pirfenidone: results of a prospective open label study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 1061-9.
128. Molteni A, Moulder JE, Cohen EF et al. Control of radiation-induced pneumopathy and lung fibrosis by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. Int J Radiat Biol 2000; 76: 523-32.
129. Nguyen L, Ward WF, Ts'ao CH, Molteni A. Captopril inhibits proliferation of human lung fibroblasts in culture: a potential antifibrotic mechanism. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994; 205: 80-84.
130. Bickel M, Baringhaus KH, Gerl M et al. Selective inhibition of hepatic collagen accumulation in experimental liver fibrosis in rats by a new prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor. Hepatology 1998; 28: 404-11.
131. Nwogu JI, Geenen D, Bean M, Brenner MC, Huang X, Buttrick PM. Inhibition of collagen synthesis with prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor improves left ventricular function and alters the pattern of left ventricular dilatation after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2001; 104: 2216-21.
132. Liu D, Razzaque MS, Cheng M, Taguchi T. The renal expression of heat shock protein 47 and collagens in acute and chronic experimental diabetes in rats. Histochem J 2001; 33: 623-30.
133. Razzaque MS, Shimokawa I, Nazneen A, Higami Y, Taguchi T. Age-related nephropathy in the Fischer 344 rat is associated with overexpression of collagens and collagen-binding heat shock protein 47. Cell Tissue Res 1998; 293: 471-8.
134. Liu D, Razzaque MS, Nazneen A, Naito T, Taguchi T. Role of heat shock protein 47 on tubulointerstitium in experimental radiation nephropathy. Pathol Int 2002; 52: 340-47.
135. Razzaque MS, Ahmed AR. Collagens, collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 and transforming growth factor β1 are induced in cicatricial pemphigoid: possible role(s) in dermal fibrosis. Cytokine 2002; 17: 311-16.
136. Razzaque MS, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Role of heat shock protein 47 and transforming growth factor β1 in conjunctival scarring in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44 (in press)
137. Razzaque MS, Shimokawa I, Koji T, Higami Y, Taguchi T. Life-long caloric restriction suppresses age-associated Fas expression in the Fischer 344 rat kidney. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 1999; 1: 82-5.
138. Ying WZ, Wang PX, Sanders PW. Induction of apoptosis during development of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int 2001; 58: 2007-17.
139. Grigg JM, Savill JS, Sarraf C, Haslett C, Silverman M. Neutrophil apoptosis and clearance from neonatal lungs. Lancet 1991; 338: 720-22.
140. Hagimoto N, Kuwano K, Nomoto Y, Kunitake R, Hara N. Apoptosis and expression of Fas/Fas ligand mRNA in bleomycininduced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 16: 91-101.