Thinking preventively about dementia: A review

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 10, 2002, Pages 895-906

  Cooper, Brian ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; Dementia; Health services research; Neuroprotective agents; Preventive medicine

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DONEPEZIL; ESTROGEN; GALANTAMINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; NITRENDIPINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NOOTROPIC AGENT; RIVASTIGMINE; SELEGILINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; DATA ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG COST; DRUG EFFICACY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GENE THERAPY; HEAD INJURY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROSCIENCE; NURSING HOME; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; TREATMENT PLANNING;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0036797966     PISSN: 08856230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/gps.707     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Aguero-Torres H, Fratiglioni L, Guo Z, Viitanen M, von Strauss E, Winblad B. 1998. Dementia is the main cause of functional dependence in the elderly: 3-year follow-up data from a population-based study. Am J Publ Hlth 88: 1452-1456.
2. Anthony JC, Breitner JC, Zandi PP, Meyer MR, Jurasova I, Norton MC, Stone SV. 2000. Reduced prevalence of AD in users of NSAIDs and H2 receptor antagonists: the Cache County Study. Neurology 54: 2066-2071.
3. Audit Commission. 2000. Forget Me Not. Mental Health Services for Older People. Audit Commission: London.
4. Ballard C, Fossey J, Chithramamohan R, Howard R, Burns A, Thompson P, et al. 2001. Quality of care in private sector and NHS facilities for people with dementia: Cross sectional survey. Br Med J 323: 126-127.
5. Bard F, Cannon C, Barbour R, et al. 1999. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid β-peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nature Med 6: 916-919.
6. Bas A, in't Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, et al. 2001. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 345: 1515-1521.
7. Beard CM, Waring SC, O'Brien PC, Kurland LT, Kokmen E. 1998. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1980 through 1984. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 73: 951-955.
8. Bickel H, Cooper B. 1994. Incidence and relative risk of dementia in an urban elderly population: findings of a prospective field study. Psychol Med 24: 179-192.
9. Braekhus A, Laske K, Engedal K. 1995. A low, 'normal' Mini-Mental State predicts development of dementia after three years. J Am Geriatr Soc 43: 656-661.
10. Breteler MMB, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, et al. 1991. Medical history and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol 20(Suppl 2): 36-42.
11. Brodaty H, Gresham M, Luscombe G. 1997. The Prince Henry Hospital caregivers' training programme. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12: 183-192.
12. Bush AI, Pettingell WN, Multhaup G, et al. 1994. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A-beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science 265: 1464-1467.
13. Campion D, Dumanchin C, Hannequin D, et al. 1999. Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity and mutation spectrum. Am J Hum Genet 65: 664-670.
14. CSHA. 1994. The Canadian Survey of Health and Ageing: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 44: 2073-2080.
15. Caracabelos R, Taked M, Winblad B. 1999. The glutamatergic system and neurodegeneration: preventive strategies in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 3-47.
16. Carter J, Schuchman EH. 2001. Editorial: Gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases: fact or fiction? Br J Psychiatry 178: 392-394.
17. Clarfield AM. 1988. The reversible dementias - do they reverse? Ann Int Med 109: 476-486.
18. Cobb JL, Wolf PA, Au R, D'Agostino RB. 1995. The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study. Neurology 45: 1707-1712.
19. Cooper B, Bickel H, Schaufele M. 1996. Early development and progression of dementing illness in the elderly: a general-practice based study. Psychol Med 24: 411-419.
20. Cooper B, Holmes C. 1998. Previous psychiatric history as a risk factor for late-life dementia: a population-based case-control study. Age Ageing 27: 181-188.
21. Del Ser T, Hachinski V, Merskey H, Munoz DG. 1999. An autopsy-verified study of the effect of education on degenerative dementia. Brain 122: 2309-2319.
22. Department of Health. 2001a. Alzheimer's drugs to be available on the NHS. Press release: ref. 2001/0041. DoH: London.
23. Department of Health. 2001b. National Service Framework for Older People. DoH: London.
24. Doll R. 1993. Review: Alzheimer's disease and environmental aluminium. Age Ageing 22: 138-153.
25. Donaldson C, Tarrier N, Burns A. 1997. The impact of the symptoms of dementia on caregivers. Br J Psychiatry 170: 62-68.
26. Engedal K. 1989. Day care for demented patients in general nursing homes. Effects on admissions to institutions and mental capacity. Scand J Primary Hlth Care 7: 161-166.
27. Flicker L, Logiudice D, Carlin JB, Ames D. 1997. The predictive value of dementia screening instruments in clinical populations. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12: 203-209.
28. Forbes WF, Hayward MA, Agwani N. 1991. Dementia, aluminium and fluoride. Lancet 338: 1592-1593.
29. Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. 1998. Prevention of dementia in double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet 352: 1347-1351.
30. Fratiglioni L, Ahlbom A, Viitanen M, Winblad B. 1993. Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: a population-based case-control study. Ann Neurol 33: 258-266.
31. Fries JF. 1996. Physical activity, the compression of morbidity and the health of the elderly. J Roy Soc Med 89: 64-68.
32. Gilleard CJ. 2000. Is Alzheimer's disease preventable? A review of two decades of epidemiological research. Aging Ment Hlth 4: 101-118.
33. Gitlin LN, Corcoran M, Winter L, Boyce A, Hauck WW. 2001. A randomised controlled trial of a home environmental intervention. Effect on efficacy and upset in caregivers, and on daily function of persons with dementia. Gerontologist 41: 4-14.
34. Greene PE, Fahn S, Tsai WY. 1999. Severe spontaneous dyskinesias: a disabling complication of embryonic dopamine tissue implants in a subset of patients with advanced PD. Mov Disord 14(Suppl. 904): abstract.
35. Gruenberg EM. 1977. The failures of success. Milbank Mem Fund Q Winter: 3-24.
36. Gruenberg EM. 1980. Mental disorders. In Maxcy-Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 11 Edition, Last JM (ed.). Appleton-Century-Crofts: New York; 1303-1358.
37. Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, et al. 2000. Head injury and the risk of AD in the Mirage study. Neurology 54: 1316-1323.
38. Hachinski V. 1992. Preventable senility: A call for action against the vascular dementias. Lancet 340: 645-648.
39. Halliday GM, Shepherd CE, McCann H, Reid WG, Grayson DA, Broe GA, Kril JJ. 2000. Effect of anti-inflammatory medications on neuropathologic findings in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 57: 831-836.
40. Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MMB, et al. 1997. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet 349: 151-154.
41. Holmes C, Cooper B, Levy R. 1995. Dementia known to mental health services: first findings of a case register for a defined elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 10: 857-881.
42. Hopman-Rock M, Staats PG, Tak EC, Droes RM. 1999. The effects of a psychomotor activation programme for use in groups of cognitively impaired people in homes for the elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14: 633-642.
43. Jama JW, Launer LJ, Witteman JC, den Breeijen JH, Breteler MM, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. 1996. Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in a population-based sample of older persons. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol 144: 275-280.
44. Janus C, Pearson J, McLaurin J, et al. 2000. Aβ peptide immunization reduces behavioural impairment and plaques in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 408: 979-982.
45. Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, Seshadri S, Drachman DA. 2000. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 356: 1627-1631.
46. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Korten AE, Henderson AS. 2000. Informant ratings of cognitive decline in old age: validation against change on cognitive tests over 7 to 8 years. Psychol Med 30: 981-985.
47. Jorm AF, Jolley D. 1998. The incidence of dementia: a meta-analysis. Neurology 51: 728-733.
48. Jorm AF, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, et al. 1991. Psychiatric history and related exposures as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol 20(Suppl 2): 43-47.
49. Kivipelto M, Helkala E-L, Laakso MP, et al. 2001. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population-based study. Br Med J 322: 1447-1451.
50. Knapp M, Wilkinson D, Wigglesworth R. 1998. The economic consequences of Alzheimer's disease in the context of new drug developments. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 13: 531-543.
51. Launer LJ, Webster Ross G, Petrovich H, Masaki K, Foley D, White LR, Havlik JH. 2000. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Ageing 21: 49-55.
52. Launer LJ, Andersen K, Dewey ME, et al. 1999. Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. Neurology 52: 78-84.
53. Lawton MP, Brody EM, Saperstein AR. 1989. A controlled study of respite service for cargivers of Alzheimer's patients. Gerontologist 29: 8-16.
54. Letenneur L, Launer LJ, Andersen K, et al. 2000. Education and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: sex makes a difference. Am J Epidemiol 151: 1064-1071.
55. Liddell MB, Lovestone S, Owen MJ. 2001. Genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease: advising relatives. Br J Psychiatry 178: 7-11.
56. Luukinen H, Viramo P, Koski K, Laippala P, Kivela SL. 1999. Head injuries and cognitive decline among older adults: a population-based study. Neurology 52: 557-562.
57. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Tang MX, Noboa-Bauzer L, Marder K, Gurland B, Stern Y. 1993. Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community-dwelling elderly persons and their first-degree relatives. Ann Neurol 33: 494-501.
58. Mackenzie RM, Munoz DG. 1998. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer-type pathology in aging. Neurology 50: 986-990.
59. McLachlan DR, Kruck TP, Lukiw WJ, Krishnan SS. 1991. Would decreased aluminium ingestion reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease? Can Med Assoc J 145: 793-804.
60. McNamee P, Bond J, Buck D. 2001. Costs of dementia in England and Wales in the 21st century. Br J Psychiatry 179: 261-266.
61. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. 1998. Cognitive function and dementia in six areas of England and Wales. Psychol Med 28: 319-335.
62. Mehta KM, Ott A, Kalmijn SA, Slooter AJ, van Duijn CM, Hofman A, Breteler MM. 1999. Head trauma and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam Study. Neurology 53: 1959-1962.
63. Melzer D, Ely M, Brayne C. 1997. Cognitive impairment in elderly people. Population-based estimate of the future in England, Scotland and Wales. Br Med J 315: 462.
64. Mendelsohn AB, Belle SH, Stoehr GP, Ganguli M. 1998. Use of anti-oxidant supplements and its association with cognitive function in a rural elderly cohort: the MoVIES Project. Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Am J Epidemiol 148: 38-44.
65. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Shulman E, Steinberg G, Levin B. 1996. A family intervention to delay nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 276: 1725-1731.
66. Mohide EA, Pringle DM, Streiner DL, Gilbert JR, Muir G, Tew M. 1990. A randomised trial of family caregiver support in the home management of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 38: 446-454.
67. Mortimer JA, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, et al. 1991. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case control studies. Int J Epidemiol, 20(Suppl. 2): 28-35.
68. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, et al. 2000. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomised controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Co-operative Study. JAMA 283: 1007-1015.
69. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. 2001. Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 19, Jan 2001. (http://www.nice.org.uk)
70. Nemetz PN, Leibson C, Naessens JM, Beard M, Kokmen E, Annegers JF, Kurland LT. 1998. Traumatic brain injury and time to onset of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiology 149: 32-40.
71. NHS Plan. 2000. The Government's Response to the Royal Commission on Long-Term Care. Cm. 4818 II. Stationery Office: London.
72. Nicholl JAR, Roberts GW, Graham DJ. 1995. Apolipoprotein E4 ∈allele is associated with deposition of amyloid-β protein following head injury. Nature Med 1: 135-137.
73. Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Hultberg B. 2001. Improvement of cognitive functions after cobalamin/folate supplementation in patients with dementia and elevated plasma homocysteine. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 16: 609-614.
74. O'Meara ES, Kukull WA, Sheppard L, et al. 1997. Head injury and risk of Alzheimer's disease by apolipoprotein E genotype. Am J Epidemiol 146: 373-384.
75. Ostwald SK, Hepburn KW, Caron W, Burns T, Mantell R. 1999. Reducing caregiver burden: a randomised psychoeducational intervention for caregivers of persons with dementia. Gerontologist 39: 299-309.
76. Philpot M, Pereira J. 2002. Reversible dementias. In Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2nd Edition, Copeland JRM, Abou-Saleh MT, Blazer DG (eds). John Wiley; Chichester.
77. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MS, Newman TM, Drosdick D. 2000. Documented head injury in early adulthood and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology 55: 1158-1166.
78. Ray WA, Taylor JA, Meador KG, et al. 1993. Reducing anti-psychotic drug use in nursing homes. A controlled trial of provider education. Arch Int Med 153: 713-721.
79. Ritchie K, Colvez A, Ankri J, Ledesert B, Gardent H, Fontaine A. 1992. The evaluation of long-term care for the dementing elderly. A comparative study of hospital and collective non-medical care in France. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 7: 549-557.
80. Rondeau V, Commenges D, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF. 2000. Relation between aluminium concentrations in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease: an 8-year follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 152: 59-66.
81. Rose G. 1985. Sick individuals and sick populations. Int J Epidemiol 14: 32-38.
82. Rovner BW, Steele CD, Shmuely Y, Folstein MF. 1996. A randomised trial of dementia care in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 7-13.
83. Royal College of Physicians. 2000. The Health and Care of Older People in Care Homes. Report of a Joint Working Party. RCP: London.
84. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 1993. Prevention in Psychiatry. Report of the Special Committee on the Place of Prevention in Psychiatry. Council Report CR 21. R. C. Psych: London.
85. Royal Commission on Long Term Care. 1999. With Respect to Old Age: Long Term Care - Rights and Responsibilities. Cm 4192-I. Stationery Office: London.
86. Salib E, Hillier V. 1997. Head injury and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12: 363-368.
87. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas RG, Klauber MR, Grundman M, Woodbury P, et al. 1997. A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Co-operative Study. N Engl J Med 336: 1216-1222.
88. Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Gordon G, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al. 1999. Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer- disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 400: 173-177.
89. Schofield PW, Tang M, Marder K, Bell K, Dooneief G, Chun M, et al. 1997. Alzheimer's disease after remote head injury: an incidence study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62: 119-124.
90. Seshadri S, Zornberg GL, Derby LE, Myers MW, Drachman JH. 2001. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 58: 435-440.
91. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. 1994. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 271: 1004-1010.
92. van Duijn CM, Tanja TA, Haaxma R, Schulte W, Saan RJ, Lameris AJ, et al. 1992. Head trauma and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 135: 775-782.
93. Wanless D. 2001. Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-Term View. An Interim Report. HM Treasury: London.
94. Werner P. 1994. Effects of removal of physical restraints on psychotropic medication in the nursing home. J Geriatr Drug Therapy 8: 59-71.
95. Weytingh MD, Bossuyt PM, van Crevel H. 1995. Reversible dementia: more than 10% or less than 1%? A quantitative review. J Neurol 242: 466-471.
96. Wimo A, Mattson B, Adolfsson R, Eriksson T, Nelvig A. 1993. Dementia day-care and its effects on symptoms and institutionalisation: a controlled Swedish study. Scand J Primary Hlth Care 11: 117-123.
97. Yaffe K, Sawaya G, Lieberburg J, Grady D. 1998. Estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia. JAMA 279: 688-695.