Is Alzheimer's disease preventable? A review of two decades of epidemiological research

Aging and Mental Health

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 101-118

  Gilleard, C J ^a  

^a SPRINGFIELD UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; APOLIPOPROTEIN E4; ESTROGEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNOLOGY; FAMILIAL INCIDENCE; FEMALE; GENDER; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MALE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STRUCTURE;

EID: 0034034565     PISSN: 13607863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13607860050008628     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. AGUERO-TORRES, H., FRATIGLIONI, L., GUO, Z., VIITANEN, M., VON STRAUSS, E. & WINBLAD, B. (1998). Dementia is the major cause of functional dependence in the elderly: 3 year follow up data from a population based study. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1452-1456.
2. AMADUCCI, L.A., FRATIGILIONI, L., ROCCA, W.A., FIESCHI, C., LIVREA, P., PEDONE, D., BRACCO, L., LIPPI, A., GANDALFO, C., BINO, G., PRENCIPE, M., BONATTI, M.L., GIROTTI, F., CARELLA, F., TAVALATO, B., FERLA, S., LENZI, G.L., CAROLEI, A., GAMBI, A., GRIGOLETTO, F. & SCHOENBERG, B.S. (1986). Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case control study of an Italian population. Neurology, 36, 922-931. (F2)
3. ANDERSON, K., LAUNER, L.J., OTT, A. et al. (1995). Do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk of Alzheimer's disease? The Rotterdam study. Neurology, 45, 1441-1445. (C9/A3/N7/N12/T6/ED12)
4. ARRIAGADA, P.V., GROWDON, J.H., HEDLEY-WHYTE, E.T. & HYMAN, B.T. (1992). Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 42, 631-639.
5. ASADA, T., YAMAGATA, Z., KINOSHITA, T., KINOSHTTA, A., KARIYA, T., ASAKA, A. & KAKUMA, T. (1996). Prevalence of dementia and distribution of Apoe alleles in Japanese centenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 151-155.
6. BACHMAN, D.L., WOLF, P.A., LINN, R.T., KNOEFEL, J.E., COBB, J.L., BELANGER, A.J., WHITE, L.R. & D'AGOSTINO, R.B. (1993). Incidence of dementia and probable Alzheimer's disease in a general population: the Framingham study. Neurology, 43, 515-519.
7. BALDERISCHI, M., DI CARLO, A., LEPORE, V., BRACCO, L., MAGGI, S., GRIGOLETTO, F., SCARLATO, G. & AMADUCCI, L. (1997). Estrogen replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology, 50, 996-1002. (H6)
8. BARRETT-CONNOR, E. & KRITZ-SILVERSTEIN, D. (1993). Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2637-2641.
9. BEARD, C.M., KOKMEN, E. & KURLAND, L.T. (1991). Rheumatoid arthritis and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet, 337, 1426. (C3/N3/ED3)
10. BEARD, C.M., KOKMEN, E., OFFORD, K.P. & KURLAND, L.T. (1992). Lack of association between Alzheimer's disease and education, occupation, marital status or living arrangement. Neurology, 42, 2063-2068. (ED3).
11. BEARD, C.M., WARING, S.C., O'BRIEN, P.C., KURLAND, L.T. & KOKMEN, E. (1998). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer's disease: a case control study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1980 through 1984. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 73, 951-955. (N11)
12. BERR, C., BORGHI, E., RETHORE, M.O., LEJEUNE, J. & APIPERO-VITCH, A. (1989). Absence of a familial association between dementia of Alzheimer type and Down syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 33, 545-550. (D3)
13. BHARUCHA, N.E., SCHOENBERG, B.S. & KOKMEN, E. (1983). Dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT): a case control study of association with medical conditions and surgical procedures. Neurology, 33(Suppl. 2), 85.
14. BICKEL, H. & COOPER, B. (1994). Incidence and relative risk of dementia in an urban elderly population: findings of a prospective field study. Psychological Medicine, 24, 179-192. (ED5)
15. BONIAUTO, S., ROCCA, W., LIPPI, A., GIANNANDREA, E., MELE, M., CAVARZERAN, F. & Amaducci, L. (1995). Education and occupation as risk factors for dementia: a population based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology, 14, 101-109. (ED8)
16. BRAAK, H. & BRAAK, E. (1991). Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer related changes. Acta Neuropathologia, 82, 239-259.
17. BRAYNE, C. & CALLOWAY, P. (1990). The association of education and socioeconomic status with the MMSE and the clinical diagnosis of dementia in elderly people. Age and Ageing, 19, 91-96. (ED2)
18. BREITNER, J.C.S. (1994). Genetic factors. In: A BURNS & R. LEVY (Eds), Dementia (pp. 281-292). London: Chapman & Hall.
19. BREITNER, J.C.S., GAU, B.A. & WELSH, K.A. (1994). Inverse association of anti-inflammatory treatments and Alzheimer's disease: initial results of a co-twin control study. Neurology, 44, 227-232. (N4)
20. BREITNER, J.C.S., SILVERMAN, J.M., MOHS, R.C. & DAVIS, K.L. (1988). Familial aggregation in Alzheimer's disease: comparison of risk among relatives of early-and late-onset cases and among female and male relatives in successive generations. Neurology, 38, 207-12. (F4a)
21. BRENNER, D.E., KUKULL, W.A., VAN BELLE, G. (1993). Relationship between cigarette smoking and Alzheimer's disease in a population based case control study. Neurology, 43, 293-300. (C5/H3/T5/ES1)
22. BRENNER, D.E., KUKULL, W.A., STERGACHIS, A. et al. (1994). Post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population based case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 262-267. (E8/C5/H3/T5/ES1)
23. BRETELER, M.M.B., VAN DUIJN, C.M., CHANDRA, V., FRATIGLIONI, L., GRAVES, A.B., HEYMAN, A., JORM, A.F., KOKMEN, E., KONDO, K., MORTIMER, J.A., ROCCA, W.A., SHALAT, S.L., SOININEN, H. & HOFMAN, A. for the EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group (1991). Medical history and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 20, Suppl. 2, S36-S42.
24. BROE, G.A., CREASEY, H., JORM, A.F., BENNETT, H.P., CASEY, B., WAITE, L.M., GRAYSON., D.A. & Cullen, J. (1998). Health habits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective study of the effects of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption. ANZ Journal of Public Health, 22, 621-623. (T7)
25. BROE, G.A., HENDERSON, A.S., CREASEY, H., MCCUSKER, E., KORTEN, A.E., JORM, A.F., LONGLEY, W. & ANTHONY, J.C. (1990). A case control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology, 40, 1698-1707. (F11a)
26. BROOKMEYER, R., GRAY, S. & KAWAS, C. (1998). Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1337-1342.
27. CALLAHAN, C.M., HALL, K.S., HUI, S.L., MUSICK, B.S., UNVERZAGT, F.W. & HENDRIE, H.C. (1996). Relationship of age, education and occupation with dementia among a community based sample of African-Americans. Archives of Neurology, 53, 134-140. (ED13)
28. CANADIAN STUDY OF HEALTH AND AGING (1994). The Canadian Study of Health and Aging: risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology, 44, 2073-2080. (F18)
29. CAYTON, H., GRAHAM, N. & WARNER, J. (1997). Alzheimer's at your fingertips. London: Class Publishing.
30. CHANDRA, V., GANGULI, M., PANDAV, R., JOHNSTON, J., BELLE, S. & DEKOSKY, S.T. (1998). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in rural India. Neurology, 51, 1000-8. (ED18)
31. CHANDRA, V., KOKMEN, E., SCHOENBERG, B.S. & BEARD, C.M. (1989). Head trauma with loss of consciousness as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 39, 1576-1578. (C3a)
32. CHANDRA, V., PHILIPOSE, V., BELL, P.A., LAZAROFF, A. & SCHOENBERG, B.S. (1987). Case-control study of late onset 'probable Alzheimer's disease'. Neurology, 37, 1295-1300. (F3)
33. CHIU, H.F.K., LAM, L.C.W., CHI, I., LEUNG, T., LI, S.W., LAW, W.T., CHUNG, D.W.S., FUNG, H.H.L., KAN, P.S., LUM, C.M., NG, J. & LAU, J. (1998). Prevalence of dementia in Chinese elderly in Hong Kong. Neurology, 50, 1002-1009. (ED19)
34. CHONG, J.P., TURPIE, I., HAINES, T., MUIR, G., FARNWORTH, H., CRUTTENDEN, K., JULIAN, J., VERMA, D. & HILLERS, T. (1989). Concordance of occupational and environmental exposure information elicited from patients with Alzheimer's disease and surrogate respondents. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 15, 73-89.
35. COBB, J.L., WOLF, P.A., WHITE, R. & D'AGOSTINO, R.B. (1995). The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham study. Neurology, 45, 1707-1712. (ED9)
36. CORDER, E.H., SAUNDERS, A.M., STRITMATTER, W.J. et al. (1993). Gene dose of apolipoprotein ε type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science, 261, 921-923.
37. CRAPPER, D.R., KRISHNAN, S.S. & DALTON, A.J. (1973). Aluminium distribution in Alzheimer's disease and experimental neurofibrillary degeneration. Science, 180, 511.
38. CRAPPER-MCLACHLAN, D.R., KRUCK, T.P.A., LUKIW, W.J. & KRISHNAN, S.S. (1991). Would decreased aluminium ingestion reduce the incidence of Alzheimer's disease? Canadian Medical Association Journal, 145, 793-804.
39. DE RONCHI, D., FRATIGLIONI, L., RUCCI, P., PATERNICO, A., GRAZIANI, S. & DALMONTE, E. (1998).The effect of education on dementia occurrence in an Italian population with middle to high socio-economic status. Neurology, 50, (ED17)
40. DEVANUND, D.P., SANO, M., TANG, M-X., TAYLOR, S., GURLAND, B., WILDER, D., STERN, Y. & MAYEUX, R. (1996). Depressed mood and the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly living in the community. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 175-182. (F13a,b/C7/ C8/H5/ED6)
41. DUYCKAERTS, C., DELAERE, P., HAUW, J-J., ABBAMONDI-PINTO, A.L., SORBI, S., ALLEN, I., BRION, J.P., FLAMENT-DURAND, J., DUCHEN, L., KAUSS, J., SCHLOTE, W., LOWE, J., PROBST, A., RAVID, R., SWAAB, D.F., RENKAWEK, K. & TOMLINSON, B. (1990). Rating of the lesions in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: concordance between laboratories. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 97, 295-323.
42. EVANS, D.A., BECKETT, L.A., FIELD, T.S., FENG, L., ALBERT, M.S., BENNETT, D.A., TYCKO, B. & MAYEUX, R. (1997). Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and incidence of Alzheimer disease in a community population of older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277, 822-824.
43. EVANS, D.A., HEBERT, L.E., BECKETT, L.A., SCHERR, P.A., ALBERT, M.S., CHOWN, M.J., PILGRIM, D.M. & TAYLOR, J.O. (1997). Education and other measures of socio-economic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons. Archives of Neurology, 54, 1399-1405. (ED16)
44. EVENHUUIS, H.M. (1990). The natural history of dementia in Down's syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 47, 263-267. (D5)
45. FARRER, L.A., CUPPLES, L.A., HAINES, J.L., HYMAN, B., KUKULL, W.A., MAYEUX, R., MYERS, R.H., PERICAK-VANCE, M.A., RISCH, N. & VAN DUIJN, C.M. (1997). Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein genotype and Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1349-1356.
46. FARRER, L.A., O'SULLIVAN, D.M., CUPPLES, L.A., GROWDON, J.H. & MYERS, R.H. (1989). Assessment of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease among first degree relatives. Annals of Neurology, 25, 485-493. (F8)
47. FEYCHTING, M., PEDERSEN, N.L., SVEDBERG, P., FLODERUS, B. & GATZ, M. (1998). Dementia and exposure to magnetic fields. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health, 24, 46-53. (EM2)
48. FLATEN, T.P. (1986). An investigation of the chemical composition of Norwegian drinking water and its possible relationships with the epidemiology of some diseases. PhD thesis, Norges Tekniske Hogskole, Trondheim (cited in FRATIGLIONI, L. (1993). Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 87, (Suppl. 145), 1-70.
49. FLATEN, T.P. (1986). An investigation of the chemical composition of Norwegian drinking water and its possible relationships with the epidemiology of some diseases. PhD thesis, Norges Tekniske Hogskole, Trondheim (cited in FRATIGLIONI, L. (1993). Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 87, (Suppl. 145), 1-70.
50. FOURRIER, A., LETENNEUR, L., BEGAUD, B. & DARTIGUES, J.-F. (1996). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and cognitive function in the elderly: inconclusive results from a population based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 1201. (N8)
51. FRATIGLIONI, L., AHBLOM, A., VIITANEN, M. & WINBLAD, B. (1993). Risk factors for late onset Alzheimer's disease: a population based case-control study. Annals of Neurology, 33, 258-266. (F16/T9).
52. FRATIGLIONI, L., VIITANEN, M., VON STRAUSS, E., TONTODONATI, V., HERLITZ, A. & WINBLAD, B. (1997). Very old women at highest risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: incidence data from the Kungsholmen project, Sweden. Neurology, 48, 132-138.
53. FRENCH, L.R., SCHUMAN, L.M., MORTIMER, J.A., HUTTON, J., BOATMAN, R.A. & CHRISTIANS, B. (1985). A case control study of dementia of the Alzheimer's type. American Journal of Epidemiology, 121, 414-421. (C1a)
54. FRIES, J.F. (1988). Aging, illness and health policy: implications of the compression of morbidity. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 31, 407-427.
55. FRISONI, G.B., BIANCHETTI, A., GOVONI, S., TRABUCCHI, M., CALABRESI, L. & FRANCESCHINI, G. (1994). Association of apolipoprotein E ε4 with vascular dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271 1317.
56. FUKUNUSHI, I., HAYABARA, T. & HOSOKAWA, K. (1991). Epidemiological surveys of senile dementia in Japan. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 37, 51-56.
57. GIBBS, R.B. & AGGARWAL, P. (1998). Estrogen and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer's disease related cognitive decline. Hormones and Behavior, 34, 98-111.
58. GILLEARD, C.J. (1997). Education and Alzheimer's disease: a review of recent international epidemiological studies. Aging and Mental Health, 1, 33-46.
59. GIP, C., VIITANEN, M., STRAUSS, E., WINBLAD, B. & FRATIGLIONI, L. (1997). Prevalence of dementia in nonagenarians. In: K. IQBAL, B., WINBLAD, T., NISHIMURA, M., TAKEDA & H.M., WISNIEWSKI (Eds), Alzheimer's disease: biology, diagnosis and therapeutics (pp. 45-48). Chichester: John Wiley.
60. GLENNER, G.G. & WONG, C.W. (1984). Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 122, 1131-1135.
61. GRAVES, A.B., VAN DUIJN, C.M. & CHANDRA, V. (1991). Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 20, S48-S57. (T2)
62. GRAVES, A.B., ROSNER, D., ECHEVERRIA, D., MORTIMER, J.A. & LARSON, E.B. (1998). Occupational exposure to solvents and aluminium and estimated risk of Alzheimer's disease. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 627-633. (AL7/ES4).
63. GRAVES, A.B., WHITE, E., KOEPSELL, T.D., REIFLER, B.V., VAN BELLE, G. & LARSEN, E.B. (1990a). The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 131, 491-501 (F12/C2/AL3).
64. GRAVES, A.B., WHITE, E., KOEPSELL, T.D., REIFLER, B.V., VAN BELLE, G., LARSON, E.B. & RASKIND, M. (1990b). A case control study of Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology, 28, 766-774. (F12/C2/AL3)
65. GRAVES, A.B., WHITE, E., KOEPSELL, T.D., REIFLER, B.V., VAN BELLE, G. & LARSON, E.B. (1990c). The association between aluminium containing products and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 35-44. (F12/C2/AL3)
66. GRAY, A. & FENN, P. (1994).The cost of Alzheimer's disease in England. Alzheimer's Review, 4, 81-84.
67. GUN, R.T., KÖRTEN, A.E., JORM, A.F., HENDERSON, A.S., BROE, G.A., CREASEY, H., MCCUSKER, E. & MYLVA-GANAM, A. (1997). Occupational risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 11, 21-27. (AL6/ES3)
68. HAGNELL, O., FRANCK, A., GRASBECK, A., OHMAN, R., OTTERBECK, L. & RORSMAN, B. (1992). Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type in the Lundby study. II. An attempt to identify possible risk factors. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241, 231-235. (ED4)
69. HARDY, J. (1997). Amyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer's disease. Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 154-159.
70. HARRINGTON, C.R., LOUWAGIE, J., ROSAU, R., VANMECHELEN, E., PERRY, R.H., PERRY, E.K., XUEREB, J.H., ROTH, M. & WISCHIK, C.M. (1994). Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on senile dementia of the Alzheimer and Lewy body types. American Journal of Pathology, 145, 1472-1484.
71. HARWOOD, D.G., BARKER, W.W., LOEWENSTEIN, D.A., OWNBY, R.L., GEORGE-HYSLOP, P., MULLAN, M. & DUARA, R. (1999). A cross ethnic analysis of risk factors for AD in white Hispanics and white non-Hispanics. Neurology, 52, 551-556, (C15)
72. HEBERT, L.E., SCHERR, P.A., BECKETT, L.A., FUNKENSTEIN, H.H., ALBERT, M.S., CHOWN, M.J. & EVANS, D.A. (1992). Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 347-355. (T4)
73. HEITNER, J. & DICKSON, D. (1997). Diabetics do not have increased Alzheimer-type pathology compared with age matched control subjects. A retrospective postmortem immunocytochemical and histofluorescent study. Neurology, 49, 1306-1311 (C11).
74. HENDERSON, A.S. (1986).The epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Bulletin, 42, 3-10.
75. HENDERSON, A.S., EASTEAL, S., JORM, A.E., MACKINNON, A.J., KORTEN, A.E., CHRISTENSEN, H., CROFT, L. & JACOMB, P.A. (1995). Apolipoprotein E allele ε4, dementia and cognitive decline in a population sample. The Lancet, 346, 1387-1390.
76. HENDERSON, A.S., JORM, A.F., CHRISTENSEN, H., JACOMB, P.A. & KORTEN, A.E. (1997). Aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 926-930. (N10)
77. HENDERSON, A.S., JORM, A.F., KORTEN, A.E. et al. (1992). Environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: their relationship to age of onset and to familial or sporadic types. Psychological Medicine, 22, 429-436. (F11b)
78. HENDERSON, A.S., JORM, A.F., MACKINNON, A., CHRISTENSEN, H., SCOTT, L.R., DOYLE, C. (1994). A survey of dementia in the Canberra population: experience with ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria. Psychological Medicine, 24, 473-482.
79. HENDERSON, V., PAGANINI, H.A., EMMANUEL, C.K., DUNN, M.E. & BUCKWALTER, J.G. (1994). Estrogen replacement therapy in older women: comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Archives of Neurology, 51, 896-900. (H1).
80. HESTON, L.L., MASTRI, A.R., ANDERSON, E. & WHITE, J. (1981). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: clinical genetics, natural history and associated conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 1085-1090.
81. HEYMAN, A., WILKINSON, W.E., HURWITZ, B.J., SCHMECHEL, D., SIGMON, A.H., WEINBERG, T., HELMS, M.J. & SWIFT, M. (1983). Alzheimer's disease: genetic aspects and associated clinical disorders. Annals of Neurology, 14, 507-515. (F1a/F1b)
82. HEYMAN, A., WILKINSON, W.E., STAFFORD, J.A., HELMS, M.J., SIGMON, A.H. & WEINBERG, T. (1994). Alzheimer's disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Annals of Neurology, 75, 335-341. (F1a/F1b)
83. HILLIER, V. & SALIB, E. (1997). A case-control study of smoking and Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 295-300. (C10/T10/AL5)
84. HOFMAN, A., OTT, A., BRETELER, M.M.B., BOTS, M.L., SLOOTER, A.J.C., VAN HARSKAMP, F., VAN DUIJN, C.M., VAN BROECKHOVEN, C. & GROBEE, D.E. (1997). Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in the Rotterdam study. The Lancet, 349, 151-154.
85. HOFMAN, A., SCHULTE, W. & TANJA, T.A. (1989). History of dementia and Parkinson's disease in first degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 39, 1589-1592. (F9/C4/T3)
86. HOLLAND, A.J., HON, J., HUPPERT, F.A., STEVENS, F. & WATSON, P. (1998). Population based study of the prevalence and presentation of dementia in adults with Down's syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 493-498. (D9)
87. HOLMES, C., CAIRNS, N., LANTOS, P. & MANN, A. (1999). Validity of current clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 445-450.
88. HUFF, F.J., AUERBACH, J., CHAKRAVERTI, A. & BOLLER, F. (1988). Risk of dementia in relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 38, 786-790. (F6)
89. HYMAM, B.T., GOMEZ-ISLA, T., REBECK, G.W., BRIGGS, M., CHUNG, M., WEST, H.L., GREENBERG, S., MUI, S., NICHOLS, S., WALLACE, R. & GROWDON, J.H. (1996). Epidemiological clinical and neuropathological study of apolipoprotein E genotype in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 802, 1-5.
90. IKEDA, K., AKIYAMA, H., SAHARA, N., MORI, H., USAMI, M., SAKATA, M., MIZUTANI, T., WAKABAYASHI, K. & TAKAHASI, H. (1997). Senile dementia with abundant neurofibrillary tangles without accompanying senile plaques: a subset of senile dementia with high incidence of the APOEε:2 allele. In: K., IQBAL, B., WINBLAD, T., NISHIMURA, M., TAKEDA & H.M., WISNIEWSKI (Eds), Alzheimer's disease: biology, diagnosis and therapeutics (pp. 257-265). Chichester: John Wiley.
91. IN'T VELD, B.A., LAUNER, L.J., HOES, A.W., OTT, A., HOFMAN, A., BRETELER, M.M. & STRICKER, B.H. (1998). NSAIDs and incident Alzheimer's disease: the Rotterdam study. Neurobiology of Aging, 19, 607-611. (C9/A3/N7/N12/T6/ ED12/N12)
92. JAMA, W.J., LAUNER, L.J. & WITTEMAN, J.C.M. (1996). Dietary antioxidants, and cognitive function in a population based sample of older persons: the Rotterdam study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 144, 275-280. (A2)
93. JARVIK, L., RUTH, V. & MATSUYAMA, S.S. (1980). Organic brain syndrome and aging: a six year follow-up of surviving twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 280-286.
94. JENKINSON, M.L., BLISS, M.R., BRAIN, A.T. & SCOTT, D.L. (1989). Rheumatoid arthritis and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. British Journal of Rheumatology, 28, 86-88. (N2)
95. JERVIS, G.A. (1948). Early senile dementia in mongoloid idiocy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 102-106.
96. JORM, A.F., VAN DUIJN, C., CHANDRA, V., FRATIGLIONI, L., GRAVES, A.B., HEYMAN, A., KOKMEN, E., KONDO, K., MORTIMER, J., ROCCA, W., SHALAT, E., SOININEN, H. & HOFMAN, E. for the EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group (1991). Psychiatric history and related exposure as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 20(Suppl. 2), S43-S47.
97. KAHN, J. (1997). Ethical issues in genetic testing for Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics, 52, (Suppl. 2), S30-S32.
98. KALMIJN, S., FESKENS, E.J.M., LAUNER, L.J. & KROMHOUT, D. (1997). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and cognitive function in very old men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145, 33-41. (C9/A3/N7/N12/T6/ED12)
99. KATZMAN, R., ARONSON, M., FULD, P., KAWAS, C., BROWN, T., MORGENSTERN, H., FRISHMAN, W., GIDEZ, L., EDER, H. & OOI, W.L. (1989). Development of dementing illnesses in an 80 year old volunteer cohort. Annals of Neurology, 25, 317-324. (F10)
100. KAWAS, C., RESNICK, S. & MORRISON, A. (1997). A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology, 48, 1517-1521. (H7)
101. KOKMEN, E., BEARD, C.M., CHANDRA, V., OFFORD, K.P., SCHOENBERG, B.S. & BALLARD, D.J. (1991). Clinical risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a population based case-control study. Neurology, 41, 1393-1397. (C3b/N3/ED3)
102. KRAUS, A.S. & FORBES, W.F. (1992). Aluminium, fluoride and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 83, 97-100.
103. KUKULL, W.A., LARSON, E.B., BOWEN, J.D., MCCORMICK, W.C., TERI, L., PFANSCHMIDT, M.L., THOMPSON, J.D., O'MEARA, E.S., BRENNER, D.E. & VAN BELLE, G. (1995). Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 1059-1071. (ES2)
104. KUUSISTO, J., KOIVESTO, K., MYKKANEN, L., HELKALA, E-L., VANHANEN, M., HANNINEN, T., KERVINEN, K., KESANIEMEI, A., RIEKKINEN, P.J. & LAAKSO, M. (1997). Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of Apolipoprotein ε4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study. British Medical Journal, 315, 1045-1049. (C12)
105. LAI, F. & WILLIAMS, R.S. (1989). A prospective study of Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 46, 849-853. (D4)
106. LANNFELT, L., LILIUS, L., NASTASE, M., VITTANEWN, M., FRATIGLIONI, L., EGGERSTON, G., BERGLUND, L., ANGELIN, B., LINDER, J., WINBLAD, B. & BASUM, H. (1994). Lack of association between apolipoprotein E allele ε4 and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters, 169, 175-178.
107. LAUNER, L.J., ANDERSON, K., DEWEY, M.E., LETENNEUR, L., OTT, A., AMADUCCI, L.A., BRAYNE, C., COPELAND, J.R.M., DARTIGUES, J-F., KRAGH-SORENSON, P., LOBO, A., MARTINEZ-LAGE, J.M., STINEN, T., HOFMAN, A. et al. (1999a). Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: results from EURODEM pooled analyses. Neurology, 52, 78-84. (F22)
108. LAUNER, L.J., FESKENS, E.J.M. & KALMIJN, S. (1996). Smoking, drinking and thinking. The Zutphen Elderly Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143, 219-227. (T8)
109. LAUNER, L.J., FRATIGLIONI, L., ANDERSEN, K., BRETELER, M.M.B., COPELAND, J.R.M., DARTIGUES, J-F., LOBO, A., MARTINEZ-LAGE, J., SOININEN, H. & HOFMAN, A. for EURODEM Incidence Research Group (1999b). Regional differences in the incidence of dementia in Europe: EURODEM collaborative analyses. In: K., IQBAL, D.F., SWAAB, B., WINBLAD & H.M., WISNIEWSKI (Eds), Alzheimer's disease and related disorders: etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutics (pp. 9-16). Chichester: John Wiley.
110. LEIBSON, C.L., ROCCA, W.A., HANSON, V.A., CHA, R., KOKMEN, E., O'BRIEN, P.C. & PALUMBO, P.J. (1997). Risk of dementia among persons with Diabetes Mellitus: a population cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145, 301-308. (C13)
111. LETENNEUR, L., COMMENGES, D., DARTIGUES, J.F. & BARBERGER-GATEAU, P. (1994). Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in elderly community residents of South-Western France. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 1256-1261.
112. LI, G., SHEN, Y.C., CHEN, C.H., ZHAU, Y.W. & SILVERMAN, J.M. (1992). A case control study of Alzheimer's disease in China. Neurology, 42, 1481-1488. (F14)
113. LIU, C.K., LAI, C.L., TAI, C.T., LIN, R.T., YEN, Y.Y. & HOWNG, S.L. (1998). Incidence and subtypes of dementia in Southern Taiwan: impact of socio-demographic variables. Neurology, 50, 1572-1579. (ED20)
114. LIU, C.K., LIN, R-T., LAI, C-L., TAI, C-T., YEN, Y-Y. & HOWNG, S-L. (1997). Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in Taiwan: prevalence and incidence of 2915 elderly community residents. In: K. IQBAL, B., WINBLAD, T., NISHIMURA, M., TAKEDA and H.M., WISNIEWSKI (Eds). Alzheimer's disease: biology, diagnosis and therapeutics (pp. 21-31). Chichester: John Wiley.
115. LUCCA, U., TETTAMANTI, M., FORLONI, G. & SPAGNOLI, A. (1994). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in Alzheimer's disease. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 854-856. (N5)
116. MACKENZIE, I.R.M. & MUNOZ, D.G. (1998). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer type pathology in aging. Neurology, 50, 986-990.
117. MAGNI, E., BINETTI, G., CAPPA, S., BIANCHETTI, A. & TRABUCCHI, M. (1995). Effect of age and education on the MMSE in a healthy elderly population and during the course of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 942-943. (ED10)
118. MALAMUD, N. (1964). Neuropathology. In: H.A., STEVENS & R. HEBER (Eds), Mental retardation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
119. MARDER, K., TANG, M-X., ALFARO, B., MEJIA, H., COTE, L., LOUIS, E., STERN, Y. & MAYEUX, R. (1999). Risk of Alzheimer's disease in relatives of Parkinson's disease patients with and without dementia. Neurology, 52, 719-724.
120. MANN, D.M.A. (1988). The pathological association between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 43, 99-136. (D1)
121. MARTIN, R.L., GERTEIS, G. & GABRIELLI, W.F. (1988). A family-genetic study of dementia of Alzheimer's type. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 894-900. (F7)
122. MARTYN, C.N., OSMOND, C., EDWARDSON, J.A., BARKER, D.J.P., HARRIS, J.C. & LACEY, R.F. (1989). Geographical relation between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in the drinking water. The Lancet, 1, 59-62. (AL1)
123. MASLIAH, E., MALLORY, M., GE., N., ALFORD, M., VEINBERGS, I. & ROSES, A.D. (1995). Experimental Neurology, 136, 107-122.
124. MAYEUX, R., OTTMAN, R., TANG, M-X., NOBOA-BAZA, L., MARDER, K., GURLAND, B. & STERN, Y. (1993). Genetic susceptibility and head injury as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease among community dwelling elderly persons and their first degree relatives. Annals of Neurology, 33, 494-501. (F13a,b/C7/C8/H5/ED6)
125. MAYEUX, R., SANO, M., CHEN, J., TATEMICHI, T. & STERN, Y. (1991). Risk of dementia in first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Archives of Neurology, 48, 269-273. (F13a,b/C7/C8/H5/ ED6)
126. MCGEER, P., MCGEER, E., ROGERS, J. & SIBLEY, J. (1990). Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer's disease. The Lancet, 335, 1037. (N1)
127. MENDELSOHN, A.B., BELLE, S.H., STOEHR, G.P. & GANGULI, M. (1998). Use of antioxidant supplements and its association with cognitive function in a rural elderly cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148, 38-44. (A5).
128. MENDEZ, M.F., UNDERWOOD, B.S., ZANDER, B.A., MASTRI, A.R., SUNG, J.H. & FREY, II, EH. (1992). Risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 42, 770-775. (F15)
129. MEYER, J.S., TERAYAMA, Y., KONNO, S., AKIYAMA, H., MARGISHVILI, G.M. & MORTEL, K.F. (1998). Risk factors for cerebral degenerative changes and dementia. European Neurology, 39, S7-S16.
130. MEYER, M.R., TSCHANZ, J.T., NORTON, M.C., WELSH-BOHMER, K.A., STEFFENS, D.C., WYSE, B.W. & BREITNER, J.C.S. (1998). APOE genotype predicts when - not whether - one is predisposed to develop Alzheimer disease. Nature Genetics, 19, 321-322.
131. MICHEL, P.H., COMMENGES, D., DARTIGUES, J.F. & GAGNON, M. (1990). Study of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and aluminium in the drinking water. Neurobiology of Aging, 11, 264. (AL2)
132. MICKEL, S.F., BROSTE, S.K. & HINER, B.C. (1997). Lack of overlap in genetic risks for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 48, 942-949. (F21)
133. MIETTINEN, T.A. (1991). Impact of apo E phenotype on the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Annals of Medicine, 23, 181-186.
134. MINOIS, G. (1989). History of old age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
135. MIYATA, M. & SMITH, J.D. (1996). Apolipoprotein E allele specific antioxidant activity and effects on cytotoxicity by oxidative insults and β-amyloid peptides. Nature Genetics, 14, 55-61.
136. MOHS, R.C., BREITNER, J.C.S., SILVERMAN, J.M. & DAVIS, K.L. (1987). Alzheimer's disease: morbid risk among first-degree relatives approximates 50% by 90 years of age. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 405-408. (F4b)
137. MORRIS, M.C., BECKETT, L.A., SCHERR, P.A., HEBERT, L.E., BENNETT, D.A., FIELD, T.S. & EVANS, D.A. (1998). Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of incident Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 12, 121-126. (A4)
138. MORTEL K.F. & MEYER, J.S. (1995). Lack of postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 334-337. (H4)
139. MORTEL, K.F., MEYER, J.S., HEROD, B. & THORNBY, J. (1995). Education and occupation as risk factors for dementias of the Alzheimer and ischemic vascular types. Dementia, 6, 55-62. (ED11)
140. MORTIMER, J.A., FRENCH, L.R., HUTTON, J.T. et al. (1985) Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 35, 264-7. (C1a/C1b)
141. MYLLYKANGAS-LOUSUJARVI, R. & ISOMAKI, H. (1994). Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology, 33, 501-502. (N6)
142. NEE, L.E., ELDRIDGE, R. & SUNDERLAND, T. (1987). Dementia of the Alzheimer type: clinical and family study of 22 twin pairs. Neurology, 37, 359-363.
143. NEVE, R.L. & ROBAKIS, N.K. (1998). Alzheimer's disease: a re-examination of the amyloid hypothesis. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 15-19.
144. NORSTEDT, C., GANDY, S.E., ALAFUZOFF, I., CAPOROSO, G.L., IVERFLEDT, K., GREBB, J.A., WINBLAD, B. & GREENGARD, P. (1991). Alzheimer beta/A4 amyloid precursor protein in human brain: aging associated increases in holoprotein and in a proteolytic fragment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 88, 8910-8914.
145. OLIVER, C. & HOLLAND, A. (1986). Down's syndrome and Alzheimer disease: a review. Psychological Medicine, 16, 307-322.
146. OSUNTOKAN, B.O., SAHOTA, A., OGUNIYU, A., GUREJE, O., BAIYEWU, O., ADEYINKA, A., OLUWOLE, S., KOMOLATE, O., HALL, K.S., UNVERZAGT, F.W., HUI, S.L., YANG, M. & HENDRIE, H.C. (1995). Lack of association between Apolipoprotein E ε4 and Alzheimer's disease in elderly Nigerians. Annals of Neurology, 38, 463-465.
147. OTT, A., BRETELER, M.B.B., VAN HARSKAMP, F., CLAUS, J.J., VAN DER CAMMEN, T.J.M., GROBBEE & HOFMAN, A. (1995). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam study. British Medical Journal, 310, 970-973. (ED12)
148. OTT, A., BRETELER, M.M.B., VAN HARSKAMP, F., STIJNEN, T. & HOFMAN, A. (1998). Incidence and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147, 574-580.
149. OTT, A., SLOOTER, A.J. HOFMAN, A., VAN HARSKAMP, F., WITTEMAN, J.C., VAN BROECKHOVEN, C., VAN DUIJN, C.M. & BRETELER, M.M. (1998). Smoking and risk of Alzheimer's disease in a population based cohort study: the Rotterdam study. The Lancet, 351, 1840-1843. (C9/A3/ N7/N12/T6/ED12)
150. OTT, A., STOLK, R.P. & BRETELER, M.M.B. (1996). The association between diabetes mellitus and dementia. Neurology, 46, A364. (C9/A3/N7/N12/T6/ED12)
151. PAGANINI HILL, A. & HENDERSON, V. (1994). Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 140, 256-261. (H2)
152. PALEOLOGOS, M., CUMMING, R.G. & LAZARUS, R. (1998). Cohort study of Vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148, 45-50.
153. PERSSON, G. & SKOOG, I. (1996). A prospective population study of psychosocial risk factors for late onset dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 15-22. (ED14)
154. POIRIER, J. (1997). Neurobiology of Apolipoprotein E in the normal brain and in Alzheimer's disease. In: K. IQBAL, B. WINBLAD, T. NISHIMURA, M. TAKEDA & H.M. WISNIEWSKI (Eds), Alzheimer's disease: biology, diagnosis and therapeutics. (pp. 93-101). Chichester: John Wiley.
155. POLO-KANTOLA, P., PURTIN, R., POLO, O., HELENIUS, H., IRJALA, K. & ERKKOLA, R. (1998). The effect of short-term estrogen replacement therapy on cognition: a randomized double blind cross-over trial in postmenopausal women.
156. POLVIKOSKI, T., SULKAVA, R., HALTIA, M., KAINULAINEN, K., VUORIO, A., VERKKONIEMI, A., NIINISTO, P. & KONTULA, K. (1995). Apolipoprotein E, dementia and cortical deposition of (beta)-amyloid protein. New England Journal of Medicine, 333, 1242-1247.
157. PRENCIPE, M., CASINI, A.R., FERRETTI, C., LATTANZIO, M.T., FIORELLI, M. & CULASSO, F. (1996). Prevalence of dementia in an elderly rural population: effects of age, sex and education. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 60, 628-633. (ED15)
158. PRINCE, M., CULLEN, M. & MANN, A. (1994). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a case control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial. Neurology, 44, 97-104. (F17)
159. PRINCE, M., RABE-HESKETH, S. & BRENNAN, P. (1998). Do antiarthritic drugs decrease the risk for cognitive decline? An analysis based on data from the MRC treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. Neurology, 50, 374-379.
160. RAIMA, I., KAPRIO, J., KOSKENVUO, M., RAJALA, T. & SOURANDER, L. (1996). Alzheimer's disease in Finnish twins. The Lancet, 347, 573-578.
161. RAIHA, I., KAPRIO, J., KOSKENVUO, M., RAJALA, T. & SOURANDER, L. (1998). Environmental differences in twin pairs discordant for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 65, 785-787. (C14)
162. RAO, R. & HOWARD, R. (1997). Vascular dementia: dead or alive? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 277-284.
163. RITCHIE, K., KILDEA, D. & ROBINE, J-M. (1992).The relationship between age and the prevalence of senile dementia: a meta-analysis of recent data. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 763-771.
164. ROCCA, W.A., CHA, R.H., WARING, S.C. & KOKMEN, E. (1998). Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of data from Rochester, Minnesota, 1975-1984. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148, 51-62.
165. ROCKWOOD, K., STOLEE, P. & MCDOWELL, I. (1996). Factors associated with institutionalization of older people in Canada: testing a multi-factorial definition of frailty. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 578-582.
166. ROSES, A.D. (1996). Apolipoprotein E alleles as risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Annual Review of Medicine, 47, 387-400.
167. ROTH, M. (1978). Epidemiological studies. In: R KATZMAN, R.D. TERRY & K.L. BICK (Eds), Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia and related disorders (pp. 337-339). New York: Raven Press.
168. SALIB, E. & HILLIER, V. (1996). A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease and alumimium occupation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 244-249. (C10/T10/AL5)
169. SALIB, E. & HILLIER, V. (1997). Head injury and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 363-368. (C10/T10/ AL5)
170. SAUNDERS, A.M., STRITTMATTER, W.J., SCHMECHEL, D., ST. GEORGE-HYSLOP, P.H., PERICAK-VANCE, M.A., JOO, S.H., ROSI, B.L., GUSELLA, J.F. CRAPPER-MCLACHLAN, D.R., ALBERTS, M.J., HULLETTE, C., CRAIN, B., GOLDGABER, D. & ROSES, A.D. (1993). Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 43, 1467-1472.
171. SAVITZ, D.A., CHECKOWAY, H. & LOOMIS, D.P. (1998). Magnetic field exposure and neurodegenerative disease mortality among electric utility workers. Epidemiology, 9, 398-404. (EM3)
172. SCACCHI, R., DE BERNARDINI, L., MANTUANO, E., DONNINI, L.M., VILARDO, T. & CORBO, R.M. (1995). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele frequencies in late onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), mixed dementia and vascular dementia: lack of association of ε4 allele with AD in Italian octogenarian patients. Neuroscience Letters, 201, 231-234.
173. SCHNEIDER, L.S., OLIN, J.T., LYNESS, S.A. & CHUI, H.C. (1997). Eligibility of Alzheimer's disease clinic patients for clinical trials. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 923-928.
174. SCHOFIELD, P.W., TANG, M., MARDER, K., BELL, K., DOONEIEF, G., CHUN, M., SANO, M., STERN, Y. & MAYEUX, R. (1997). Alzheimer's disease after remote head injury: an incidence study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 62, 119-124. (F13a,b/C7/C8/H5/ED6)
175. SCHUPF, N., KAPELL, D., LEE, J.H., OTTMAN & MAYEUX, R. (1994). Increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in mothers of adults with Down's syndrome. The Lancet, 344, 353-356. (D6)
176. SCHUPF, N., KAPELL, D., NIGHTINGALE, B., RODRIGUEZ, A., TYCKO, B. & MAYEUX, R. (1998). Earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in men with Down's syndrome. Neurology, 50, 991-995. (D10)
177. SHAJI, S., PROMODU, K., ABRAHAM, T., ROY, K.J. & VORGESE, A. (1996). An epidemiological study of dementia in a rural community in Kerala, India. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 745-749.
178. SHALAT, S.L., SELTZER, B., PIDCOCK, C. & BAKER, E.L. (1987). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. Neurology, 37, 1630-1633. (F5/ES1)
179. SHALAT, S.L., SELTZER, B. & BAKER, E.L. JR. (1988). Occupational risk factors and Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 30, 934-936. (F5/ES1)
180. SLOOTER, A.J.C., CRUTS, M., KALMIJN, S., HOFMAN, A., BRETELEER, M.M.B., VAN BROECKHAVEN, C. & VAN DUIJN, C.M. (1998). Risk estimates of dementia by Apolipoprotein E genotypes from a population based incidence study: the Rotterdam study. Archives of Neurology, 55, 964-968.
181. SLUSS, T.K. GRUENBERG, E.M. & KRAMER, M. (1981). The use of longitudinal studies in the investigation of risk factors for senile dementia - Alzheimer type. In: J. MORTIMER & L.M. SCHUMAN (Eds), The epidemiology of dementia. New York: Oxford University Press.
182. SMALL, G.W., RABINS, P., BARRY, P.P., BUCKHOLTZ, N.S., DEKOSKY, S.T., FERRIS, S.H., FINKEL, S.I., GWYTHER, L.P., KHACHATURIAN, K.S., LEBOWITZ, B.D. MCRAE, T., MORRIS, J.C., OAKLEY, F., SCHNEIDER, L.S., STRELM, J., SUNDERLAND, T., TERI, L.A. & TUNE, L.E. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders: consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association and the American Geriatric Society. Journal of the American Medical Association 278, 1363-1371.
183. SOBEL, E., DAVANIPOUR, Z., SULKAVA, R., ERKINJUNTTI, T., WIKSTROM, J., HENDERSON, V.W., BUCKWALTER, G., BOWMAN, J.D. & LEE, P-J. (1995). Occupations with exposure to electromagnetic fields: a possible risk-factor for Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 515-524. (EM1)
184. SOUETRE, E., THWATTES, R.M. & YEARDLEY, H.L. (1999). Economic impact of Alzheimer's disease in the United Kingdom. Cost of care and disease severity for non-institutionalised patients with Alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 51-55.
185. SPECK, C.E., KUKULL, W.A., BRENNER, D., BOWEN, J., MCCORAUCK, W.C., TERI, L., PFANSCHMIDT, M.L., THOMPSON, J.D. & LARSON, E.B. (1995). History of depression as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology, 6, 365-369. (C5/H3/T5ES1)
186. SPILLANTINI, M.G. & GOEDERT, M. (1998). Tau protein pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 428-433.
187. STEINBERG, P. (1988). Dementia due to vascular disease - a multifactorial disorder. Stroke, 19, 1291-1299.
188. STERN, Y., GURLAND, B., TATEMICHI, T.K., TANG, M-X., WILDER, D. & MAYEUX, R. (1994). Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 271, 1004-1010. (F13a,b/C7/C8/H5/ED6)
189. STEWART, W.J., KAWAS, C., CORRADA, M. & METTER, E.J. (1997). Risk of Alzheimer's disease and duration of NSAID use. Neurology, 48, 626-632. (N9)
190. STRITTMATTER, W.J., SAUNDERS, A.M., SCHMECHEL, D. et al. (1993). Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 90, 1977-1981.
191. TANG, M-X., JACOBS, D., STERN, Y., MARDER, K., SCHOFIELD, P., GURLAND, B., ANDREWS, H. & MAYEUX, R. (1996). Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age of onset of Alzheimer's disease The Lancet, 348, 429-432. (F13a,b/C7/C8/H5/ED6)
192. TANG, M-X., STERN, Y., MARDER, K., BELL, K., GURLAND, B., LANTIGUA, R., ANDREWS, H., FENG, L., TYCKO, B. & MAYEUX, R. (1998).The APOE-ε4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease among African Americans, Whites and Hispanics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 751-755.
193. TATEMICHI, T.K., DESMOND, D.W., PAIK, M., FIGUEROA, M., GROPEN, T.I., STERN, Y., SANO, M., REMIEN, R., WILLIAMS, J.B.W., MOHR, J.P. & MAYEUX, R. (1993). Clinical determinants of dementia related to stroke. Annals of Neurology, 33, 568-575.
194. TRAPP, G.A., MINEER, G.D., ZIMMERMAN, R.L., MASTRI, A. & HESTON, L.L. (1978). Aluminium levels in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Biological Psychiatry, 13, 709-718.
195. TSOLAKI, M., FOUNTOULAKIS, K., CHANTZI, E. & KAZIS, A. (1997). Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: a case control study of a Greek population. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 327-341. (F20)
196. VAN DUIJN, C.M. & HOFMAN, A. (1991). Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease. British Medical Journal, 302, 1491-1494. (T3)
197. VAN DUIJN, C., TANJA, T.A., HAAXMA, R., SCHULTE, W., SAAN, R.J., LAMERIS, A.J., ANTONIDES-HENDRIKS, G. & HOFMAN, A. (1992). Head trauma and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 775-782. (C4)
198. VISSER, F.E., ALDENKAMP, A.P., VAN HUFFELEN, A.C., KUILMEN, M., OVERWEG, J. & VAN WIJK, J. (1997). Prospective study of the prevalence of Alzheimer-type dementia in institutionalized individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 101, 400-412. (D8)
199. WANG, H.X., FRATIGLIONI, L., FRISONI, G.B., VIITANEN, M. & WINBLAD, B. (1999). Smoking and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal data in a population based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149, 640-644. (F16/T9)
200. WANG, P-N., WANG, S-J., HONG, C-J., LIU, T-T., FUH, J-L., CHI, C-W., LIU, C-Y. & LIU, H-C. (1997). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a case control study. Neuroepidemiology, 16, 234-240. (F19)
201. WETTSTEIN, A., AEPPLI, J., GAUTSCHI, K. & PETERS, M. (1991). Failure to find a relationship between mnesic skills of octogenarians and aluminium in drinking water. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 63, 97-103. (AL4)
202. WHITE, L., KATZMAN, R., LOSONCZY, K., SAIVE, M., WALLACE, R., BERKMAN, L., TAYLOR, J., FILLENBAUM, G. & HAVLIK, R. (1994). Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 47, 363-374. (ED7)
203. YAFFE, K., SAWAYA, G., LIEBERBURG, I. & GRADY, D. (1998). Estrogen therapy in post-menopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 688-695. (H8)
204. YATHEM, L.N., MCHALE, P.A. & KINSELLA, A. (1988). Down's syndrome and its association with Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 38-41. (D2)
205. YOSHITAKE, T., KIYOHARA, Y., KATO, I., OHMURA, T., IWAMOTO, H., NAKAYAMA, K., OHMORI, S., NOMIYAMA, K., KAWANO, H., UEDA, K., SUEISHI, K., TSUNEYOSHI, M. & FUJISHIMA, M. (1995). Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama study. Neurology, 45, 1161-1168. (C6)
206. ZHANG, M., KATZMAN, R., SALMON, D., JIN, H., CAI, G., WANG, Z., QU, G., GRANT, I., Yu, E., LEVY, P., KLAUBER, M.R. & LIU, W.T. (1990). The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender and education. Annals of Neurology, 27, 428-437. (ED1)
207. ZIGMAN, W.B., SCHUPF, N., SERSEN, E. & SILVERMAN, W. (1996). Prevalence of dementia in adults with and without Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 100, 403-412. (D7)