Cognitive function and dementia in six areas of England and Wales: The distribution of MMSE and prevalence of GMS organicity level in the MRC CFA study

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 319-335

  Brayne, C ^a   Nickson, J ^b   McCracken, C ^b   Gill, C ^b   Johnson, A L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; EDUCATION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; INTERVIEW; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; RURAL AREA; SENESCENCE; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED KINGDOM; URBAN AREA;

EID: 0031959352     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291797006272     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Albert, M. S. (1995). How does education affect cognitive function. Annals of Epidemiology 5, 76-78.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV. APA: Washington, DC.
3. Baldereschi, M., Amato, M. P., Nencini, P., Pracucci. G., Lippi, A. Amaducci, L., Gauthier, S., Beatty, L., Quitoga, P., Klasses, G., Galea, A., Muscat, P., Osuntokun, B., Ogunniyi, A., PerteraSanchez, A., Bermejo, F. Hendrie, H., Burdine, V. Brashear, A., Farlow, M., Maggi, S. & Katzman, R. (1994). Cross-national interrater agreement on the clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia. Neurology 44, 239-242.
4. Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E. & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry 114, 797-811.
5. Bond, J. & Carstairs, V. (1982). Services for the Elderly. Scottish Health Services Studies Number 42. Scottish Home and Health Department: Edinburgh.
6. Bonita, R. (1993). Cerebrovascular disease. Explaining stroke mortality trends. Lancet 341, 1510-1512.
7. Brayne, C. & Calloway, P. (1989). An epidemiological study of dementia in a rural population of elderly women. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, 214-219.
8. Brayne, C., Day, N. E. & Gill, C. (1992). Methodology issues in screening for dementia. Neuroepidemiology 11 (suppl. 1), 67-70.
9. Brayne, C., Gill, C., Paykel, E. S., Huppert, F. A. & O'Connor, D. W. (1995). Cognitive decline in the elderly: a two wave study of change. Psychological Medicine 167, 255-262.
10. Canadian Study of Health and Aging (1994). Study methods and prevalence of dementia. Canadian Medical Association Journal 150, 899-913.
11. Chyou, P.-H., White, L. R., Yano, K., Sharp, D. S., Burchfiel, C. M., Chen. R., Rodriguez, B. L. & Curb, J. D. (1996). Pulmonary function measures as predictors and correlates of cognitive functioning in later life. American Journal of Epidemiology 143, 750-756.
12. Clarke, M., Jagger, C., Anderson, J., Battock, T., Kelly, F. & Campbell Sterm, M. (1991). The prevalence of dementia in a total population : a comparison of two screening instruments. Age and Ageing 20, 397-403.
13. Clipper Summer (1987). Nantucket Corporation: Welwyn Garden City, UK.
14. Cobb, J. L., Wolf, P. A., Au, R., White, R. & D'Agostino, R. B. (1995). The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study. Neurology 45, 1707-1712.
15. Cooper, B., Bickel, H. & Schaeufele, M. (1996). Early development and progression of dementing illness in the elderly: a generalpractice based study. Psychological Medicine 26, 411-419.
16. Copeland, J. R. M. & Dewey, M. E. (1991). Neuropsychological diagnosis (GMS-HAS-AGECAT package). International Journal of Psychogeriatrics 3 (supplement 1) 43-49.
17. Copeland, J. R. M., Kelleher, M. J., Kellet, J. M., Gourlay, A. J., Gurland, B. J., Fleiss, J. L. & Sharpe, L. (1976). A semi-structured clinical interview for the assessment of diagnosis and mental state in the elderly: the Geriatric Mental State Schedule : I. Development and reliability. Psychological Medicine 6, 439-449.
18. Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E. & Griffiths-Jones, H. M. (1986). Computerised psychiatric diagnostic system and case nomenclature for elderly subjects: GMS and AGECAT. Psychological Medicine 16, 89-99.
19. Editorial (1996). Dementia after Edinburgh. Lancet 347, 1273.
20. Elias, P., Halstead, K. & Prandy, K. (1994). Computer Assisted Standard Occupational Coding. HMSO: London.
21. Fillenbaum. G. G., Hughes, D. C., Heyman, A., George, L. K. & Blazer, D. G. (1988). Relationship of health and demographic characteristics to Mini-Mental State Examination Score among community residents. Psychological Medicine 18, 719-726.
22. Foerstl, H., Hentschel, F., Sattel, H., Geiger-Kabisch, C., Besthorn, C., Czech, C., Moenning, U. & Beyreuther, K. (1995). Age-associated memory impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Arzneimittel-Forschung 45, 394-397.
23. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Minimental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 313, 1419-1420.
24. Fratiglioni. L., Forsell, Y., Aguereo Torres, H. & Winblad, B. (1994). Severity of dementia and institutionalisation in the elderly: prevalence data from an urban area in Sweden. Neuroepidemiology 3, 79-88.
25. Gray. A. & Fenn, P. (1993). Alzheimer's disease: the burden of illness in England. Health Trends 25, 31-37.
26. Guo, Z., Viitanen, M., Fratiglioni, L. & Winblad, B. (1996). Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: the Kungsholmen project. British Medical Journal 312, 805-808.
27. Hachinski, V. C., Iliff, L. D., Zilhka, E., Du Boulay, G. H., McAllister, V. L., Marshall, J., Russell, R. W. R. & Symon, L. (1975). Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology 32, 632-637.
28. Hebert, R. & Brayne, C. (1995). Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology 14, 240-257.
29. Henderson, A. S. (1993). Alzheimer's disease in its epidemiological context. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 149 (suppl.), 1-3.
30. Henderson, A. S., Jorm, A. F., Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Scott, L. R., Korten, A. E. & Doyle, C. (1993). The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Psychological Medicine 23, 719-729.
31. Henderson, A. S., Jorm, A. F., Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Scott, L. R., Korten, A. E. & Doyle, C. (1994). A survey of dementia in the Canberra population: experience with ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria. Psychological Medicine 24, 473-482.
32. Hendrie, H. C., Osuntokun, B. O., Hall, K. S., Ogunniyi, A. O., Hui, S. L., Unverzagt, F. W., Gureje, O., Rodenberg, C. A., Baiyewu, O., Musick, B. S., Adeyinka, A., Farlow, M. R., Oluwole, S. O., Class, C. A., Komolafe, O., Brashear, A. & Burdine, V. (1995). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 1485-1492.
33. Hofman, A., Rocca, W., Brayne, C., Breteler, M. M. B., Clarke, M., Cooper, B., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J. F., Da Silva Droux, A., Hagnell, O., Heeren, T. J., Engedal, K., Jonker, C., Lindesay, J., Lobo, A., Mann, A. H., Molsa, P. K., Morgan, K., O'Connor, D.W., Sulkava, R., Kay, D.W. & Amaducci, L. (1991a). The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. International Journal of Epidemiology 20, 736-748.
34. Hofman, A., Grobbee, D. E., DeJong, P. V. T. M. & Vandenouweland, F. A. (1991b). Determinants of disease and disability in the elderly. The Rotterdam elderly study. European Journal of Epidemiology 7, 403-422.
35. Huppert, F. A., Brayne, C., Gill, C., Paykel, E. S. & Beardsall, L. (1995). CAMCOG - a concise neuropsychological test to assist dementia diagnosis: socio-demographic determinants in an elderly population sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 34, 529-541.
36. Jagger, C., Clarke, M., Anderson, J. & Battcock, T. (1992). Misclassification of dementia by the Mini-Mental State Examination-are education and social class the only factors? Age and Ageing 21, 404-411.
37. Jagger, C. & Ritchie, K. (1996). Dementia free life expectancy calculations in Europe. Euro-reves newsletter 3, 2.
38. Jobst, K. A., Smith. A. D., Szatmari, M., Esiri, M. M., Jaskowski, A., Hindley, M., McDonald, B. & Molyneux, A. J. (1994). Rapidly progressing atrophy of medial temporal lobe in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 343, 829-830.
39. Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E. & Henderson, A. S. (1987). The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 76, 465-479.
40. Jorm, A. F., Mackinnon, A. J., Henderson, A. S., Scott, R., Christensen. H., Korten. A. E., Cullen, J. S. & Mulligan, R. (1995). The Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales: a multidimensional alternative to categorical diagnoses of dementia and depression in the elderly. Psychological Medicine 25, 447-460.
41. Kay, D., Beamish, P. & Roth, M. (1964). Old age mental disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne. Part I: a study of prevalence. British Journal of Psychiatry 110, 146-158.
42. Kay, D. W. K. (1995). The epidemiology of age-related neurological disease and dementia. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 5, 39-56.
43. Launer, L. J. (1992). Hofman, A. Studies on the incidence of dementia: the European perspective. Neuroepidemiohgy 11, 127-134.
44. Launer, L. J., Masaki, K., Petrovitch, H., Foley, D. & Havlik, R. J. (1995). The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Journal of the American Medical Association 274, 1846-1851.
45. Lilienfeld, D. E. & Perl, D. P. (1993). Projected neurodegenerative disease mortality in the United States. Neuroepidemiology 12, 219-228.
46. Medical Research Council (1987). Report from the Alzheimer's Disease Workshop. MRC: London.
47. Melzer, D., Hopkens, S., Pencheon, D., Brayne, C, Williams, R., Dementia. (1994). Dementia. In Health Care Needs Assessment, The Epidemiologically Based Needs Assessment Reviews, (ed. A. Stevens and J. Raftery), pp. 305-340. Radcliff Medical Press: Oxford.
48. Morris, J. (1993). Caring for the carers. Health Trends 25, 3.
49. O'Connor. D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Treasure, F. P., Brook, C. P. B., Reiss, B. B., Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy, C. Q., Huppert, F. A., Hendrie, H., Verma, S. & Goddard, R. (1989). The influence of education, social class and sex on Mini-Mental State scores. Psychological Medicine 19, 771-776.
50. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1994). Revised 1991 Population Estimates Supplementing OPCS Monitor PP1 94/1. HMSO. London.
51. Ott, A. Breteler, M. M., van Harskamp, F., Claus, J. J., van der Cammen, T. J., Grobbee, D. E. & Hofman, A. (1995). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education. British Medical Journal 310, 970-973.
52. Paykel, E. S., Brayne, C., Huppert, F. A., Gill, C., Barkley, C., Gehlhaar, E., Beardsall, L., Girling, D. M., Pollitt, P. & O'Connor, D. (1994). Incidence of dementia in a population older than 75 years in the United Kingdom. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 325-332.
53. Prince, M., Lewis, G., Bird, A., Blizard, R. & Mann, A. (1996a). A longitudinal study of factors predicting change in cognitive test scores over time, in an older hypertensive population. Psychological Medicine 26, 555-568.
54. Prince, M. J., Bird, A. S., Blizard, R. A. & Mann, A. H. (1996b). Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. British Medical Journal 312, 801-805.
55. Ritchie, K., Kildea, D. & Robine, J-M. (1992). The relationship between age and the prevalence of senile dementia: a meta-analysis of recent data. International Journal of Epidemiology 21, 763-769.
56. Ritchie, K., Robine. J-M., Letenneur, L. & Dartigues, J-F. (1994). Dementia-free expectancy in France. American Journal of Public Health 84, 232-236.
57. Roelands, M., Van Oyen, H. & Baro. F. (1994). Dementia free life expectancy in Belgium. European Journal of Public Health 4, 33-37.
58. Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy. C. Q., Huppert, F. A., Hendrie, H., Verma, S. & Goddard, R. (1986). CAMDEX: a standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 698-709.
59. Roth. M., Huppert, F. A., Tym, E. & Mountjoy. C. Q. (1988). CAMDEX. The Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
60. Saunders, P. A., Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E., Gilmore, C., Larkin, B. A., Phaterpekar, H. & Scott, A. (1993). The prevalence of dementia, depression and neurosis in later life: The Liverpool MRC-ALPHA Study. International Journal of Epidemiology 22, 838-847.
61. Shaper. A. G., Elford, J. (1992). Regional variations in coronary heart disease in Great Britain: risk factors and changes in environment. In Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology (ed. M. Marmot and P. Elliott), pp. 127-139. Oxford Medical Publications. Oxford.
62. Skoog, I., Nilsson, L., Palmertz, B., Andreasen, L. A. & Svanbora, A. (1993). A population-based study of dementia in 85 year olds. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 153-158.
63. Skoog, I., Lenfelt, B., Landahl, S., Palmertz, B., Andreasson, L-A., Nilsson, L., Persson, G., Oden, A. & Svanborg, A. (1996). 15 year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 347, 1141-1145.
64. Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Lydia, H., Greiner, Wekstein, D. R. & Markesbery, W. R. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in Late Life. Findings from the nun study. Journal of American Medical Association 275, 528-532.
65. Solari, A., Cossa, F. M., Denes, F., Gainotti, G., Grossi, D., Nichelli, P. & Filippini, G. (1994). Agreement in the clinical diagnosis of dementia: evaluation of a case series with mild cognitive impairment. Neuroepidemiology 13, 89-96.
66. Swerdlow, A. & dos Santos Silva, A. (1993). Atlas of Cancer Incidence in England and Wales 1968-1985. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
67. Tombaugh, T. N. & McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The Mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. Progress in Geriatrics. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 40, 922-935.
68. Van Duijn, C. M. & Hofman, A. (1992). Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: the EURODERM collaborative re-analysis of casecontrol studies. Neuroepidemiology 11 (suppl 1), 106-113.
69. Wenger, G. C. (1989). Support networks in old age - constructing a typology. In Growing Old in the 20th Century (ed. M. Jeffreys), pp. 166-185. Routledge: London.
70. Wernicke, T. F. & Reischies, F. M. (1994). Prevalence of dementia in old age: clinical diagnoses in subjects aged 95 years and older. Neurology 44, 250-253.
71. Winker, M. A. (1995). Age versus ageing as a cause of dementia. Lancet 346, 1486.
72. World Health Organization (1992). Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. WHO: Geneva.
73. Writing Committee, Lancet Conference (1996). The challenge of the dementias. Lancet 347, 1303-1307.