Bacterial community composition and function in sewage treatment systems

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 218-227

  Wagner, Michael ^a   Loy, Alexander ^a  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL FLORA; BACTERIUM CULTURE; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; NONHUMAN; PLANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEWAGE TREATMENT; SLUDGE; TECHNIQUE; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

BACTERIA; BIOREACTORS; ECOSYSTEM; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, BACTERIAL; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; SEWAGE; VARIATION (GENETICS); WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); UNCULTURED BACTERIUM;

EID: 0036624935     PISSN: 09581669     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00315-4     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Eikelboom D.H. Filamentous organisms observed in activated sludge. Water Res. 9:1975;365-388.
2. Jenkins D., Richard M.G., Daigger G.T. Manual on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming. 2 edn: 1993;Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
3. Seiler H., Blaim H. Population shifts in activated sludge from sewage treatment plants of the chemical industry: a numerical cluster analysis. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 14:1982;97-104.
4. Ueda S., Earle R.L. Microflora of activated sludge. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 18:1972;239-248.
5. Henze M., Harremoës P., la Cour Jansen J., Arvin E. Wastewater treatment. Förstner U., Murphy R.J., Rulkens W.H., Environmental Engineering. 2nd edn: 1997; Springer, Berlin.
6. Juretschko S., Timmermann G., Schmid M., Schleifer K.H., Pommerening-Roser A., Koops H.P., Wagner M. Combined molecular and conventional analyses of nitrifying bacterium diversity in activated sludge: Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrospira-like bacteria as dominant populations. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64:1998;3042-3051.
7. Wagner M., Amann R., Lemmer H., Schleifer K.-H. Probing activated sludge with oligonucleotides specific for proteobacteria: inadequacy of culture-dependent methods for describing microbial community structure. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59:1993;1520-1525.
8. Wagner M., Erhart R., Manz W., Amann R., Lemmer H., Wedi D., Schleifer K.-H. Development of an rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probe specific for the genus Acinetobacter and its application for in situ monitoring in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60:1994;792-800.
9. Loy A, Daims H, Wagner M: Activated sludge - Molecular techniques for determining community composition. In The Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Edited by Bitton G. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; in press. Detailed review on the application of molecular methods to investigate activated-sludge and biofilms.
10. Snaidr J., Fuchs B., Wallner G., Wagner M., Schleifer K.-H., Amann R. Phylogeny and in situ identification of a morphologically conspicuous bacterium, Candidatus Magnospira bakii, present in very low frequency in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol. 1:1999;125-135.
11. Snaidr J., Amann R., Huber I., Ludwig W., Schleifer K.-H. Phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of bacteria in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:1997;2884-2896.
12. Layton A.C., Karanth P.N., Lajoie C.A., Meyers A.J., Gregory I.R., Stapleton R.D., Taylor D.E., Sayler G.S. Quantification of Hyphomicrobium populations in activated sludge from an industrial wastewater treatment system as determined by 16S rRNA analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;1167-1174.
13. Juretschko S., Loy A., Lehner A., Wagner M. The microbial community composition of a nitrifying-denitrifying activated sludge from an industrial sewage treatment plant analyzed by the full-cycle rRNA approach. Syst Appl Microbiol. 25:2002;84-99. This manuscript provides for the first time an almost complete overview on the microbial composition of activated-sludge from a full-scale WWTP. Almost 100 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from activated-sludge were sequenced and many new specific probes for FISH analyses were designed and applied.
14. Gieseke A., Purkhold U., Wagner M., Amann R., Schramm A. Community structure and activity dynamics of nitrifying bacteria in a phosphate-removing biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;1351-1362.
15. Schmid M., Twachtmann U., Klein M., Strous M., Juretschko S., Jetten M., Metzger J.W., Schleifer K.H., Wagner M. Molecular evidence for genus level diversity of bacteria capable of catalyzing anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Syst Appl Microbiol. 23:2000;93-106.
16. Daims H., Ramsing N.B., Schleifer K.H., Wagner M. Cultivation-independent, semiautomatic determination of absolute bacterial cell numbers in environmental samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;5810-5818. Advanced image analysis techniques are presented that allow the determination of absolute cell concentrations of uncultured bacteria in complex environments. Using this technique the in situ number of ammonia oxidisers in a full-scale WWTP was determined.
17. Kämpfer P, Wagner M: Filamentous bacteria in activated sludge - Current taxonomic status and ecology. In The Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Edited by Bitton G. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; in press.
18. Eikelboom DH, Geurkink B: Filamentous microorganisms observed in industrial activated sludge plants. Water Sci Technol 2002, in press.
19. Hugenholtz P., Tyson G.W., Webb R.I., Wagner A.M., Blackall L.L. Investigation of candidate division TM7, a recently recognized major lineage of the domain Bacteria with no known pure-culture representatives. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;411-419. Transmission electron microscopy and the full-cycle rRNA approach were used in this very nice paper to investigate uncultured, but numerically important, filaments in activated-sludge.
20. Liu J.R., Burrell P., Seviour E.M., Soddell J.A., Blackall L.L., Seviour R.J. The filamentous bacterial morphotype 'Nostocoida limicola' I contains at least two previously described genera in the low G+C Gram positive bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol. 23:2000;528-534.
21. Bradford D., Hugenholtz P., Seviour E.M., Cunningham M.A., Stratton H., Seviour R.J., Blackall L.L. 16S rRNA analysis of isolates obtained from Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria micromanipulated from activated sludge. Syst Appl Microbiol. 19:1996;334-343.
22. Blackall L.L., Seviour E.M., Bradford D., Rossetti S., Tandoi V., Seviour R.J. Candidatus Nostocoida limicola', a filamentous bacterium from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 50:2000;703-709.
23. Beer M., Seviour E.M., Kong Y., Cunningham M., Blackall L.L., Seviour R.J. Phylogeny of the filamentous bacterium Eikelboom Type 1851, and design and application of a 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for its fluorescence in situ identification in activated sludge. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002, 207:179-183.
24. Howarth R., Unz R.F., Seviour E.M., Seviour R.J., Blackall L.L., Pickup R.W., Jones J.G., Yaguchi J., Head I.M. Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewater-treatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. Nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 49:1999;1817-1827.
25. Kanagawa T., Kamagata Y., Aruga S., Kohno T., Horn M., Wagner M. Phylogenetic analysis of and oligonucleotide probe development for Eikelboom type 021N filamentous bacteria isolated from bulking activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;5043-5052. This paper shows that filaments of the Eikelboom type 021N form at least three different phylogenetic lineages and presents probes for specific in situ detection of these groups in activated-sludge.
26. Seviour E.M., Blackall L.L., Christensson C., Hugenholtz P., Cunningham M.A., Bradford D., Stratton H.M., Seviour R.J. The filamentous morphotype Eikelboom Type 1863 is not a single genetic entity. J Appl Microbiol. 82:1997;411-421.
27. Schade M, Beimfohr C, Lemmer H: Phylogenetic and physiological characterization of a Nostocoida limicola-like organism isolated from activated sludge. Third IWA International Specialised Conference on Microorganisms in Activated Sludge and Biofilm Processes. Edited by Tandoi V, Passino R, Blundo CM. Rome, Italy 2001: 54-60.
28. Snaidr J, Beimfohr C, Levantesi C, Rossetti S, van der Waarde J, Geurkink B, Eikelboom D, Lemaitre M, Tandoi V: Phylogenetic analysis and in situ identification of Nostocoida limicola-like filamentous bacteria in activated sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plants. Third IWA International Specialised Conference on Microorganisms in Activated Sludge and Biofilm Processes. Edited by Tandoi V, Passino R, Blundo CM. Rome, Italy 2001: 61-67.
29. Liu J.R., McKenzie C.A., Seviour E.M., Webb R.I., Blackall L.L., Saint C.P., Seviour R.J. Phylogeny of the filamentous bacterium 'Nostocoida limicola' III from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 51:2001;195-202.
30. Liu J.R., Seviour R.J. Design and application of oligonucleotide probes for fluorescent in situidentification of the filamentous bacterial morphotype Nostocoida limicola in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol. 3:2001;551-560.
31. Davenport R.J., Curtis T.P., Goodfellow M., Stainsby F.M., Bingley M. Quantitative use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to examine relationships between mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes and foaming in activated sludge plants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;1158-1166.
32. Oerther D.B., de los Reyes F.L. I.I.I., de los Reyes M.F., Raskin L. Quantifying filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge before, during, and after an incident of foaming by oligonucleotide probe hybridizations and antibody staining. Water Res. 35:2001;3325-3336.
33. de los Reyes F.L. I.I.I., Raskin L. Role of filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge foaming: relationship of mycolata levels to foaming initiation and stability. Water Res. 36:2002;445-459. Very thorough study that elegantly demonstrates how molecular techniques can be used to better understand foaming problems in WWTPs.
34. Nielsen PH, Roslev P, Dueholm TE, Lund Nielsen J: Microthrix parvicella, a specialized lipid consumer in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge plants. Water Sci Technol 2002, in press. An excellent paper that demonstrates the potential of the MAR method to reveal the in situ physiology of microorganisms that are difficult to culture. The authors provide an interesting hypothesis for the competitive advantage of M. parvicella in nutrient removal plants.
35. Lee N., Nielsen P.H., Andreasen K.H., Juretschko S., Nielsen J.L., Schleifer K.-H., Wagner M. Combination of fluorescent in situ hybridization and microautoradiography - a new tool for structure-function analyses in microbial ecology. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65:1999;1289-1297.
36. Nielsen P.H., de Muro M.A., Nielsen J.L. Studies on the in situ physiology of Thiothrix spp. present in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol. 2:2000;389-398.
37. Purkhold U., Pommering-Röser A., Juretschko S., Schmid M.C., Koops H.-P., Wagner M. Phylogeny of all recognized species of ammonia oxidizers based on comparative 16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis: implications for molecular diversity surveys. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;5368-5382. This paper provides an encompassing framework for 16S rRNA gene and amoA gene based diversity surveys of ammonia-oxidising bacteria and discusses limitations of existing probes and primers for the detection of these bacteria.
38. Kowalchuk G.A., Stephen J.R. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: a model for molecular microbial ecology. Annu Rev Microbiol. 55:2001;485-529.
39. Webster G., Embley T.M., Prosser J.I. Grassland management regimens reduce small-scale heterogeneity and species diversity of beta-proteobacterial ammonia oxidizer populations. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68:2002;20-30.
40. Daims H., Purkhold U., Bjerrum L., Arnold E., Wilderer P.A., Wagner M. Nitrification in sequencing biofilm batch reactors: lessons from molecular approaches. Water Sci Technol. 43:2001;9-18.
41. Nogueira R., Melo L.F., Purkhold U., Wuertz S., Wagner M. Nitrifying and heterotrophic population dynamics in biofilm reactors: effects of hydraulic retention time and the presence of organic carbon. Water Res. 36:2002;469-481.
42. Liebig T., Wagner M., Bjerrum L., Denecke M. Nitrification performance and nitrifier community composition of a chemostat and a membrane-assisted bioreactor for the nitrification of sludge reject waters. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 24:2001;203-210.
43. Wagner M., Rath G., Amann R., Koops H.-P., Schleifer K.-H. In situ identification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol. 18:1995;251-264.
44. Morgenroth E., Obermayer A., Arnold E., Brühl A., Wagner M., Wilderer P.A. Effect of long-term idle periods on the performance of sequencing batch reactors. Water Sci Technol. 41:2000;105-113.
45. Hermansson A., Lindgren P.E. Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in arable soil by real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;972-976.
46. Dionisi H.M., Layton A.C., Harms G., Gregory I.R., Robinson K.G., Sayler G.S. Quantification of Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Nitrospira spp. from full-scale wastewater treatment plants by competitive PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68:2002;245-253.
47. Schramm A., de Beer D., van den Heuvel J.C., Ottengraf S., Amann R. Microscale distribution of populations and activities of Nitrosospira and Nitrospira spp. along a macroscale gradient in a nitrifying bioreactor: quantification by in situ hybridization and the use of microsensors. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65:1999;3690-3696.
48. Daims H., Nielsen J.L., Nielsen P.H., Schleifer K.H., Wagner M. In situ characterization of Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria active in wastewater treatment plants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;5273-5284. The authors developed oligonucleotide probes for the in situ detection of the Nitrospira-related nitrite oxidisers and used them together with MAR to investigate the ecophysiology of these uncultured nitrite oxidisers in activated sludge.
49. Burrell P.C., Keller J., Blackall L.L. Microbiology of a nitrite-oxidizing bioreactor. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64:1998;1878-1883.
50. Regan J.M., Harrington G.W., Noguera D.R. Ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacterial communities in a pilot-scale chloraminated drinking water distribution system. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68:2002;73-81.
51. Bartosch S, Hartwig C, Spieck E, Bock E: Immunological detection of Nitrospira-like bacteria in various soils. Microb Ecol 2002, in press.
52. Schramm A., De Beer D., Gieseke A., Amann R. Microenvironments and distribution of nitrifying bacteria in a membrane-bound biofilm. Environ Microbiol. 2:2000;680-686. A nice paper that provides supporting data for the hypothesis that Nitrobacter outcompetes Nitrospira in the presence of high oxygen and nitrite concentrations.
53. Gumaelius L., Magnusson G., Pettersson B., Dalhammar G. Comamonas denitrificans sp. nov., an efficient denitrifying bacterium isolated from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 51:2001;999-1006.
54. Khan S.T., Hiraishi A. Isolation and characterization of a new poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-degrading, denitrifying bacterium from activated sludge. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 205:2001;253-257.
55. Neef A., Zaglauer A., Meier H., Amann R., Lemmer H., Schleifer K.-H. Population analysis in a denitrifying sand filter: conventional and in situ identification of Paracoccus spp. in methanol-fed biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 62:1996;4329-4339.
56. Lemmer H., Zaglauer A., Neef A., Meier H., Amann R. Denitrification in a methanol-fed fixed-bed reactor.2. Composition and ecology of the bacterial community in biofilms. Water Res. 31:1997;1903-1908.
57. Braker G., Zhou J., Wu L., Devol A.H., Tiedje J.M. Nitrite reductase genes (nirK and nirS) as functional markers to investigate diversity of denitrifying bacteria in pacific northwest marine sediment communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;2096-2104.
58. Braker G., Ayala-del-Rio H.L., Devol A.H., Fesefeldt A., Tiedje J.M. Community structure of denitrifiers, bacteria, and archaea along redox gradients in Pacific Northwest marine sediments by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of amplified nitrite reductase (nirS) and 16S rRNA genes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;1893-1901.
59. 1-denitrifying bacteria in environmental marine samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;1564-1571.
60. Wu L., Thompson D.K., Li G., Hurt R.A., Tiedje J.M., Zhou J. Development and evaluation of functional gene arrays for detection of selected genes in the environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;5780-5790.
61. Nielsen J.L., Nielsen P.H. Enumeration of acetate-consuming bacteria by microautoradiography under oxygen and nitrate respiring conditions in activated sludge. Water Res. 36:2002;421-428.
62. Jetten M.S., Wagner M., Fuerst J., van Loosdrecht M., Kuenen G., Strous M. Microbiology and application of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation ('anammox') process. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 12:2001;283-288.
63. Toh SK, Webb RI, Ashbolt NJ: Enrichment of autotrophic anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing consortia from various wastewaters. Microb Ecol 2002, in press.
64. Schmid M., Schmitz-Esser S., Jetten M., Wagner M. 16S - 23S rDNA intergenic spacer and 23S rDNA of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria: implications for phylogeny and in situ detection. Environ Microbiol. 3:2001;450-459.
65. Hesselmann R.P.X., Werlen C., Hahn D., van der Meer J.R., Zehnder A.J.B. Enrichment, phylogenetic analysis and detection of a bacterium that performs enhanced biological phosphate removal in activated sludge. Syst Appl Microbiol. 22:1999;454-465.
66. Crocetti G.R., Hugenholtz P., Bond P.L., Schuler A., Keller J., Jenkins D., Blackall L.L. Identification of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms and design of 16S rRNA-directed probes for their detection and quantitation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;1175-1182. A nice paper which, together with the data presented by Hesselmann et al. [65], showed that Rhodocyclus-related bacteria are PAOs.
67. Liu W.T., Nielsen A.T., Wu J.H., Tsai C.S., Matsuo Y., Molin S. In situ identification of polyphosphate- and polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating traits for microbial populations in a biological phosphorus removal process. Environ Microbiol. 3:2001;110-122.
68. Lee N, Jansen J, Aspegren H, Dircks K, Henze M, Schleifer K-H, Wagner M: Population dynamics and in situ physiology of phosphorus-accumulating bacteria in wastewater treatment plants with enhanced biological phoshorus removal operated with and without nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol 2002, in press.
69. Zilles JL, Hung C-H, Noguera DR: Presence of Rhodocyclus in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant and their participation in enhanced biological phoshorus removal. Water Sci Technol 2002, in press.
70. Cech J.S., Hartman P. Glucose induced breakdown of enhanced biological phosphate removal. Environ Technol. 11:1990;651-656.
71. Liu W.-T., Mino T., Nakamura K., Matsuo T. Role of glycogen in acetate uptake and polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge with a minimized polyphosphate content. J Ferment Bioeng. 77:1994;535-540.
72. Liu W.-T., Mino T., Nakamura K., Matsuo T. Glycogen accumulating population and its anaerobic substrate uptake in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge without biological phosphorus removal. Water Res. 30:1996;75-82.
73. Nielsen A.T., Liu W.T., Filipe C., Grady L., Molin S., Stahl D.A. Identification of a novel group of bacteria from a deteriorated biological phosphorus removal reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65:1999;1251-1258.
74. Tsai C-S, Liu W-T: Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of tetrad-forming organisms in deteriorated biological phosphorus removal systems. Water Sci Technol 2002, in press.
75. Seviour R.J., Maszenan A.M., Soddell J.A., Tandoi V., Patel B.K., Kong Y., Schumann P. Microbiology of the 'G-bacteria' in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol. 2:2000;581-593.
76. Oerther D.B., Pernthaler J., Schramm A., Amann R., Raskin L. Monitoring precursor 16S rRNAs of Acinetobacter spp. in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;2154-2165.
77. Radajewski S., Ineson P., Parekh N.R., Murrell J.C. Stable-isotope probing as a tool in microbial ecology. Nature. 403:2000;646-649. The authors introduce in this excellent paper a new and very elegant method to investigate the function of microorganisms in environmental samples without cultivation.
78. Bouchez T., Patureau D., Dabert P., Juretschko S., Doré J., Delgenès P., Moletta R., Wagner M. Ecological study of a bioaugmentation failure. Environ Microbiol. 2:2000;179-190.
79. Muttray A.F., Yu Z.T., Mohn W.W. Population dynamics and metabolic activity of Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9 within pulp mill wastewater microbial communities assayed by competitive PCR and RT-PCR. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 38:2001;21-31.
80. Watanabe K., Miyashita M., Harayama S. Starvation improves survival of bacteria introduced into activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;3905-3910.
81. Urakawa H., Noble P.A., El Fantroussi S., Kelly J.J., Stahl D.A. Single-base-pair discrimination of terminal mismatches by using oligonucleotide microarrays and neural network analyses. Appl Environ Microbiol. 68:2002;235-244.
82. Guschin D.Y., Mobarry B.K., Proudnikov D., Stahl D.A., Rittmann B.E., Mirzabekov A.D. Oligonucleotide microchips as genosensors for determinative and environmental studies in microbiology. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:1997;2397-2402.
83. Liu W.T., Mirzabekov A.D., Stahl D.A. Optimization of an oligonucleotide microchip for microbial identification studies: a non-equilibrium dissociation approach. Environ Microbiol. 3:2001;619-629.
84. Small J., Call D.R., Brockman F.J., Straub T.M., Chandler D.P. Direct detection of 16S rRNA in soil extracts by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67:2001;4708-4716.
85. Beja O., Suzuki M.T., Koonin E.V., Aravind L., Hadd A., Nguyen L.P., Villacorta R., Amjadi M., Garrigues C., Jovanovich S.B., et al. Construction and analysis of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries from a marine microbial assemblage. Environ Microbiol. 2:2000;516-529.
86. Beja O., Aravind L., Koonin E.V., Suzuki M.T., Hadd A., Nguyen L.P., Jovanovich S.B., Gates C.M., Feldman R.A., Spudich J.L., et al. Bacterial rhodopsin: evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea. Science. 289:2000;1902-1906. An outstanding paper demonstrating how much can be learnt from environmental genomics.
87. Daims H., Brühl A., Amann R., Schleifer K.-H., Wagner M. The domain-specific probe EUB338 is insufficient for the detection of all Bacteria: development and evaluation of a more comprehensive probe set. Syst Appl Microbiol. 22:1999;434-444.
88. Bond P.L., Hugenholtz P., Keller J., Blackall L.L. Bacterial community structures of phosphate-removing and non-phosphate-removing activated sludges from sequencing batch reactors. Appl Environ Microbiol. 61:1995;1910-1916.
89. Christensson M., Blackall L.L., Welander T. Metabolic transformations and characterisation of the sludge community in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 49:1998;226-234.
90. Dabert P., Sialve B., Delgenes J.P., Moletta R., Godon J.J. Characterisation of the microbial 16S rDNA diversity of an aerobic phosphorus-removal ecosystem and monitoring of its transition to nitrate respiration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 55:2001;500-509.