Gray matter repair in the cervical spinal cord

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 137, Issue , 2002, Pages 49-70

  Reier, Paul J ^a   Golder, Francis J ^a,b   Bolser, Donald C ^a,b   Hubscher, Charles ^b,d   Johnson, Richard ^b   Schrimsher, Gregory W ^c   Velardo, Margaret J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^d University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL MODEL; CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTUSION; DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAY MATTER; MOTONEURON; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE GRAFT; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHRENIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL CORD TRANSSECTION;

EID: 0036454389     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)37007-9     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (111)

1. Akesson, E., Holmberg, L., Jonhagen, M.E., Kjaeldgaard, A., Falci, S., Sundstrom, E. and Seiger, A. (2001) Solid human embryonic spinal cord xenografts in acute and chronic spinal cord cavities: A morphological and functional study. Exp. Neurol., 170: 305-316.
2. Alstermark, B., Kummel, B.H., Pinter, M.J. and Tantisira, B. (1987) Branching and termination of C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Neurosci. Lett., 74: 291-296.
3. Alstermark, B., Isa, T. and Tantisira, B. (1990) Projection from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones to spinocerebellar and spinoreticular neurones in the C6-Thl segments of the cat. Neurosci. Res., 8: 124-130.
4. Anderson, D.K., Reier, P.J., Theele, D.P., Munson, J.B., Ritz, L.A., Brown, S.A. and Zeller, B.E. (1989) Development of fetal cat neural grafts in acute and chronic lesions of the adult cat spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 15: 1242-1242.
5. Armstrong, R.J. and Svendsen, C.N. (2000) Neural stem cells: From cell biology to cell replacement. Cell Transplant., 9: 139-152.
6. Bernstein-Goral, H., Diener, P.S. and Bregman, B.S. (1997) Regenerating and sprouting axons differ in their requirements for growth after injury. Exp. Neurol., 148: 51-72.
7. Billig, I., Foris, J.M., Enquist, L.W., Card, J.P. and Yates, B.J. (2000) Definition of neuronal circuitry controlling the activity of phrenic and abdominal motoneurons in the ferret using recombinant strains of pseudorabies virus. J. Neurosci., 20: 7446-7454.
8. Bjorklund, A. and Lindvall, O. (2000) Cell replacement therapies for central nervous system disorders. Nat. Neurosci., 3: 537- 544.
9. Boonman, Z. and Isacson, O. (1999) Apoptosis in neuronal development and transplantation: Role of caspases and trophic factors. Exp. Neurol., 156: 1-15.
10. Borlongan, C.V., Saporta, S., Poulos, S.G., Othberg, A. and Sanberg, P.R. (1998) Viability and survival of hNT neurons determine degree of functional recovery in grafted ischemic rats. NeuroReport, 9: 2837-2842.
11. Brazelton, T.R., Rossi, F.M., Keshet, G.I. and Blau, H.M. (2000) From marrow to brain: Expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice. Science, 290: 1775-1779.
12. Bregman, B.S. (1998) Regeneration in the spinal cord. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 8: 800-807.
13. Bregman, B.S. and McAtee, M. (1995) Neurotrophic factors increase axonal growth after spinal cord lesions and transplants in adult rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21: 1056.
14. Bregman, B.S., Coumans, J.-V., Dal, H.N., Kuhn, P.L., Lynskey, J., McAtee, M. and Sandhu, F. (2002) Transplants and neurotrophic factors increase regeneration and recovery of function after spinal cord injury. In: L. McKerracher, G. Douchet and S. Rossignol (Eds.), Spinal Cord Trauma: Neural Repair and Functional Recovery. Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 137. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 257-273.
15. Chen, J.R. and Tseng, G.F. (1997) Membrane properties and inhibitory connections of normal and upper cervically axotomized rubrospinal neurons in the rat. Neuroscience, 79: 449-462.
16. Chen, M.S., Huber, A.B., van der Haar, M.E., Frank, M., Schnell, L., Spillmann, A.A., Christ, F. and Schwab, M.E. (2000) Nogo-A is a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1. Nature, 403: 434-439.
17. Chow, S.Y., Moul, J., Tobias, C.A., Himes, B.T., Liu, Y., Obrocka, M., Hodge, L., Tessler, A. and Fischer, I. (2000) Characterization and intraspinal grafting of EGF/bFGF-dependent neurospheres derived from embryonic rat spinal cord. Brain Res., 874: 87-106.
18. Connelly, C.A., Otto Smith, M.R. and Feldman, J.L. (1992) Blockade of NMDA receptor-channels by MK-801 alters breathing in adult rats. Brain Res., 596: 99-110.
19. Cowley, K.C. and Schmidt, B.J. (1997) Regional distribution of the locomotor pattern-generating network in the neonatal rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol., 77: 247-259.
20. Davies, S.J., Fitch, M.T., Memberg, S.P., Hall, A.K., Raisman, G. and Silver, J. (1997) Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system. Nature, 390: 680-683.
21. Decherchi, P., Lammari-Barreault, N. and Gauthier, P. (1996) Regeneration of respiratory pathways within spinal peripheral nerve grafts. Exp. Neurol., 137: 1-14.
22. el-Bohy, A.A., Schrimsher, G.W., Reier, P.J. and Goshgaria, H.G. (1998) Quantitative assessment of respiratory function following contusion injury of the cervical spinal cord. Exp. Neurol., 150: 143-152.
23. Ellenberger, H.H., Feldman, J.L. and Goshgarian, H.G. (1990) Ventral respiratory group projections to phrenic motoneurons - Electron microscopic evidence for monosynaptic connections. J. Comp. Neurol., 302: 707-714.
24. Fitch, M.T. and Silver, J. (1999) Beyond the glial scar. In: M.H. Tuszynski and J.H. Kordower (Eds.), CNS Regeneration: Basic Science and Clinical Advances. Academic Press, New York, pp. 55-88.
25. Flax, J.D., Aurora, S., Yang, C., Simonin, C., Wills, A.M., Billinghurst, L.L., Jendoubi, M., Sidman, R.L., Wolfe, J.H., Kim, S.U. and Snyder, E.Y. (1998) Engraftable human neural stem cells respond to developmental cues, replace neurons, and express foreign genes. Nat. Biotechnol., 16: 1033-1039.
26. Fricker, R.A., Carpenter, M.K., Winkler, C., Greco, C., Gates, M.A. and Bjorklund, A. (1999) Site-specific migration and neuronal differentiation of human neural progenitor cells after transplantation in the adult rat brain. J. Neurosci., 19: 5990- 6005.
27. Friedman, R.M., Ritz, L.A., Reier, P.J. and Vierck Jr., C.J. (2000) Effects of sacrocaudal spinal cord transection and transplantation of fetal spinal tissue on withdrawal reflexes of the tail. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, 14: 331-343.
28. Gage, F.H. (2000) Mammalian neural stem cells. Science, 287: 1433-1438.
29. Gao, Z.Y., Xu, G., Stwora, W.M., Matschinsky, F.M., Lee, V.M. and Wolf, B.A. (1998) Retinoic acid induction of calcium channel expression in human NT2N neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 247: 407-413.
30. Giovanini, M.A., Reier, P.J., Eskin, T.A. and Anderson, D.K. (1997) MAP2 expression in the developing human fetal spinal cord and following xenotransplantation. Cell Transplant., 6: 339-346.
31. Golder, F.J., Reier, P.J. and Bolser, D.C. (2001) Altered respiratory motor drive after spinal cord injury: Supraspinal and bilateral effects of a unilateral lesion. J. Neurosci., 21: 8680-8689.
32. Goldstein, B., Hammond, M.C., Stiens, S.A. and Little, J.W. (1998) Posttraumatic syringomyelia: Profound neuronal loss, yet preserved function. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 79: 107-112.
33. Gorini, M., Corrado, A., Aito, S., Ginanni, R., Villella, G., Lucchesi, G. and De Paola, E. (2000) Ventilatory and respiratory muscle responses to hypercapnia in patients with paraplegia. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med., 162: 203-208.
34. Goshgarian, H.G. (1981) The role of cervical afferent nerve fiber inhibition of the crossed phrenic phenomenon. Exp. Neurol., 72:211-225.
35. GrandPre, T., Nakamura, F., Vartanian, T. and Strittmatter, S.M. (2000) Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a reticulon protein. Nature, 403: 439-444.
36. Greer, J.J., Smith, J.C. and Feldman, J.L. (1991) Role of excitatory amino acids in the generation and transmission of respiratory drive in neonatal rat. J. Physiol. Lond., 437: 727- 749.
37. Guillemain, I., Alonso, G., Patey, G., Privat, A. and Chaudieu, I. (2000) Human NT2 neurons express a large variety of neurotransmission phenotypes in vitro. J. Comp. Neurol., 422: 380-395.
38. Hadi, B., Zhang, Y.P., Burke, D.A., Shields, C.B. and Magnuson, D.S. (2000) Lasting paraplegia caused by loss of lumbar spinal cord interneurons in rats: No direct correlation with motor neuron loss. J. Neurosurg., 93: 266-275.
39. Hadley, S.D., Walker, P.D. and Goshgarian, H.G. (1999) Effects of serotonin inhibition on neuronal and astrocyte plasticity in the phrenic nucleus 4 h following C2 spinal cord hemisection. Exp. Neurol., 160: 433-445.
40. Hartley, R.S., Margulis, M., Fishman, P.S., Lee, V.M. and Tang, C.M. (1999a) Functional synapses are formed between human NTera2 (NT2N, hNT) neurons grown on astrocytes. J. Comp. Neurol., 407: 1-10.
41. Hartley, R.S., Trojanowski, J.Q. and Lee, V.M. (1999b) Differential effects of spinal cord gray and white matter on process outgrowth from grafted human NTERA2 neurons (NT2N, hNT). J. Comp. Neurol., 415: 404-418.
42. Horner, P.J. and Gage, F.H. (2001) Regenerating the damaged central nervous system. Nature, 407: 963-970.
43. Houlé, J.D. and Reier, P.J. (1988) Transplantation of fetal spinal cord tissue into the chronically injured adult rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol., 269: 535-547.
44. Houlé, J.D., Schramm, P. and Herdegen, T. (1998) Trophic factor modulation of c-Jun expression in supraspinal neurons after chronic spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol., 154: 602-611.
45. Huang, D.W., McKerracher, L., Braun, P. and David, S. (1999) A therapeutic vaccine approach to stimulate axon regeneration in the adult mammalian spinal cord. Neuron, 24: 639-647.
46. Huber, A.B. and Schwab, M.E. (2000) Nogo-A, a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth and regeneration. Biol. Chem., 381: 407-419.
47. Hubscher, C.H. and Johnson, R.D. (1999a) Changes in neuronal receptive field characteristics in caudal brain stem following chronic spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma, 16: 533-541.
48. Hubscher, C.H. and Johnson, R.D. (1999b) Effects of acute and chronic midthoracic spinal cord injury on neural circuits for male sexual function. I. Ascending pathways. J. Neurophysiol., 82: 1381-1389.
49. Hurlbert, M.S., Gianani, R.I., Hutt, C., Freed, C.R. and Kaddis, F.G. (1999) Neural transplantation of hNT neurons for Huntington's disease. Cell Transplant., 8: 143-151.
50. Jain, N., Florence, S.L., Qi, H.X. and Kaas, J.H. (2000) Growth of new brainstem connections in adult monkeys with massive sensory loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 5546-5550.
51. Jakeman, L.B. and Reier, P.J. (1991) Axonal projections between fetal spinal cord transplants and the adult rat spinal cord: A neuroanatomical tracing study of local interactions. J. Comp. Neurol., 307: 311-334.
52. Jakeman, L.B., Reier, P.J., Bregman, B.S., Wade, E.B., Kastner, R.J. and Dailey, M. (1989) Differentiation of substantia gelatinosa-like regions in intraspinal and intracerebral transplants of embryonic spinal cord tissue in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 103: 17-33.
53. Johnson, R.D., Hubscher, C., Schrimsher, G., O'Steen, B. and Reier, P. (2000) Graft neuron firing patterns recorded in vivo following long-term recovery in cervical hemisection cavities of adult rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 26: 1102.
54. Kukekov, V.G., Laywell, E.D., Suslov, O., Davies, K., Scheffler, B., Thomas, L.B., O'Brien, T.F., Kusakabe, M. and Steindler, D.A. (1999) Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neurogenic regions of adult human brain. Exp. Neurol., 156: 333-344.
55. Laywell, E.D., Kukekov, V.G. and Steindler, D.A. (1999) Multipotent neurospheres can be derived from forebrain subependymal zone and spinal cord of adult mice after protracted postmortem intervals. Exp. Neurol., 156: 430-433.
56. Laywell, E.D., Rakic, P., Kukekov, V.G., Holland, E.C. and Steindler, D.A. (2000) Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 13883-13888.
57. Lee, K.J. and Jessell, T.M. (1999) The specification of dorsal cell fates in the vertebrate central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 22: 261-294.
58. Lemons, M.L., Howland, D.R. and Anderson, D.K. (1999) Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan immunoreactivity increases following spinal cord injury and transplantation [In process citation]. Exp. Neurol., 160: 51-65.
59. Lipski, J., Zhang, X., Kruszewska, B. and Kanjhan, R. (1994) Morphological study of long axonal projections of ventral medullary inspiratory neurons in the rat. Brain Res., 640: 171-184.
60. Liu, Y., Himes, B.T., Solowska, J., Moul, J., Chow, S.Y., Park, K.I., Tessler, A., Murray, M., Snyder, E.Y. and Fischer, I. (1999) Intraspinal delivery of neurotrophin-3 using neural stem cells genetically modified by recombinant retrovirus. Exp. Neurol., 158: 9-26.
61. Magnuson, D.S. and Trinder, T.C. (1997) Locomotor rhythm evoked by ventrolateral funiculus stimulation in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. J. Neurophysiol., 77: 200-206.
62. Magnuson, D.S.K., Trinder, T.C., Zhang, Y.P., Burke, D., Morassutti, D.J. and Shields, C.B. (1999) Comparing deficits following excitotoxic and contusion injuries in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of the adult rat. Exp. Neurol., 156: 191-204.
63. McClellan, A.D. and Hagevik, A. (1999) Coordination of spinal locomotor activity in the lamprey: Long-distance coupling of spinal oscillators. Exp. Brain Res., 126: 93-108.
64. McDonald, J.W., Liu, X.Z., Qu, Y., Liu, S., Mickey, S.K., Turetsky, D., Gottlieb, D.I. and Choi, D.W. (1999) Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Nat. Med., 5: 1410-1412.
65. McKay, R. (1997) Stem cells in the central nervous system. Science, 276: 66-71.
66. McKenna, J.E. and Whishaw, I.Q. (1999) Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat. J. Neurosci., 19: 1885-1894.
67. Mellen, N., Kiemel, T. and Cohen, A.H. (1995) Correlational analysis of fictive swimming in the lamprey reveals strong functional intersegmental coupling. J. Neurophysiol., 73: 1020-1030.
68. Mezey, E., Chandross, K.J., Harta, G., Maki, R.A. and McKercher, S.R. (2000) Turning blood into brain: Cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science, 290: 1779-1782.
69. Moon, L.D., Asher, R.A., Rhodes, K.E. and Fawcett, J.W. (2001) Regeneration of CNS axons back to their target following treatment of adult rat brain with chondroitinase ABC. Nat. Neurosci., 4: 465-466.
70. Murray, M. (2001) Therapies to promote CNS repair. In: M. Murray and N.A. Ingoglia (Eds.), Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 649-673.
71. Nantwi, K.D., El-Bohy, A., Schrimscher, G.W., Reier, P.J. and Goshgarian, H.G. (2000) Spontaneous functional recovery in a paralyzed hemidiaphragm following upper cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats. Neurorehab. Neural Repair, 13: 225-234.
72. Noll, E. and Miller, R.H. (1993) Oligodendrocyte precursors originate at the ventral ventricular zone dorsal to the ventral midline region in the embryonic rat spinal cord. Development, 118: 563-573.
73. O'Hara Jr., T.E. and Goshgarian, H.G. (1991) Quantitative assessment of phrenic nerve functional recovery mediated by the crossed phrenic reflex at various time intervals after spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol., 111: 244-250.
74. Onifer, S.M., Rodriguez, J.F., Santiago, D.I., Beneitez, J.C., Kim, D.T., Brunschwig, J.P.R., Pacheco, J.T., Perrone, J.V., Llorente, O., Hesse, D.H. and Martinez-Arizalla, A. (1997) Cervical spinal cord injury in the adult rat: Assessment of forelimb dysfunction. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., 11: 211-223.
75. Onifer, S.M., Magnuson, D.S.K., Shields, C.B. and Whittemore, S.B. (2000) Grafting into the injured spinal cord to restore locomotion: Two decades of promise yet to be filled. NeuroSci. News, 3: 50-55.
76. Ourednik, V., Ourednik, J., Park, K.I., Teng, Y.D., Aboody, K.A., Auguste, K.I., Taylor, R.M., Tate, B.A. and Snyder, E.Y. (2000) Neural stem cells are uniquely suited for cell replacement and gene therapy in the CNS. Novartis. Found. Symp., 231: 242-262.
77. Palmer, T.D., Schwartz, P.H., Taupin, P., Kaspar, B., Stein, S.A. and Gage, F.H. (2001) Cell culture. Progenitor cells from human brain after death. Nature, 411: 42-43.
78. Pittenger, M.F., Mackay, A.M., Beck, S.C., Jaiswal, R.K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J.D., Moorman, M.A., Simonetti, D.W., Craig, S. and Marshak, D.R. (1999) Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 284: 143-147.
79. Pleasure, S.J. and Lee, V.M.Y. (1993) Ntera 2 cells: A human cell line which displays characteristics expected of a human committed neuronal progenitor cell. J. Neurosci. Res., 35: 585-602.
80. Pokorski, M., Morikawa, T., Takaishi, S., Masuda, A., Ahn, B. and Honda, Y. (1989) Paralysis of respiratory muscles and hypoxic ventilatory chemoreflex. Biomed. Biochim. Acta, 48: S573-S577.
81. Reier, P.J., Bregman, B.S. and Wujek, J.R. (1985) Intraspinal transplants of embryonic spinal cord tissue in adult and neonatal rats: evidence for topographical differentiation and axonal interactions with the host CNS. In: A. Bjorklund and U. Stenevi (Eds.), Neural Grafting in the Mammalian CNS. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 257-263.
82. Reier, P.J., Anderson, D.K. and Stokes, B.T. (1992) Neural tissue transplantation and CNS trauma: Anatomical and functional repair of the injured spinal cord. In: J.A. Jane, D.K. Anderson, J.C. Torner and W. Young (Eds.), Central Nervous System Status Report. J. Neurotrauma, 9 (Suppl. 1): pp. S223-S248.
83. Reier, P.J., Perlow, M.J. and Guth, L. (1983) Development of embryonic spinal cord transplants in the rat. Dev. Brain Res., 10: 201-219.
84. Reier, P.J., Anderson, D.K., Schrimsher, G.W., Bao, J., Friedman, R.M., Ritz, L.A. and Stokes, B.T. (1993) Neural cell grafting: anatomical and functional repair of the spinal cord. In: S.K. Salzman and A.I. Faden (Eds.), The Neurobiology of Central Nervous System Trauma. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 288-311.
85. Reier, P.J., Anderson, D.K., Schrimsher, G.W., Bao, J., Friedman, R.M., Ritz, L.A. and Stokes, B. (1994) Neural cell grafting: Anatomical and functional repair of the spinal cord. In: S.K. Salzman and A.I. Faden (Eds.), The Neurobiology of Central Nervous System Trauma. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 288-311.
86. Reier, P.J., Thompson, F.J., Fessler, R.G., Anderson, D.K. and Wirth III, E.D. (2000) Spinal cord injury and fetal cns tissue transplantation: An initial 'bench-to-bedside' translational research experience. In: N.A. Ingoglia and M. Murray (Eds.), Regeneration in the Central Nervous System. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 603-647.
87. Ribotta, M.G., Provencher, J., Feraboli-Lohnherr, D., Rossignol, S., Privat, A. and Orsal, D. (2000) Activation of locomotion in adult chronic spinal rats is achieved by transplantation of embryonic raphe cells reinnervating a precise lumbar level. J. Neurosci., 20: 5144-5152.
88. Schrimsher, G.W. and Reier, P.J. (1992) Forelimb motor performance following cervical spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 117: 287-298.
89. Schrimsher, G.W. and Reier, P.J. (1993) Forelimb motor performance following dorsal column, dorsolateral funiculi, or ventrolateral funiculi lesions of the cervical spinal cord in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 120: 264-276.
90. Sortwell, C.E., Pitzer, M.R. and Collier, T.J. (2000) Time course of apoptotic cell death within mesencephalic cell suspension grafts: Implications for improving grafted dopamine neuron survival. Exp. Neurol., 165: 268-277.
91. Stelzner, D.J. and Cullen, J.M. (1991) Do propriospinal projections contribute to hindlimb recovery when all long tracts are cut in neonatal or weanling rats? Exp. Neurol., 114: 193-205.
92. Tanabe, Y. and Jessell, T.M. (1996) Diversity and pattern in the developing spinal cord [published erratum appears in Science 1997 Apr 4; 276(5309): 21]. Science, 274: 1115-1123.
93. Tantisira, B., Alstermark, B., Isa, T., Kummel, H. and Pinter, M. (1996) Motoneuronal projection pattern of single C3-C4 propriospinal neurones. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 74: 518-530.
94. Teng, Y.D., Mocchetti, I., Taveira-DaSilva, A.M., Gillis, R.A. and Wrathall, J.R. (1999) Basic fibroblast growth factor increases long-term survival of spinal motor neurons and improves respiratory function after experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci., 19: 7037-7047.
95. Theele, D.P., Schrimsher, G.W. and Reier, P.J. (1996) Comparison of the growth and fate of fetal spinal iso- and allografts in the adult rat injured spinal cord. Exp. Neurol., 142: 128-143.
96. Thompson, F.J., Reier, P.J., Parmer, R. and Lucas, C.C. (1993) Inhibitory control of reflex excitability following contusion injury and neural tissue transplantation. In: F.J. Seil (Eds.), Advances in Neurology, Vol. 59. Raven Press, New York, pp. 175-184.
97. Trojanowski, J.Q., Mantione, J.R., Lee, J.H., Seid, D.P., You, T., Inge, L.J. and Lee, V.M. (1993) Neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line establish molecular and structural polarity following transplantation into the rodent brain. Exp. Neurol., 122: 283-294.
98. Tseng, G.F., Wang, Y.J. and Lai, Q.C. (1996) Rubral astrocytic reactions to proximal and distal axotomy of rubrospinal neurons in the rat. Brain Res., 742: 115-128.
99. Velardo, M.J., O'Steen, B.E. and Reier, P.J. (1999) Regional differentiation of dorsal and ventral fetal spinal cord (FSC) transplants into adult rat spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 24: 524.
100. Wang, Y.J., Ho, H.W. and Tseng, G.F. (2000) Fate of the supraspinal collaterals of cord-projection neurons following upper spinal axonal injury. J. Neurotrauma, 17: 231-241.
101. Whittemore, S.R. and Onifer, S.M. (2000) Immortalized neural cell lines for CNS transplantation. Prog. Brain Res., 127: 49-65.
102. Wictorin, K. and Bjorklund, A. (1992) Axon outgrowth from grafts of human embryonic spinal cord in the lesioned adult rat spinal cord. NeuroReport, 3: 1045-1048.
103. Wictorin, K., Brundin, P., Gustavii, B., Lindvall, O. and Björklund, A. (1990) Reformation of long axon pathways in adult rat central nervous system by human forebrain neuroblasts. Nature, 347: 556-558.
104. Wictorin, K., Brundin, P., Sauer, H., Lindvall, O. and Björklund, A. (1992) Long distance directed axonal growth from human dopaminergic mesencephalic neuroblasts implanted along the nigrostriatal pathway in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol., 323: 475-494.
105. Woodbury, D., Schwarz, E.J., Prockop, D.J. and Black, I.B. (2000) Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. J. Neurosci. Res., 61: 364-370.
106. Yates, B.J., Smail, J.A., Stocker, S.D. and Card, J.P. (1999) Transneuronal tracing of neural pathways controlling activity of diaphragm motoneurons in the ferret. Neuroscience, 90: 1501-1513.
107. Ye, J.H. and Houlé, J.D. (1997) Treatment of the chronically injured spinal cord with neurotrophic factors can promote axonal regeneration from supraspinal neurons. Exp. Neurol., 143: 70-81.
108. Yezierski, R.P. (1996) Pain following spinal cord injury: The clinical problem and experimental studies [see comments]. Pain, 68: 185-194.
109. Yezierski, R.P., Liu, S., Ruenes, G.L., Kajander, K.J. and Brewer, K.L. (1998) Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: Behavioral and morphological characteristics of a central pain model. Pain, 75: 141-155.
110. Yu, X.-J. and Goshgarian, H.G. (1993) Aging enhances synaptic efficacy in a latent motor pathway following spinal cord hemisection in adult rats. Exp. Neurol., 121: 231-238.
111. Zigova, T., Pencea, V., Sanberg, P.R. and Luskin, M.B. (2000) The properties of hNT cells following transplantation into the subventricular zone of the neonatal forebrain. Exp. Neurol., 163: 31-38.